Về công nghệ tạo hỗn hợp nhũ tương nhiên liệu nước và khả năng ứng dụng tại việt nam

Tiiu ban: Mdi
tru&ng
vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7
VE CONG NGHE TAO HON HOP NHU
TlTONG
NHIEN
LIEU-NU^OfC
•
•
• *
VA KHA NANG
iTNG
DUNG TAI VIET NAM
• • •
Nguyen Thuy Nga, Ngo Tuan Kiet
Vien Khoa hgc nang lugng
18
Hoang Qudc Viet, Ciu Giiy, Ha Ndi
Email:
ngthuyngafSjgmail.com
Tom tat:
Bdi viit gidi thiiu kit qud cua di tdi hgp tdc nghien ciiu giiea Viin Khoa hoc
ndng lugng (VKHNL) vd Viin Trao ddi nhiit-chdt mang tin A.V.
Lukoy (ITMO)
Viin Hdn ldm khoa hoc qudc gia Belarus vi cdng nghi vd thiit bi chi biin hdn
hgp nhu tuong nhiin lieu ngdm
nude
dgng tdn sdc min
(eodo-monnuemfi
3MyjibcuH
-

BT3)
cho
Id
hai nhd mdy nhiet
diin.
Id
hoi cdng nghiep vd cdc thiit bi
diin tdu thuy
(Id
nhiet
ndng,
trgm.
Id
hoi
nude,
ddng co tdu thuy). Viec
sie
dung
BT3
trong nhd mdy nhiet diin vd
Id
hai
cho
phep tiit kiim ddu mazut, ddng thdi
cdc thiit bi
Id
hai cua nhd mdy nhiet diin vd ndi hoi tdu thuy chi cdn diiu kiin
thich
ieng
tdi thiiu, chi phi ddu tu dugc hodn vdn trong thai hgn 1 ndm.

Abstract:
The grticle introduces the results of the collaborative research project
between the Institute for energy science
(lES)
and the A.
V.Luikov
Heat and Mass
transfer Institute (ITMO) - National academy of science of Belarus about
technology and equipment process hydrated emulsified fuel mixture (form of fine
dispersion)
(eodo-monjiueHoa sMyjibcuM
-
BT3)
for thermal power boilers,
industrial boiler and ship electrical equipments (heat energy furnace, station,
water boilers,
engines
for ship on marine and
river).
The use of
BT3
in thermal
power plants and boilers can save Mazut, and equipments of boilers of
thermal
power plant and ships only need a minimum adaptation condition, investment
costs
are
paid in
1
year.

1.
DAT
VAN
DE
Nganh nang lugng the gidi ngay cang dat nhieu hy vgng vao nhien lieu dang nhii tuong
nhu mdt ngudn thay the dau mazut va phe thai dau nang de sir dung lam nhien lieu cho cac
nha may nhiet dien va cac thiet bi dien tren tau thuy. Mdt sd
nude
tren the gidi da
iing
dung
rdng rai hdn hgp nhii tuong nhien lieu tir bitum tu nhien cd tai Venezuela. Viec sir dung hon
hgp nhii tuong bitum-nudc cd rat nhieu uu the: ddt chay nhanh va hiu nhu hoan toan nhii
tuong trong dieu kien du lugng khdng khi nhd nhd vao
sir
chuyen hda cacbuahydro mach
vdng dai; nhiet do ddt ndng so bd hdn hgp nhii tuong thap; giam dang kl lugng phat thai vao
khi quyen cac hgp chat gay ung thu va giam den
40%)
phat thai
NOx.
Theo bao cao da cdng bo
cua hang
Volpe
National Transporation System cua Hoa ky, phat thai cac hgp chit hiiu co
thom va dl bay hoi giam tmng binh 100 lan, vi du Benzopyrene
C20H12
tir 1160
din
3,5

|ig/kg. Luu huynh chuyen thanh tro va ndng do
ciia
luu huynh trong tro tang gip 3 lin tham
chi so vdi tro cua nha may nhiet dien diing than.
388
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm
Vien
Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi
Viet
Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010
2.
CONG NGHE TAO NHU TUONG NHIEN LIEU -
NU6C
Viec chuan bi dau mazut de ddt theo kieu tmyen thdng hien nay vl co ban bao gom 2 cong
doan: khir
nude
va say ndng. Viec khir nude cho dau mazut bing phuong phap bay hoi
nude
doi hdi nang lugng ldn va dan den mit mat nhung phin tir de bay hoi cua nhien lieu. Viec khir
nude
dugc thuc hien chu ylu bang phuong thiic dl ling trong thdi gian dai nhim loai bd viec
dua nude vao budng ddt, hoac vao ddng co. Tmdng hgp nude nhilu qua
miic
cho phep, cd
thi
dan den viec lam gian doan
chiim
tia nhien lieu cip vao
16
va dap tit vdi phun. Trong lin khdi

