Linux internet server security and configuration tutorial

Perform the following steps to secure your web site:
 See Distribution erratas and security fixes. [Red Hat Linux Errata] Update your system where appropriate.
 It is best for security reasons that you reduce the number of network services exposed. The more sevices exposed, the
greater your vulnerability. Reduce
the number of network services accessible through the xinet or inet daemon by:
 inetd (Red Hat 7.0 and earlier): Comment out un-needed services in the /etc/initd.conf file.
Sample: (FTP is the only service I run)
ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.ftpd -l -a

Restart the daemon to apply changes: /etc/rc.d/init.d/inetd restart
 xinetd (Red Hat 7.1): All network services are turned off by default during an upgrade. Sample file: /etc/xinetd.d/wu-ftpd:
Turning on/off an xinetd service:
 Edit the file: /etc/xinetd.d/service-name
Changing to the line "disable = yes" turns off an xinetd serivce.
Changing to the line "disable = no" turns on an xinetd serivce.
Xinetd configuration must be performed for each and every file in the directory /etc/xinetd.d/ in order to configure each and every network
service.
Restart the daemon to apply changes: /etc/rc.d/init.d/xinetd restart
 You may also use the command:

chkconfig wu-ftpd on
OR
chkconfig wu-ftpd off

This will edit the appropriate file (/etc/xinetd.d/wu-ftpd) and restart the xinetd process.
Tip:
 List init settings including all xinetd controlled services: chkconfig list
 List status of services (Red Hat/Fedora Core based systems): service status-all
 Reduce the number of non-inetd network services. These will be started by scripts in /etc/rc.d/rc*.d/ directories. There
may be no need to run sendmail
(mail server), portmap (RPC listener required by NFS), lpd (Line printer server daemon. Hackers probe my system for this service

all the time.), innd (News
server), linuxconf etc. For example, sendmail can be removed from the boot process using the command: chkconfig del sendmail or by using the
configuration tool ntsysv. The service can be terminated using the command /etc/rc.d/init.d/sendmail stop. At the very least one should run the
command chkconfig list to see what processes are configured to be operable after boot-up. See the YoLinux init process tutorial
 Apache: Turn off modules you are not going to use. With past ssl exploits, those using this philosophy did not get burned.
Apache 1.3.x config file /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Comment out the use of the ssl module by placing a "#" in the first column.
One can also block the https port 443 using firewall rules:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 dport 443 -j DROP
Basic Security Steps / Overview:
service ftp
{
disable = yes - FTP default is off. Note that this line controlls whether the xinetd service is enabled or not
socket_type = stream
wait = no
user = root
server = /usr/sbin/in.ftpd
server_args = -l -a
log_on_success += DURATION USERID
log_on_failure += USERID
nice = 10
}

#<IfDefine HAVE_SSL>
#LoadModule ssl_module modules/libssl.so
#</IfDefine>


#<IfDefine HAVE_SSL>
#AddModule mod_ssl.c

#</IfDefine>


<IfDefine HAVE_SSL>
Listen 80
#Listen 443
</IfDefine>


#<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
#
#

#<VirtualHost _default_:443>
#
#


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/> iptables -A INPUT -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 dport 443 -j DROP

 Verify your configuration. List the open ports and processes which hold them: netstat -punta (Also try netstat -nlp)
 List RPC services: [root]# rpcinfo -p localhost
Ideally you would NOT be running portmapper so not RPC services would be available. Turn off portmapper: service portmap stop
(or: /etc/init.d/portmap stop) and remove it from the system boot sequence: chkconfig del portmap (Portmap is required by NFS.)

 Anonymous FTP (Using wu_ftpd - Last shipped with RH 8.0. RH 9 and FC use vsftpd): By default Red Hat comes configured for anonymous FTP. This
allows users to ftp to your server and log in with the login anonymous and use an email address as the password. If you wish to turn
off this feature edit the
file /etc/ftpaccess and change:
class all real,guest,anonymous *
to
class all real,guest *
For more on FTP configuration see: YoLinux Web server FTP configuration tutorial
 Use the find command to locate vulnerabilities - find suid and guid files as well as world writable files and directories.
 Use the command chattr and lsattr to make a file unmodifiable over and above the usual permissions.
Make a file unmodifiable: chattr +i /bin/ls
Make directories unmodifiable: chattr -R +i /bin /sbin /boot /lib
Make a file append only: chattr +a /var/log/messages
 Use "tripwire" [sourceforge: tripwire] for security monitoring of your system for signs of unauthorized file changes.
Tripwire is offered as part of the base Red
Hat 7.1 installation. For earlier releases it is available as an RPM on the Red Hat Power tools CD. Tripwire configuration is covered below.
 Watch your log files especially /var/log/messages and /var/log/secure.
 Avoid generic account names such as guest.
 Use PAM network wrapper configurations to disallow passwords which can be found easily by crack or other hacking
programs. PAM authentication can also
disallow root network login access. (Default Red Hat configuration. You must login as a regular user and su -
to obtain root access. This is NOT the default
for ssh and must be changed as noted below.)
See YoLinux Network Admin Tutorial on using PAM
 Remote access should NOT be done with clear text telnet but with an encrypted connection using ssh. (Later in this tutorial)
 Proc file settings for defense against attackes. This includes protective measures against IP spoofing, SYN flood or syncookie attacks.
 Use Linux firewall rules to protect against attacks. (ipchains or iptables) Access denial rules can also be imlemented on the fly by portsentry.
(Place at the end of /etc/rc.d/rc.local to be executed upon system boot, or some other appropriate script)
 iptables script:
 ipchains script:

