!"#$%&'$()*(+
!"",
(+-$.
/0#(1(2/-$.
%*
!"!34-$.
%*
"5
678
95
5
8
:
;65<=>?968
!"$-,
$&
!"">@/1*AB)
$&
!"
CD
!"&'4-,
BE.
F@&'4-,
!""$.
1G-$.
($
$.
H#I/%EJ,I/$./G1/K/L1K4MNOP*M#$Q#RS
JT
4U)/$#U#/H%VU-$.
4W/XYUZ-H%EL1K4MN/1*A
H#T%[H#I/4E-$.
T
\]41)
4-$.
U)-[/G(^4M&/,$.
U%1*.
X$J
FPO134,JZJ#$_BEJ,
4F@X$J%&'$XK/M&H#
I/Z-$.
U)-[/G(^-AFPO134/%&Z`%&Z*U&/%&M$4Z
U_M/%&M#4
$.
H#I//HB#$4MaL1#4MIX&Q-@$BV$/K/$.
/G1 / RP 4M& Ua 4W $.
J JE 4M& 4M& 4b/ 4c
FPO1K4/0#$S1EX].
H#/34Z%1*.
X$JZ-$.
4dZ/@TJaBERP&B.
X$J%&'$
)*(+%&'$eR#&fJ434/P/K/X$J%&'$g4M'4K$MhBEH
/P*
i+-$.
Rj_%_/4M&
iH -,
(+ -$.
/#& V$ 4K/ (^ /0# -$.
4MkZ _%_/4M&
/1*A-,
4l/b/)JF#/b/(\$$.
4-,
4TZ-,
(+
-$.
$PJ BN /K/ $& g m4 J' (#& -n J' T /P Fb
/1*A-n/0#_%_/4M&
i)* (+ @$ 4Mb/ 4$cU BV$ 1f -$.
Z )* $.
1 G $.
4Z 4l
4MkZX,)*/K/R$c-o$&KI/
D8
:^41n/BE&XPT(+-$p
34(+-$pqr
r
s
/J
t
34RK(+
34/K/-$pr
u
r
"r
/J
t
Ω
Ω
)*(+%&'$"eR#&fJ(1(2/V//0#/K/J1@$Z#O$4BE
R#vBEJ,
4F@J1@$H/P*
i+-$.
Rj/K/$&
iH-,
(+-$.
43U-,
(+-$.
/0#()*(+%&'$$S1
%w$.
4-,
4TZ-,
(+$.
44T(&-nV4(1(2/$PJZ
-nF&%B#4&K/0#$&$PJ
iT
/-$AJL1#4MI34/0#()*(+%&'$"%EX,4A@$4Mb/
4$cUBV$1f-$.
JEUP$4,L1#()*(+%&'$
xN1%
"
1
"y
/#4&(
#&(
$S1
-$p
4Mk
%
λ
:PGOP*M#4'$
/#4&(qUPGXdt
:PGOP*M#4'$
#&(qUPG&O$
H#t
1
"y
y"_1
r
%
"y
"_%
"
5
1(2/-$.
%*/G#/K/$&q/#4$&BE#$&t1z41,/BE&RP
/34BEF@%[$&JEXPT(+-$.
/0#(1(2/-$.
%*
XK/#1
,
(+-$.
%E-'$%[-T
/4M/&XPT(+-$.
/0#/0#
/K/%&'$()*(+
$.
4Mg%E-'$%[2/-P&/0#-$.
4Mg
1 1
1 1
l
R
S
S S
R l l
l
R S
ρ
χ
ρ
χ
ρ
=
= =
= =
5
1 1 l
R S
χ
ρ
= =
1
R
χ
=
χ
E-,
(+-$.
/0#J,
4(1(2/-$.
%*jJ$Q##$-$.
/G//H4$c4($.
Rj/J
"
BE/K/#1/J
5
1000
C
λ χ
=
! "
# $% $% & '
()
*"
&
+,
$
λ
1 1 2
lg .d cm
− −
Ω
χ
1 2
. cm
−
Ω
C
lg/d l
!
"#$$$%&'(
"#)*
$$$+!%&
%,-&
{
CD
34-$.
%*%E/34X$&E4#BE&(1J,$/HXPTU)%*
4E$&
>bU)%*$&U^41,
/BE&RP/34/0#/34-$.
%*BE(1
J,$
1J,$U)/b/J'Z/34-$.
%*/H%$.Xc4*c1$Q#/K/
4$A1U)J#-$.
4NL1K4MNU)%*$&/E(|(E
:)4d/34-$p%*U)/b/
:)4d
(1
J,$
}
;~•x€
ijF@U)%*e•1K4MNU)%*-[/O_J%EJ,
4UPG
&KI/ZX$-'4-[//)RjZ4#/HjF@/)Rj/0#UP
G
./.
0
0/
1
[ ]
c
A B
K
AB
+ −
=
}
;~•x€
c1%E(1(2/4b/4NjF@U)%*-[/R$A1($|Rj
&'4-,
./.
0
0/
1
A B
a
AB
a a
K
a
+ −
=
,
U)%*‚>@U)4dU)%*4E$&ƒ4oF@/34-$.
%*&E4#
0 1
α
≤ ≤
\,U)%*
:)%*&E4&E
AB A B
+ −
+ƒ
$!
#
$$
!
$
21343&!
$
3&!
$
,
U)%*‚>@U)4dU)%*4E$&ƒ4oF@/34-$.