dong
thii
2, td hgp ndi boi cd
thi
phat ra
nhiing
tilng nd ldn, tham chi kem theo
sir
pha buy
buong ddt.
Sir
phan chia theo pha cua hdn hgp dau mazut-nudc trong cac bl ling - tich trii cin
thdi gian du dai va hieu qua thap do
sir
chenh lech ve ty trgng giiia diu mazut va
nude
la nhd.
Van de sir dung hay loai bd
nude
nay khdng the dugc giai quylt bing phuong phap hda hgc va
sinh hgc do nhu cau ve dien tich cho viec tien hanh cac phuong phap nay kha ldn, chi phi von
va van hanh cao. Nude chiia mazut vugt dinh
miic
cho phep chua dugc sir ly thda dang thudng
xuyen bi xa vao he thdng dng dan chung, trai vdi cac yeu cau ve bao ve mdi tmdng.
Mdt trong nhirng hudng cd the giai quyet van de nay la sir dung
nude
cd chiia mazut khi sir
dung cdng nghe san xuat nhii tuong mazut-nudc
(BT3).

Ty le pha
nude
- nhien lieu trong nhii
tuong
tiiy
thudc vao yeu cau va loai nhien lieu, trong mdt sd tmdng hgp cd the dugc thay ddi
trong gidi ban den 50%o
nude.
Ket qua nghien
ciiu
thir nghiem cho thiy, viec bd sung vao
nhien lieu
10-15%o
nude se dam bao hieu qua kinh te ldn nhit va dong thdi giam phat thai khi,
cdn vdi
miic nude
pha vao nhien lieu den 30%) thi hieu qua ve mat sinh thai trong viec xir ly
nude
ban do cac san pham hiiu co la ldn nhit.
Viec sir dung nhien lieu
Idng
ngam nude d dang nhii tuong (vdi do im
din
30%)) la hgp ly
ve mat kinh te do loai bd dugc yeu cau sir dung cac thiet bi lam bay hoi cdng kenh, cac thiet
bi phan ly v.v Ngoai ra, viec nghien
ciiu
va phat trien cdng nghe dot chay nhii tuong da tao
ra kha nang sir dung sd lugng ldn vang, can dau thai ngam nhieu
nude

(den 50%), viec xa va
bao quan chiing trong cac hd md dan den viec lam ban he thdng be chiia
nude
va tao nguy co
gay hda hoan.
Mdt trong nhiing trd ngai chinh can vugt qua khi tao ra
BT3
ben virng la viec tuan thu
nghiem ngat cac quy dinh ve dam bao
sir
phan tan min
ciia
pha
nude
trong nhien lieu va
sir
phan bd ddng nhat, ben vung cua nd theo khdng gian va thdi gian (khong bi phan tang).
Cdng nghe dugc nghien
ciiu
de san xuat hdn hgp nhii tuong nhien lieu - nude dn dinh tir
dau mazut vdi
sir
hd trg
ciia
thiet bi cdng nghe ddc dao. San pham cudi ciing thu dugc la bdn
hgp dung dich nude dang keo trong dau mazut khdng bi phan tach (mdt phan
nude
dudi dang
ion phan tir) va nhii tuong nhien lieu cd
sir

phan bd ddng deu theo the tich cac phan tir nude.
Sir
tdn tai cua
nude
trong lien ket dau mazut cd do dn dinh ve thiiy
lire
vdi
miic
do phan
tan anh hudng
din
co
chi
ddt tren 2 phuong dien.
Thii
nhat, khi nung ndng den
120-150°C
diu mazut thu dugc cd do dn dinh thuy
lire,
trang thai vat ly cua cac phan tu nude va cac
thanh phin chay dugc cua diu mazut trong lien
kit
bi thay ddi. Nhiet do sdi
ciia nude
thap
hon nhiet do sdi cua diu mazut vao khoang
170-200°C,
ket qua
ciia sir
chenh lech nay la phan