Note:
 iptables uses the chain rule "INPUT" and ipchains uses the lower case descriptor "input".
 View rules with iptables -L or ipchains -L command.
 iptables man page
 ipchains man page
 When running an internet web server it is best from a security point of view, that one NOT run printing, X-Window, NFS or any services which
may be
exploited if a vulnerability is discovered or if misconfigured regardless of firewall rules.
Also see:
 YoLinux Internet Gateway Tutorial
 Red Hat 7.1 firewall GUI configuration tool /usr/sbin/gnome-lokkit
 Use portsentry to monitor network hacker attacks. (Later in this tutorial)
 A minimal and monolithic kernel might also provide a small bit of protection (avoid trojan modules) as well as running on less common hardware (MIPS,
Alpha, etc so buffer overflow instructions will not run.)
 National Security Agency (NSA): Security-Enhanced Linux - Altered for increased security.
 DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks: The only thing you can do is have gobs
of bandwidth and processing power/firewall. Lots of processing power
or a firewall are useless without gobs of bandwidth as the network can get sooo overloaded from a distributed attack.
Also see:
 Turn off ICMP.
 Monitor the attack with tcpdump
Unfortunately the packets are usually spoofed and in my case the FBI didn't care. If the server is a remote server, have a dial-up
modem or a second IP
address and route for access because the attacked route is blocked by the flood of network attacks. You can also request that your ISP drop
ICMP traffic to
the IP addresses of your servers. (and UDP if all you are running is a web server. Name servers use UDP.) For very interesting reading see
"The Strange
Tale" of the GRC.com DDoS attack. (Very interesing read about the anatomy of the hacker bot networks.)
 User access can be restricted with the configuration files:
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 dport 2049 -j DROP - Block NFS

iptables -A INPUT -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 dport 2049 -j DROP - Block NFS
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 dport 6000:6009 -j DROP - Block X-Windows
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 dport 7100 -j DROP - Block X-Windows font server
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 dport 515 -j DROP - Block printer port
iptables -A INPUT -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 dport 515 -j DROP - Block printer port
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 dport 111 -j DROP - Block Sun rpc/NFS
iptables -A INPUT -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 dport 111 -j DROP - Block Sun rpc/NFS
iptables -A INPUT -p all -s localhost -i eth0 -j DROP - Deny outside packets from internet which
claim to be from your loopback interface.

# Allow loopback access. This rule must come before the rules denying port access!!
iptables -A INPUT -i lo -p all -j ACCEPT - This rule is essential if you want your own computer
iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -p all -j ACCEPT
to be able to access itself throught the loopback interface

ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 2049 -y -j REJECT - Block NFS
ipchains -A input -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 2049 -j REJECT - Block NFS
ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 6000:6009 -y -j REJECT - Block X-Windows
ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 7100 -y -j REJECT - Block X-Windows font server
ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 515 -y -j REJECT - Block printer port
ipchains -A input -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 515 -j REJECT - Block printer port
ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 111 -y -j REJECT - Block Sun rpc/NFS
ipchains -A input -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 111 -j REJECT - Block Sun rpc/NFS
ipchains -A input -j REJECT -p all -s localhost -i eth0 -l - Deny and log (option -l) outside packets from internet
which claim to be from your loopback interface.

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/> /etc/security/limits.conf
 /etc/security/group.conf
 /etc/security/time.conf
See YoLinux SysAdmin tutorial - restrict users
 Remove un-needed users from the system. See /etc/passwd. By default Red Hat installations have many user accounts created to support various
processes. It you do not intend to run these processes, remove the users. i.e. remove user ids games, uucp, rpc, rpcd,
SSH protocol suite of network connectivity tools are used to encrypt connections accross the internet.
SSH encrypts all traffic including logins and passwords to
effectively eliminate network sniffing, connection hijacking, and other network-level attacks. In a regular telnet session the password is transmitted across the
Internet unencrypted.
SSH is a commercial product but available freely for non-commercial use from SSH Communications Security at />. Two versions are available,
SSH1 and SSH2. The newer SSH2 supports FTP and has more options than SSH1. SSH2
can be purchased and/or downloaded from their web site. Note that
SSH1 does have a major vulnerability issues. The "woot-project" web site cracking and defacing gang uses this vulnerability. DO NOT USE SSH1
PROTOCOL!!!!! Summary of SSH1 issues and what to avoid. ("woot-project" exploit/attack description/recovery)
OpenSSH was developed by the the OpenBSD Project and is freely available.
OpenSSH is compatable with SSH1 and SSH2. OpenSSH relies on the OpenSSL
project for the encrypted communications layer. Current releases of Linux come with OpenSSH/OpenSSL. (Comes with Red Hat Linux 7.x+)
Links:
 OpenSSH.org - Shell. Supports SSH1 and SSH2 protocols.
 OpenSSL.org - Encrypted network layer
 FreeSSH.org - SSH for other platforms
 SSH:
 SSh.com - Secure shell
 DataFellows.com - F-Secure
 FreeSSH.org - SSh for other platforms
 Secure Shell IETF working group - (Internet Engineering Task Force)
 SSH tunneling / port forwarding - (for POP and SMTP etc)

OpenSSH:
 Download:
 Download OpenSSH RPM's (sourceforge) - statically linked with OpenSSL 0.9.5 - Pick this one for an easy complete RPM install
 Download OpenSSH source (tgz)
 Red Hat Linux 6.x Open SSL RPM downloads (redhat.com) (SSL only)
Note: SSH and SSL are included with Red Hat Linux 7.0+
 Installation:
 Common to Client and Server:
rpm -ivh openssh-2.9p2-8.7.i386.rpm