%*&E4#
0 1
α
≤ ≤
\,U)%*
:)%*&E4&E
[ ]
2
0 0 0
0
.
(1 ) 1
c
A B
C C C
K
AB C
α α α
α α
+ −
= = =
− −
6V$/34-$.
%*/H„5
α
1 1
α
− ≈
\$U#%&…-,
U)%*/0#/34-$.
%*4T
†D$9C5q:~•::‡CDt
\
`
eˆ>‰‡CDq/Š4‹*41n/(1J,$t
2
1
2
. .
1000
f
f
f
RT
M
T m
L
∆ =
i
>‰
6 Œ
••
:UKU$pJF,$:UKU$pJ%'
i
>‰6 Œ••
1
1
1
i
i
α
ν ν
+ −
≥
−
=
+ −
$‚4oF@4$A1U)q$&yU)4dtF#1X$U)%*ƒ4oF@4$A1U)
qU)4dR#-w1
@$BV$((-$.
%*$Ž
@$BV$(1(2/X,-$.
%*$‚
{e%E/34-$.
%*/H-,
U)%*•„Z•••e/K/
/34#/$(ZR#vQ1/Z/K/J1@$B,/%
"
Zqt
"
CDe%E/34-$.
%*U)%*&E4&E•‚e/K/
/34#/$(ZR#vB,/Z/K/J1@$B,/
@$BV$/34-$.
%*J'X,4f4'$XK$$.
JjF@U)
%*BNUPGU)%*&E4&EBEX,4AR$A($|RjUP
G/)Rj41)
2/
"5
>?68
9
M&J,
4(1(2/B,/‹%&…Z-,
(+-$.
-%[/0#
/34-$.
%*Rj4o%$-,
/0#/K/#$&BE/#4$&4M&(1
(2/
8
5
5
8
:\; >q>‘’
CD67{t
λ λ λ
∞ +∞ −∞
= +
λ
∞
67
λ
+∞
λ
−∞
8
#67
8
#67
8
5
5
8
:\; >q>‘’
CD67{t
9*!:
%
!;;:<=
$
!>?@
λ
∞
3
1 1 2
1 1 2
1 1 2
426,1[ lg ]
91,0[ lg ]
126,5[ lg ]
HCl
CH COONa
NaCl
d cm
d cm
d cm
λ
λ
λ
− −
∞
− −
∞
− −
∞
= Ω
= Ω
= Ω
9AB
3
3 3
3
1 1 2
( ) ( ) ( )
426, 1 91 126,5 390
390[ lg ]
CH COOH
H Cl Na Na Cl
CH COOHNa CH COOH
HCl NaCl
CH COOH
d cm
λ λ λ λ λ λ
λ λ λ λ
λ
−
+ − + + −
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
− −
∞
+ + + − +
= + − =
= + − =
= Ω
"5
>?68
9
‰5
‰ C5
>‰;~“”"u•
r
\
# ,&$
=
# C&$
=
8
0
0
:
0
!
0
/
0
D$5
=5$
%E%
E5E
EE
!
1
/
1
;:
1
;
%
1
;
D
1
FG5$
H5
$=
FD5$
H5$
&yBE/H4@/-,
41*.
4-@$XK%VF&BV$/K/$&/a%'$
"5
>?68
9
5
“D ~–}
:
# #
:
0
8
0
0
0
:
D
0
.
0
I!,
0
I/
0
IJ
0
+%KL
%0
%DG5H
%H5EG
=$5
F%5=
F%5D$
E5G
=5E$
E%5ED
=%5$E
=%5=
;:
1
!
1
/
1
M
1
;
%
1
!:
%
!;;
1
!;
D
1
I;
D
1
I!;
D
1
GH5$
FE5%D
FH5D
FE5H
F5DD
D$5G
EH5$
FG5H
H%5$
λ
∞
λ
∞
"5
>?68
9
>‰968
:w-$.
%[(&J—$%&'$$&/1*A4P$F&BV$4oF@-$.
%[/1*AL1#(1(2/-$.
%*-[/I$%EF@/1*AB)
$&
I
u
t
I u v
I
u
t
I u v
λ
λ λ
λ
λ λ
+ +
+
+ −
− −
−
+ −
= = =
+ +
= = =
+ +
0BNO, )C(
#
1BNO, )C(
#
M0B
#P#
, )Q
M1B
#P#
, )Q
MB
R
, )S,,-
>@/1*AB)
$&Rj4ŠF@/0#4@/-,
$&q%$-,
$&tF&BV$4oF@4@/
-,
$&q4o%$-,
$&t&/H4@/-,
/E%V4NXPT/1*A4P$-$.
%[/E%V
"5
>?68
9
˜>‰968
™:~•::;•
:w-$.
%[(&J—$%&'$$&/1*A4P$F&BV$4oF@-$.
%[/1*AL1#(1(2/-$.
%*-[/I$%EF@/1*AB)
$&
.( )
.( )
t
t
λ λ λ
λ λ λ
+ + + −
− − + −
= +
= +
"5
>?68
9
!$‡CD
CD
?
2
1
.
2
i i
I C z=
∑
$ef-,
/0#$&$q$&ƒ%t
š
$
e&K4M2/0#$&
&'4-,
BE.
F@&'4-,
2
.
ln
i
a C
AZ I
γ
γ
±
±
=
= −
B#7
B
NO#7
,>T
!B
P
γ
±
.B
NO
UB
*#
MBV#
\$(1J,$%EV/g"›
r
5
2
ln 0,509
i
Z I
γ
±
= −
!$‡CD