de chay cua cac gigt lien
kit
dudi tac dgng cua hoi gian nd se bi xe ra thanh timg phan nhd
(xay ra vu nd
cue
nhd). Su phan chia bo sung cac gigt lien
kit
nay lam tang cudng qua trinh
dot chay cac thanh phin chay dugc cua diu mazut nhd vao
sir
tang be mat bay hoi,
sir
cai
thien qua trinh trdn cac nguyen td chay dugc vdi khdng khi va anh hudng
xiic
tac cua hoi
nude cho qua trinh ddt chay diu mazut.
Thii
hai, nude sinh ra khi ddt chay hon hgp nhii tuong
nhien lieu -
nude
se tham gia vao qua trinh oxy hda khir. Cdn chinh phan cacbon dugc nung
ndng (than cdc) trong dilu kien nhiet do
850-900°C
dugc khi hda thanh oxit cacbon va ddng
389
Tiiu ban: Mdi truong vd Ndng lugng ISBN:
978-604-913-013-7
thdi hydro dugc giai phdng tir
nude.

Trong tmdng hgp nay dk khi hda 1
moi
cacbon (than
cdc) tieu tdn
131,2
kJ nhiet nang. Tuy nhien, trong khi ddt chay, oxit cacbon dugc tao thanh
trong qua trinh khi hda cacbon (than cdc), va hydro dugc giai phdng tir phan tir
nude,
sir
mat
mat nhiet cho qua trinh khi hda nay dugc
bii
trir. Vi vay, nang suat tda nhiet dac trung cho kha
nang ve nang lugng cua hdn hgp nhien lieu khdng khi cua dau mazut dn dinh thuy
lire
thu
dugc cd tinh den hieu qua qua trinh thuc hien trong budng ddt ddng co hoac
Id
hoi ldn hon
nang suat tda nhiet cua dau mazut tieu chuan 5-8%) mac du nhiet nang ddt chay cua dau mazut
dn dinh thiiy luc nhd hon loai dau tieu chuan la
15%).
Nggn lira khi ddt chay dau mazut dn dinh thiiy
lire
trong budng ddt, nhu cac thir nghiem
trong mdt loat thi nghiem thiet bi budng chay cho thay, da gia tang ve mat the tich. Hdn hgp
nhu tuong nhien lieu
nude
thu dugc khdng ddi hdi phai cd
Id

hoi, he thdng nap khdng khi
trong
Id,
he thdng
hiit
khdi, he thdng nap lieu va cac thiet bi chay khac, khi sir dung nd vdi tu
each la budng ddt dau mazut.
Hdn hgp nhii tuong, nhu cac
thii
nghiem cho thay, nhd vao su ddt chay hoan toan, loai trir
dugc viec cdc hda he thdng kim phun, bd ghi td hgp
Id
hoi va giam viec thai chat gay d nhiem
nhu oxit nito - giam 14%), oxit luu huynh - 20%), oxit cacbon - 50%), chat lo limg - den 87%,
giam hieu qua chung cua tac ddng an mdn
V2O5,
Na20,
oxit nito va luu huynh, khoang chimg
3-4 lan tren cac nhan td phan tir luu thdng cua kim phun va trong thiet bi budng ddt. Dii lieu
so sanh ve viec ddt nhien lieu khdng chiia nude va nhien lieu nhii tuong cho thay rang: viec
nhien lieu cd chiia
10-20%) nude
phan tan min tang cudng dang ke qua trinh ddt chay ma
khdng can cd
sir
thay ddi trong che do nhiet do cua khu vuc chay. Ngudi ta cd the sir dung voi
phun thang ddng it hao tdn, cho phep tiet kiem khdng it hon
5%o
nhien lieu.
Mgt trong nhiing van de nghiem trgng nay sinh khi ddt chay mazut dung cho ddt 16 la

trong mazut cd nhieu luu huynh. Lien ket luu huynh cd mat trong budng khi gay nen
sir
an
mdn sunfat thiet bi va lam ban khi quyen.
iTng
dung
BT3
cd kha nang giai quylt vin dl nay.
Mdt mat viec sir dung
BT3
lam giam qua trinh thdi khdng khi, do vay bao dam giam nhiet do
diem tao suong
ciia
khdi thai. Mat khac tao ra kha nang sir dung chit bd sung lien
kit
luu
huynh vao trong thanh phan cua BT3.
Vi phan ldn chat bd sung tan dugc trong
nude,
vi the viec them vao
nude
nhii tuong nhiing
cau tir re tien vdi ham lugng
1kg/IT
dau mazut cho phep bing phuong phap don gian nhit
lien ket luu huynh va sir dung dau mazut chat lugng thip.
3.
THIET BI TAN SAC CO HOC
Md hinh thir
nghifm