 Client:
rpm -ivh openssh-askpass-2.9p2-8.7.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh openssh-clients-2.9p2-8.7.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh openssh-askpass-gnome-2.9p2-8.7.i386.rpm - Gnome desktop users

 Server:
rpm -ivh openssh-server-2.9p2-8.7.i386.rpm

If upgrading from SSH1 you may have to use the RPM option force.
The rpm will install the appropriate binaries, configuration files and openssh-server will install the init script /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd so that sshd
will start
upon system boot.
 Configuration:
 Client configuration file /etc/ssh/ssh_config: (Default)
SSH: (Secure Shell)
# $OpenBSD: ssh_config,v 1.9 2001/03/10 12:53:51 deraadt Exp $

# This is ssh client systemwide configuration file. See ssh(1) for more
# information. This file provides defaults for users, and the values can
# be changed in per-user configuration files or on the command line.

# Configuration data is parsed as follows:
# 1. command line options
# 2. user-specific file
# 3. system-wide file
# Any configuration value is only changed the first time it is set.
# Thus, host-specific definitions should be at the beginning of the
# configuration file, and defaults at the end.

# Site-wide defaults for various options

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/>Change the line: # Protocol 2,1
to: Protocol 2
This will eliminate use of SSH1 protocol.
Uncomment the options required or accept the hard-coded defaults. The hard coded defaults for OpenSSH client are compatable with SSH1
client files
and sshd server. An upgrade to OpenSSH client will not require any changes to the files in $HOME/.ssh/.
 Server configuration file /etc/ssh/sshd_config:
Default:
# Host *
# ForwardAgent no
# ForwardX11 no
# RhostsAuthentication no
# RhostsRSAAuthentication yes

# RSAAuthentication yes
# PasswordAuthentication yes
# FallBackToRsh no
# UseRsh no
# BatchMode no
# CheckHostIP yes
# StrictHostKeyChecking yes
# IdentityFile ~/.ssh/identity
# IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa
# IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_dsa
# Port 22
# Protocol 2,1 - Change this line to: Protocol 2
# Cipher 3des
# Ciphers aes128-cbc,3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,arcfour,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc
# EscapeChar ~
Host *
ForwardX11 yes

# $OpenBSD: sshd_config,v 1.38 2001/04/15 21:41:29 deraadt Exp $
# This sshd was compiled with PATH=/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin
# This is the sshd server system-wide configuration file. See sshd(8)
# for more information.
Port 22
#Protocol 2,1 - Change to: Protocol 2
#ListenAddress 0.0.0.0
#ListenAddress ::
HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
ServerKeyBits 768

LoginGraceTime 600 - Change to: LoginGraceTime 120
KeyRegenerationInterval 3600
PermitRootLogin yes - Change to: PermitRootLogin no
#
# Don't read ~/.rhosts and ~/.shosts files
IgnoreRhosts yes
# Uncomment if you don't trust ~/.ssh/known_hosts for RhostsRSAAuthentication
#IgnoreUserKnownHosts yes
StrictModes yes
X11Forwarding yes
X11DisplayOffset 10
PrintMotd yes
#PrintLastLog no
KeepAlive yes

# Logging
SyslogFacility AUTHPRIV
LogLevel INFO
#obsoletes QuietMode and FascistLogging

RhostsAuthentication no
#
# For this to work you will also need host keys in /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
RhostsRSAAuthentication no
# similar for protocol version 2
HostbasedAuthentication no
#
RSAAuthentication yes

# To disable tunneled clear text passwords, change to no here!

PasswordAuthentication yes
PermitEmptyPasswords no

# Uncomment to disable s/key passwords
#ChallengeResponseAuthentication no

# Uncomment to enable PAM keyboard-interactive authentication
# Warning: enabling this may bypass the setting of 'PasswordAuthentication'
#PAMAuthenticationViaKbdInt yes

# To change Kerberos options
#KerberosAuthentication no
#KerberosOrLocalPasswd yes
#AFSTokenPassing no
#KerberosTicketCleanup no

# Kerberos TGT Passing does only work with the AFS kaserver
#KerberosTgtPassing yes

#CheckMail yes
#UseLogin no

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/>Note:
 Ssh protocol version 1 is not as secure, it should not take 10 minutes to type your password

and if someone logs in as root without logging in as a
particular user first then tracability is lost if there are multiple admins, thus the changes were made as suggested above.
 Setting "PermitRootLogin no" mandates that remote logins use an undetermined user login. This removes root, a known login on all Linux
systems, from the list of dictionary atttacks available.
 It is a good idea to change the "Banner" so that a login greeting and legal disclaimer is presented to the user. i.e. change file /etc/issue.net

contents to:
Access is granted to this server only to authorized personel of Mega Corp.
By default, the /etc/issue.net message presents to the hacker the OS name,
kernel release and information which can be used to determine
potential vulnerabilities.
 Generate keys:
 Client:
Use the command: /usr/bin/ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/user-id/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/user-id/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/user-id/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
XXXblablablaXXXaf:90:8f:dc:65:0d:XXXXXXXXXXXXXX user-id@node-name

Files generated:
$HOME/.ssh/id_rsa - binary
$HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub - ssh-rsa 223564257432 email address - Multiple keys/lines allowd.

 Server:
 FTP the file $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub to the server
 cd $HOME/.ssh/

 cat id_rsa.pub >> authorized_keys
 Using ssh: On client use the following command and login as you normally would with a telnet session:
ssh name-of server
The first time you use ssh it will issue the following message:
The authenticity of host 'node.your-domain.com (XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is XXXXblablablaXXX1:81:29:00:3a:c5:fb:XXXXXXXXXXX.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'node.your-domain.com,XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
's password:

Answer yes. It won't ask again.
To use a different user name for the login, state it on the command line: ssh -l username name-of server
Note: You can now also use the command sftp for secure ftp file transfers using ssh.
OpenSSH Man Pages:
 ssh - OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)
 sshd - OpenSSH ssh daemon
 ssh-keygen - Used to create RSA keys (host keys and user authentication keys)
 ssh-add - adds RSA or DSA identities for the authentication agent. Used to register new keys with the agent.
 scp - secure copy (remote file copy program)
 ssh-agent - authentication agent This can be used to hold RSA keys for authentication.
 sftp - Secure file transfer program
 sftp-server - SFTP server subsystem
Other OpenSSH Links:
 Red Hat Open SSH Guide - Also scp, sftp, Gnome ssh-agent
 Linux Journal: OpenSSH Part I
SSH for MS/Windows Links:
 PuTTY
 Tera Term
 TTSSH - An SSH Extension to Tera Term
SSH Notes:

 The sshd should not be started using xinetd/inetd due to time necessary to perform calculations when it is initailized.
#MaxStartups 10:30:60
#Banner /etc/issue.net
#ReverseMappingCheck yes

Subsystem sftp /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server

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/>This tool will monitor the network probes and attacks against your server. It can be configured to log and counter these probes and attacks. PortSentry can
modify your /etc/hosts.deny (PAM module) file and issue IP firewall commands automatically to block hackers.
PortSentry can be loaded as an RPM but this tutorial covers compiling PortSentry from source to configure a more preferable system logging.
Note: Version 1.1 of portsentry can issue iptables, ipchains or route commands to thwart attacks. Linux Kernel 2.2 (Red Hat 6.x and 7.0) uses ipchains. Linux
kernel 2.4 (Red Hat 7.1) uses iptables but can also use ipchains but NOT both. Route commands can be used by any Unix system.
Steps to install and configure portsentry:
1. Download and unzip source code
2. Edit include file and compile
3. Start PortSentry
 ssh client will suid to root. sshd on the server is run as root. Root privileges are required to communicate on ports lower than 1024. The -
p option may be
used to run SSH on a different port.
 RSA is used for key exchange, and a conventional cipher (default Blowfish) is used for encrypting the session.
 Encryption is started before authentication, and no passwords or other information is transmitted in the clear.
 Authentication:
 Login is invoked by the user. The client tells the server the public key that the user wishes to use for authentication.
 Server then checks if this public key is admissible.

If yes then random number is generated and encrypts it with the public key and sends the value to the client.
 The client then decrypts the number with its private key and computes a checksum. The checksum is sent back to the server
 The server computes a checksum from the data and compares the checksums.
 Authentication is accepted if the checksums match.
 SSH will use $HOME/.rhosts (or $HOME/.shosts)
 To establish a secure network connection on another TCP port, use "tunneling" options with the ssh command:
 Forward TCP local port to hostport on the remote-host:
ssh remote-host -L port:localhost:hostport command
Specifying ports lower than 1024 will require root access.
FTP opens various ports and thus is not a good candidate. Port 21 is only used to establish the connection.
Man pages:
 ssh - secure shell client (remote login program)
 sshd - secure shell daemon (server)
 ssh-keygen - Used to create RSA keys (host keys and user authentication keys)
 ssh-keyscan - gather ssh public keys
 ssh-add - adds identities for the authentication agent Used to register new keys with the agent.
 scp - secure copy (remote file copy program)
 slogin
 sftp - secure file transfer program client.
 sftp-server - secure file transfer program server.
 ssh-agent - Authentication agent. This can be used to hold RSA keys for authentication.
 telnet - user interface to the TELNET protocol
Documentation:
 /usr/share/doc/openssh-2.9p2/
 /usr/share/doc/openssh-askpass-2.9p2/
 /usr/share/doc/openssl-0.9.6/
Test:
The network sniffer Ethereal was used to sniff network transmissions between the client and server for both telnet and ssh with the following results:
 Test telnet clear text login: (port 23)

The text sent by the client is green text on a black background.
The rest of the text was transmitted by the server.
Note that both the login ("JoeUser") and password ("super-secret-password") were captured.
 Test ssh encrypted login: (port 22)

Note that the entire login and password exchange was encrypted.
PortSentry:
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/>4. Read logs
1. Download and unzip source code:
 Download: PortSentry source code
(Note: Portsentry version 1.1 includes a bug fix required for Red Hat 7.1 kernel 2.4)
 Move to your source directory and unzip: tar -xzf portsentry-1.1.tar.gz
2. Edit include file and compile:
cd portsentry-1.1/
Read file README.install. It details the following:

Edit file: portsentry_config.h
Set options:
 CONFIG_FILE - PortSentry run-time configuration file.
 WRAPPER_HOSTS_DENY - The path and name of TCP wrapper hosts.deny file.
(Note: I use /opt/portsentry/ because I like to locate custom files/software there. It allows for an easy backup by separating it from the OS. If you
prefer, you can use /etc/portsentry/ for configurations files and follow the Linux/Unix file system logic)
The above default, "LOG_DAEMON", will log messages to the /var/log/messages file.
To log to a separate file dedicated to PortSentry logging: (This will eliminate logging clutter in the main system logging file)

 Add logging directives to syslogd configuration file: /etc/syslog.conf
Change the following line to reflect that portsentry messages are not going to be logged to the regular syslog output file /var/log/messages
*.info;mail.none;news.none;authpriv.none;local6.none /var/log/messages
Add the following line to assign a portsentry log facility:
local6.* /var/log/portsentry.log
Note: Use tab not spaces in the syslog configuration file.
Restart syslogd: /etc/rc.d/init.d/syslog restart
 Set portsentry_config.h entry to new log facility:
#define SYSLOG_FACILITY LOG_LOCAL6