cdng nghe san
xuit
hdn hgp nhii tuong mazut -
nude
do ITMO va
lES
nghien
ciiu
dugc thiet ke dua tren
sir
chuyen dich co hgc cua cac ldp nhien lieu lien tuc trong
che do tao bgt khi va dap thuy luc, dan den viec hinh thanh nhii tuong nhien lieu
nude
phan
tan mdng ddng nhat va dn dinh theo thdi gian. Thiet bi dugc hoan toan tu ddng hda va may
tinh hda gdm 2 thiet bi ddng nhat phan tan ddc lap, dap
iing
tit ca yeu ciu boat ddng phdng
chdng chay nd cdng suat den
30T/h
BT3 (xem hinh 1).
390
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cdng
nghi
Viet Nam
-
Hd Ndi 10/2010
Hinh
1: Md
hinh

thit nghiem thiit bi sdn xudt
nhu.
tucmg mazut-nudc: (a) Md hinh
thii:
nghiem
thiit bi sdn xudt nhii tuang mazut-nudc; (b) Cdu tgo thiit bi tdn sdc ca hoc
ITMO-IES
Thdng sd ky thuat dugc tdng hgp tren hinh 2. Nhii tuong mazut-nudc dn dinh va dong
nhat, khdng bi phan tang, cd the dua nd vao noi bao quan hoac bom vao tec van chuyin
din
noi tieu thu.
Cdng nghe san xuat nhii tuong mazut-nudc vdi thiet bi tan sac co hgc da dugc thir nghiem
tren thuc te tai nha may nhiet dien Minsk 5 cho cac trudng hgp:
- Mazut dua vao
Id
hoi ddt theo so dd binh thudng vdi ty le nude 2,6%), 3%) va 8% khdng
qua xir ly bang may tan sac co hgc;
- Mazut dua vao
Id
hoi ddt theo so dd binh thudng vdi ty le
nude
2,0%o, 14,0%) va
16,6%o
cd qua xir ly 1 lan bang may tan sac co hgc.
Ket qua thir nghiem cho thay: su cd mat cua cac phan tir nude dugc them vao mazut lam
cho nhien lieu mazut cd do am vugt gidi ban tieu chuan cho phep bang phuong phap xir ly
qua may tan sac co hgc, khdng dan den viec giam hieu suat cap hoi
ciia Id
hoi va khdng lam
gia tang nhien lieu tieu hao cua

Id
(so vdi lugng nhien lieu khdng qua xir ly).
'^.
Mazut ngam
nu 6c
Nhii
tu ong mazut-nu
6c
(khoang
each
giiia cac vach - 100
^m)
+ La thiet bi cong nghiep dieu chinh
duoc,
co
tinh
nang tao
bpt
khi va thuy dong luc
dung de che bien
nhQ
tuong
mazut-nuoc;
+ Pham
vi
tiet kiem nhien lieu
mazut;
3-12
%;
+

Vod
he so hieu suat
16
hoi tang 0,5-2,5 %;
+ Day
kich
thuoc cac phan tu pha nuoc
1 -5
\mi;
+ Cong suat tieu
thu:
den 50 kW;
+ Hieu suat: den 30
tan/h;
Hinh 2: Thdng sd ky thudt
ciia
md hinh thit nghiem
391
Tiiu ban: Mdi
tru&ng
vd Ndng lugng
ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7
Ket luan cua Hdi ddng nhu sau:
1)
Cdng nghe de xuat va thiet bi mng xam khi de xir ly nhien lieu dam bao ddt hoan toan
mazut, trong dd gdm ca cac loai nhien lieu mazut do luu giii lau ngay cd do ngam nude
cao (hon 15%), ciing nhu triet tieu lugng
nude
cd san tich tu trong cac be chiia nhien lieu
mazut. Cac thdng sd lam viec cua thiet bi

Id
hoi trong qua trinh ddt mazut cd ham lugng
nude
cao hon tieu chuan cho phep va dugc xir ly bang thiet bi tan sac tot
hon
so vdi khi
ddt mazut thdng thudng;
2) Khi them nude va hon hgp mazut (den
15%o
tdng do ngam
nude),
cd qua xir ly bang thiet bi
rung xam khi (tan sac co hgc) dam bao che do lam viec dn dinh cua thiet bi
Id
hoi khdng lam
giam nang suat cap hoi cua
Id,
giii nguyen hieu suat va lugng tieu hao nhien lieu.
3)
4.
KHA NANG
ITNG
DUNG
CHO CAC NHA MAY NHIET DIEN TAI VIET NAM
Theo thdng ke [4] trong tdng sd
915 Id
hoi cdng nghiep dang sir dung d 8 nganh cdng
nghiep la Giay, Co khi-gdm
sii,
San xuat vat lieu xay dung - khai khoang; Det may; Hoa chat