Options for the SYSLOG_FACILITY are defined in /usr/include/sys/syslog.h
They include:
Options for the SYSLOG_LEVEL include:
#define CONFIG_FILE "/opt/portsentry/portsentry.conf"
#define WRAPPER_HOSTS_DENY "/etc/hosts.deny"
#define SYSLOG_FACILITY LOG_DAEMON
#define SYSLOG_LEVEL LOG_NOTICE

SYSLOG_FACILITY
Facility Name
Description
LOG_LOCAL0 local0 reserved for local use
LOG_LOCAL1 local1 reserved for local use
LOG_LOCAL2 local2 reserved for local use
LOG_LOCAL3 local3 reserved for local use
LOG_LOCAL4 local4 reserved for local use
LOG_LOCAL5 local5 reserved for local use
LOG_LOCAL6 local6 reserved for local use
LOG_LOCAL7 local7 reserved for local use
LOG_USER user random user-level messages

LOG_MAIL mail mail system
LOG_DAEMON daemon system daemons
LOG_SYSLOG syslog messages generated
internally by syslogd
LOG_LPR lpr line printer subsystem
LOG_NEWS news network news subsystem
LOG_UUCP uucp UUCP subsystem
LOG_CRON cron clock daemon
LOG_AUTHPRIV authpriv security/authorization messages (private)
LOG_FTP ftp ftp daemon
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/>
Edit file: portsentry.conf to set paths for configuration files and ports to monitor.
Uncomment and modify if necessary the appropriate statements. The TCP_PORTS=, UDP_PORTS= lists are ignored for stealth scan detection
modes. I added UDP port 68 (BOOTP) and TCP 21 (ftp), 22 (ssh), 25 (smtp mail), 53 (dns bind), 80 (http web server), 119 (news) to the
ADVANCED_EXCLUDE_UDP and ADVANCED_EXCLUDE_TCP statements respectively.

List of ports used by Remote Access trojans
PAM options:
 KILL_HOSTS_DENY="ALL: $TARGET$"

For more on PAM see YoLinux network Admin Tutorial
Route deny options: (Options: network "route" or firewall command "iptables/ipchains")
1. Simple method to drop network return routes if ipchains are not compiled into your kernel:
KILL_ROUTE="/sbin/route add -host $TARGET$ reject"

You can check the addresses dropped with the command: netstat -rn They will be routed to interface "-".
2. For Linux 2.2.x kernels (version 2.102+) using ipchains: (Best option)
KILL_ROUTE="/sbin/ipchains -I input -s $TARGET$ -j DENY -l"
OR
KILL_ROUTE="/sbin/ipchains -I input -s $TARGET$ -j DENY"
Note: The second option is without the "-l" or logging option so ipchains won't keep logging the portscan in /var/log/messages
3. For those using iptables (RH 7.1+ Linux Kernel 2.4+):
KILL_ROUTE="/sbin/iptables -I INPUT -s $TARGET$ -j DROP"
(Note: The default used in portsentry.conf uses the incorrect path for Red Hat. Change /usr/local/bin/iptables to /sbin/iptables)
Note on Red Hat 7.1: During installation/upgrade the firewall configuration tool /usr/bin/gnome-lokkit may be invoked. It will configure a firewall
using ipchains and will add this to your boot process. To see if ipchains and the Lokkit configuration is invoked during system boot, use the
command: chkconfig list | grep ipchains. You can NOT use portsentry to issue iptables rules if ipchain rules have been issued previously.
More info on iptables and ipchains support/configuration in Red Hat 7.1 and kernel 2.4.

Edit file: portsentry.ignore (contains IP addresses to ignore. )
The at Home network routinely scans for news servers on port 119 from a server named authorized-scan1.security.home.net. Adding the IP
address of this server (24.0.0.203) greatly reduces the logging. I also added their BOOTP server. (24.9.139.130)
I manually issued the iptables (RH 7.1 kernel 2.4) commands on my workstation to drop the hosts and deny their scans. At Home users may add
the commands to the file /etc/rc.d/rc.local

Edit file: Makefile
INSTALLDIR = /opt

SYSLOG_LEVEL
Priority
Description
LOG_EMERG 0 system is unusable
LOG_ALERT 1 action must be taken immediately

LOG_CRIT 2 critical conditions

LOG_ERR 3 error conditions
LOG_WARNING 4 warning conditions
LOG_NOTICE 5 normal but significant condition
LOG_INFO 6 informational
LOG_DEBUG 7 debug-level messages
IGNORE_FILE="/opt/portsentry/portsentry.ignore"
HISTORY_FILE="/opt/portsentry/portsentry.history"
BLOCKED_FILE="/opt/portsentry/portsentry.blocked"
KILL_ROUTE="/sbin/route add -host $TARGET$ reject" - Generic Unix KILL_ROUTE
I prefer iptables/ipchains options below

ADVANCED_EXCLUDE_TCP="21,22,25,53,80,110,113,119" - server
ADVANCED_EXCLUDE_UDP="21,22,53,110,520,138,137,68,67"
OR
ADVANCED_EXCLUDE_TCP="113,139" - workstation
ADVANCED_EXCLUDE_UDP="520,138,137,68,67"

127.0.0.1
0.0.0.0
Your IP address

/sbin/iptables -I INPUT -s 24.0.0.203 -j DROP
/sbin/iptables -I INPUT -s 24.9.139.130 -j DROP

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/>And remove the line under "uninstall": (dangerous line!!)
# /bin/rmdir $(INSTALLDIR)

And remove the line under "install": (troublesome line!!)
# chmod 700 $(INSTALLDIR)


Compile: make linux

Install (as root): make install
3. Run PortSentry for advanced UDP/TCP stealth scan detection:
 portsentry -atcp
 portsentry -audp
OR use init scripts below in next section.
4. Check logfile for hacker attacks. See: /var/log/messages or /var/log/portsentry.log if you are logging to a dedicated file.
Also check /etc/hosts.deny to see a list of IP addresses that PortSentry has deamed attackers.
Check the "HISTORY_FILE" /opt/portsentry/portsentry.history
Note: Is is possible to have all logging sent to a logging daemon on a single server.
This will allow the administrator to check the logs on only one server rather
than individually on many.
Note on Red Hat 7.1: Red Hat Powertools 7.1 now includes portsentry 1.0. I reccomend using version 1.1 configured as above.
Powertools RPM layout:
 /usr/sbin/portsentry - (chmod 700) executable
 /etc/portsentry/ - (chmod 700) Directory used for configuration files.
 /etc/portsentry/portsentry.conf (chmod 600)
 /etc/portsentry/portsentry.ignore (chmod 600)
 /var/portsentry/portsentry.history
 /var/portsentry/portsentry.blocked
Instead of using a firewall command (ipchains/iptables), a false route is used: /sbin/route add -host $TARGET$ gw 127.0.0.1.
My init script calls the portsentry executable twice with the apropriate command line arguments to monitor tcp and udp ports. The Red Hat 7.1 init script

uses the file /etc/portsentry/portsentry.modes and a for loop in the init script to call portsentry the appropriate number of times. Their init script also
recreates the portsentry.ignore file each time portsentry is started by including the IP addresses found with ifconfig and the addresses 0.0.0.0 and
localhost. Persistent addresses must be placed above a line stating: Do NOT edit below this otherwise it is not included in the creation of the new file.

The Red Hat 7.1 Powertools portsentry version logs everything to /var/log/messages. My configuration avoids log clutter by logging to a separate file.
Notes on DOS (Denial of Service) possibility: If portsentry is configured to shut down an attack with firewall rules, an attacker may use this feature to slow
down your machine over time by creating a huge set of firewall rules. It would require the hacker to use (or spoof) a new IP address each time. It is probably a
good idea to monitor or even clear the firewall rules from time to time.
 iptables:
 List firewall rules: iptables -L
 Clear firewall rules: iptables -F
 ipchains:
 List firewall rules: ipchains -L
 Clear firewall rules: ipchains -F
Clean-up script: /etc/cron.monthly/reset-chainrules
(-rwx 1 root root)
This script is run automatically once a week by cron. (The presence of this script in this directory for the Red Hat configuration makes it so)
Also
see:
 Psionic Software Home Page - PortSentry, Logcheck and HostSentry home page.
 FAQ: Firewall Forensics - Robert Graham
Other tools to detect portscans and network based hacker attacks:
 scanlogd - Attack detection.
 InterSect Alliance - Intrusiuon analysis. Identifies malicious or unauthorized access attempts.
 snort - Instead of monitoring a single server with portsentry, snort monitors the network, performing real-time traffic analysis and packet logging on IP
#!/bin/bash
# Purge and re-assign chain rules
ipchains -F
ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 2049 -y -j REJECT
ipchains -A input -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 2049 -j REJECT

ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 6000:6009 -y -j REJECT
ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 7100 -y -j REJECT
ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 515 -y -j REJECT
ipchains -A input -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 515 -j REJECT
ipchains -A input -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 111 -y -j REJECT
ipchains -A input -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 111 -j REJECT
ipchains -A input -j REJECT -p all -s localhost -i eth0 -l
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/>networks for the detection of an attack or probe.
Also see: YoLinux IDS and Snort links
Using an init script to start and stop the portsentry program.
Init configuration: /etc/rc.d/init.d/portsentry
The init script needs to be executable: chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/init.d/portsentry
After adding the following
script, enter it into the init process with the command: chkconfig add portsentry or chkconfig level 345 portsentry on
See YoLinux Init Tutorial for more information.
Logrotate Configuration:
Create the following file to have your logs rotate.
File: /etc/logrotate.d/portsentry
Also
see the YoLinux Sys Admin tutorial covering logrotate.
Tests:
 Portscan your workstation - Use your web browser to go to this site. Select "Probe my ports" and it will scan you. You can then look at the
file /opt/portsentry/portsentry.blocked.atcp to see that portsentry dropped the scanning site:
#!/bin/bash

#
# Startup script for PortSentry
#
# chkconfig: 345 85 15
# description: PortSentry monitors TCP and UDP ports for network attacks
#
# processname: portsentry
# pidfile: /var/run/portsentry.pid
# config: /opt/portsentry/portsentry.conf
# config: /opt/portsentry/portsentry.ignore
# config: /opt/portsentry/portsentry.history
# config: /opt/portsentry/portsentry.blocked
# Source function library.
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
# Source networking configuration.
. /etc/sysconfig/network
# Check that networking is up.
[ ${NETWORKING} = "no" ] && exit 0
# See how we were called.
case "$1" in
start)
echo -n "Starting portsentry: "
daemon /opt/portsentry/portsentry -atcp
/opt/portsentry/portsentry -audp
echo
touch /var/lock/subsys/portsentry
;;
stop)
echo -n "Shutting down portsentry: "
killproc portsentry

echo
rm -f /var/lock/subsys/portsentry
rm -f /var/run/portsentry.pid
;;
status)
status portsentry
;;
restart)
$0 stop
$0 start
;;
reload)
echo -n "Reloading portsentry: "
killproc portsentry -HUP
echo
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload|status}"
exit 1
esac
exit 0