- dugc pham - phan bdn; Rugu bia
nude
giai khat; Che bien luong thuc - thuc pham va San
xuat hang tieu dimg thi
51%)
la
Id
ddt than, 47%) ddt dau FO va DO, chi cd 2% ddt khi. Ngoai
ra, d cac nha may nhiet dien than ludn phai sir dung dau FO de du phdng va thudng xuyen
phai dot kem dau khi phu tai thap. Do vay, viec chuyen giao cdng nghe da thir nghiem thanh
cdng cua de tai hgp tac nghien
ciiu
giiia ITMO-IES se mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao, ddng
thdi giam dang ke d nhiem mdi trudng.
Nhdm de tai dudi su chi dao cua Vien sy Martunhenco O.G. hien dang tiep tuc xay dung
quy trinh ky thuat va hudng dan van hanh thiet bi trong thuc te. Du kien den thang
10/2010
se
thdng qua Hdi ddng qudc gia Belams ve tieu chuan va quy pham ky thuat sir dung nhien lieu.
So dd cdng nghe du kien ap dung tai Viet Nam dugc trinh bay tren hinh 3.
Ghi
chu:
1
-
Thung
chua;
2 -Bd
gom;
3-Bg
lgc;

4 - Thiit bi
tdn
sdc ca
hgc;
5 - Bam cung
cdp;
6 - Ddng
hd
nuac;
7
-
Voi phun; 8 - Duong cdp
nu&c.
Hinh
3:
So do kiin nghi cho hi thdng thiit bi
sie
ly mazut
Theo so dd tren cd the thiy ngoai thiit bi tan
sic
co hgc, cac thiit bi cdng nghe khac
diu
thdng dung d Viet Nam. Ngay ban than thiet bi tan sac co hgc nganh co khi Viet Nam ciing co
thi
tu cbl tao theo thiet ke cua nhdm de tai. Vi vay, chi phi diu tu se giam dang kl, tinh kha
thi cua viec sir dung d
nude
ta la rat cao.
392
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Viin Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi

Viet
Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010
5.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1.
OTHCT
O
HayHHO-HCcneaoBaxejibCKoM padoxe «noBbimeHHe HaaoKHOCxn
3HepreTHHecKoii cncxeMbi 3a cnex aHBepcH(|)HKauHH ncnojitsyeMbix BH.aoB
xonjiHsa:
paapadoxKa xexHOJiornH KOHBepcHH .ijjiHHHOiienoHHbrx MOJicKyji acH^KHx
yrjieBO.ziopo;iHbix MaxepnajiOB npn HHxeHCHBHbix aKycxHHecKHX n MexaHnnecKHx
BOSZieiicTBHax)) /l^oroBop
c
BPOOH M
T08B-003 ox 01.02.2008 r.,
3xan
4,
HaynnbiH
pyKOBOflHxejib,
3aB.
ox^aejieHHCM
3Hepro4)H3HKH,
aKajieMHK
O.F.MapxbiHeHKo;
2.
AKX
npoBeaeHHH HcnbixaHHii
no
xexHonorHH npeaBapuxejibHoii odpadoxKu

odBoaHCHHoro MasyxHoro xonjinsa
na
BHdpoKaBuxaiiHOHHoii ycxanoBKC
«BKH-BKr»
Ha
MHHCKOII
T3L1
5
PYH
«MHHCK3Hepro»,
27
anpejia
2010
ro^a;
3.
"Ndng cao do tin cdy cita hi thdng ndng lugng tren co sd biin ddi thudc tinh ddu
ndng bdng cdng nghe chuyin hod phdn tu hydrocacbon
Idng
mgch vdng ddi dudi tdc
ddng tich cue cua sdng dm vd co hoc
",
Bao cao tdng ket nhiem vu HTQT nam 2008-
2009 cua Vien Khoa hgc nang lugng vdi Vien Trao ddi nhiet - chat mang ten Lukov
A.V. thudc Vien Han lam khoa hgc Belams nam 2008-2009
(Chii
nhiem de tai: TS.
Ngd Tuan Kiet)
4.
"Nghiin cdu, ddnh gid tinh trgng phdt thdi khi cd hgi tit cdc
Id

hai vd
Id
gia nhiet
trong mdt sd ngdnh cdng nghiep Viet Nam
",
Bao cao tdng ket de tai NCKH cap Bg.
393