/var/log/portsentry.log {
rotate 12
monthly
errors root@localhost
missingok
postrotate
/usr/bin/killall -HUP portsentry 2> /dev/null || true
endscript

}
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/> Host: shieldsup.grc.com/207.71.92.221 Port: 23 TCP Blocked
The file /var/log/portsentry.log will show the action taken:
 nmap: portscanner - This is the hacker tool responsible for many of the portscans you may be recieving.
Command arguments:
Also see: nmap man page for a full listing of nmap command line arguments.
Examples:
nmap -sT -F IP-address Scan
nmap -sS -F IP-address SYN Scan
nmap -sU -F IP-address Scan UPD ports
nmap -sF -F IP-address FIN Scan
nmap -O -F IP-address Determine OS
nmap -p22 -F -O IP-address
nmap -p 1-30,40-65535 IP-Address Scan given port ranges

Add the option -v (verbose) or -vv (super verbose) for more info.
The ports will be determined to be open, filtered or firewalled.
Sample output from command: nmap -sS -F -O IP-Address
 nmap/nmapfe: nmapfe = nmap front end - GUI front end to nmap. It's an amazingly easy and usefull tool which will help you make discoveries about
your servers before the hackers do.
portsentry[589]: attackalert: SYN/Normal scan from host: shieldsup.grc.com/207.71.92.221 to TCP port: 23
portsentry[589]: attackalert: Host 207.71.92.221 has been blocked via wrappers with string: "ALL: 207.71.92.221"
portsentry[589]: attackalert: Host 207.71.92.221 has been blocked via dropped route using command: "/sbin/ipchains -I input -s 207.71.92.221 -j DENY -l"
Argument Description

-sO IP scan. Find open ports.
-sT TCP scan. Full connection made.
-sS SYN scan (half open scan). This scan is
typically not logged on receiving system.
-sP Ping ICMP scan.
-sU UDP scan.
-P0 Don't ping before scan.
-PT Use ping to determine which hosts are available.
-F Fast scan. Scan for ports listed in configuration.
-T Set timing of scan to use values to avoid detection.
-O Determins operating system.
-p 1000-1999,5000-5999 Scan port ranges specified.
Starting nmap V. 2.54BETA7 ( www.insecure.org/nmap/ )


(The 1067 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)
Port State Service
21/tcp open ftp
22/tcp open ssh
25/tcp open smtp
53/tcp open domain
111/tcp open sunrpc - Shut down the portmap (RPC) daemon: /etc/rc.d/init.d/portmap stop
137/tcp filtered netbios-ns - Turn off netbios services: /etc/rc.d/init.d/smb stop
138/tcp filtered netbios-dgm
139/tcp filtered netbios-ssn

TCP Sequence Prediction: Class=random positive increments
Difficulty=2727445 (Good luck!)
Remote operating system guess: Linux 2.1.122 - 2.2.16

Nmap run completed 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 36 seconds

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/>
Nmap and nmapfe are available with distribution or on the Red Hat Powertools CD for older (7.1) releases:
 nmap-XXX.i386.rpm
 nmap-frontend-XXX.i386.rpm
Links:
 nmap man page
 The Art of Port Scanning - by Fyodor
 ndiff - Compares two nmap scans and outputs the differences. Monitor network for changes.
Tripwire monitors your file system for changes. Tripwire is used to create an initial database of information on all the system files then runs periodically (cron)
to compare the system to the database.
I will cover Tripwire version 1.2-3 (Red Hat Powertools 6.2) and version 2.3.0-58 (Red Hat 7.1). Use the command tripwire version or rpm -q tripwire
to
determine the version.
Red Hat 7.1 includes Tripwire as an optional package during install. Tripwire for earlier releases is available from the RedHat Powertools CD in RPM format.
Upon installation it will proceed to scan your entire filesystem to create a default database of what your system looks like. (files and sizes etc) It took about ten

minutes to run!
Tripwire configuration files:
 Tripwire 2.3.0-58:
 /etc/tripwire/twcfg.txt
 /etc/tripwire/twpol.txt
These files are first edited and then processed by the script /etc/tripwire/twinstall.sh which configures Tripwire after the installation of the Tripwire

RPM package.
Edit and change file: /etc/tripwire/twcfg.txt
Change:
LOOSEDIRECTORYCHECKING =false
to
LOOSEDIRECTORYCHECKING=TRUE
This was recommended in the comments of the file twpol.txt
Edit and change file: /etc/tripwire/twpol.txt
Change:
severity = $(SIG_XXX)
to
severity = $(SIG_XXX),
emailto = root@localhost
or
severity = $(SIG_XXX),
emailto = root@localhost;

where XXX is the severity level. This will cause Tripwire to email a report of discrepancies for the rule edited. Set the email address to one
Tripwire: (security monitoring)
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/>appropriate for you.
I also added:
 "User binaries" rule: directory /opt/bin
 "Libraries" rule: directory /opt/lib

I removed/commented out:
 the rule "System boot changes" as it reports changes due to system boot.
 Rule: "Root config files": Many of the non-existant files listed under /root were commented out to reduce the number of errors reported.
 Rule "File System and Disk Administraton Programs": Many of the non-existant binaries listed under /sbin were commented
out to reduce the
number of errors reported.
After configuration files have been edited run the script: /etc/tripwire/twinstall.sh
The script will ask for a "passphrase" for the site and local system. This is a similar concept to a password - remember it!
If at any point you want to make configuration/policy changes, edit these files and re-run the configuration script. The script will generate the true
configuration files used by Tripwire:
 /etc/tripwire/tw.cfg
(View with command: twadmin print-cfgfile)
 /etc/tripwire/tw.pol
(View with command: twadmin print-polfile)
 /etc/tripwire/site.key
 /etc/tripwire/ServerName-a-local.key
These files are binary and not human readable.
 Tripwire 1.2-3: /etc/tw.config
Tripwire initialization:
If at any time you change the configuration file to monitor your system differently or install an upgrade (changes a whole lot of files which will "trip"
tripwire into reporting all changes) you may want to generate a new database.
 Tripwire 2.3.0-58: /usr/sbin/tripwire init
You will be prompted for your "local passphrase".
This will generate a tripwire database file: /var/lib/tripwire/ServerName-a.twd
 Tripwire 1.2-3: /usr/sbin/tripwire -initialize
This will generate a tripwire database file: ./databases/tw.db_ServerName
If you are in root's home directory, this will create the file /root/databases/tw.db_ServerName
At this point copy it to a useable location:
cp -p /root/databases/tw.db_ServerName /var/spool/tripwire/tw.db_ServerName

Don't change /etc/tw.config without first running tripwire -initialize otherwise it will show differences due to settings in tw.config file rather
than true differences.
Cron and tripwire:
Cron runs tripwire:
 Tripwire 2.3.0-58:
File: /etc/cron.daily/tripwire-check
You may move this cron script to the directory /etc/cron.weekly/ to reduce reporting from a daily to a weekly event.
Tripwire reports will be written to: /var/lib/tripwire/report/HostName-Date.twr
 Tripwire 1.2-3:
File: /etc/cron.daily/tripwire.verify script which runs the command: /usr/sbin/tripwire -loosedir -q
Note: You may want to move the script to /etc/cron.weekly/tripwire.verify to reduce email reporting to root.
Read tripwire report:
 Tripwire 2.3.0-58: twprint print-report -r /var/lib/tripwire/report/report-file.twr
Interactive mode:
 Tripwire 1.2-3:
Update tripwire database - run: tripwire -interactive
This will allow you to respond Y/N to files if they should be permanently updated in the tripwire database. This will still run tripwire against the
whole file system. I ran it from /root and it updated /root/databases/tw.db_ServerName You must then cp -p to /var/spool/tripwire/ to update
the tripwire database.
#!/bin/sh
HOST_NAME=`uname -n`
if [ ! -e /var/lib/tripwire/${HOST_NAME}.twd ] ; then
echo "**** Error: Tripwire database for ${HOST_NAME} not found. ****"
echo "**** Run "/etc/tripwire/twinstall.sh" and/or "tripwire init". ****"
else
test -f /etc/tripwire/tw.cfg && /usr/sbin/tripwire check
fi

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/>Default configuration file:

 Tripwire 2.3.0-58: /etc/twcfg.txt
 Tripwire 1.2-3: /etc/tw.config
Add:
/var/named @@CONFM - If you are running Bind DNS slave
/home/httpd/cgi-bin @@BINM

Delete/comment out:
#/dev @@DEVM
This eliminated the reporting of too much junk due to a reboot of the system.
Man pages:
Tripwire 2.3.0-58:
 tripwire - a file integrity checker for UNIX systems
 twintro - introduction to Tripwire software
 twadmin - Tripwire administrative and utility tool
 twprint - Tripwire database and report printer
 siggen - signature gathering routine for Tripwire
 twconfig - Tripwire configuration file reference
 twpolicy - Tripwire policy file description reference (For file /etc/tripwire/twpol.txt)
 twfiles - Overview of files used by Tripwire and file backup process
Tripwire 1.2-3:
 tripwire
 tw.config
Also see:

 TripwireSecurity.com
 Tripwire.org
 Tripwire documentations
 /usr/doc/tripwire-1.2/docs/designdoc.ps
 ViperDB - Alternative to Tripwire.
ROOT =/usr/sbin
POLFILE =/etc/tripwire/tw.pol
DBFILE =/var/lib/tripwire/$(HOSTNAME).twd
REPORTFILE =/var/lib/tripwire/report/$(HOSTNAME)-$(DATE).twr
SITEKEYFILE =/etc/tripwire/site.key
LOCALKEYFILE =/etc/tripwire/$(HOSTNAME)-local.key
EDITOR =/bin/vi
LATEPROMPTING =false
LOOSEDIRECTORYCHECKING =false
MAILNOVIOLATIONS =true
EMAILREPORTLEVEL =3
REPORTLEVEL =3
MAILMETHOD =SENDMAIL
SYSLOGREPORTING =false
MAILPROGRAM =/usr/sbin/sendmail -oi -t
# Log file
@@define LOGFILEM E+pugn
# Config file
@@define CONFM E+pinugc
# Binary
@@define BINM E+pnugsci12
# Directory
@@define DIRM E+pnug
# Data file (same as BIN_M currently)
@@define DATAM E+pnugsci12

# Device files
@@define DEVM E+pnugsc
# exclude all of /proc
=/proc E
#=/dev @@DIRM
/dev @@DEVM
#=/etc @@DIRM
/etc @@CONFM
# Binary directories
#=/usr/sbin @@DIRM
/usr/sbin @@BINM
#=/usr/bin @@DIRM
/usr/bin @@BINM
#=/sbin @@DIRM
/sbin @@BINM
#=/bin @@DIRM
/bin @@BINM
#=/lib @@DIRM
/lib @@BINM
#=/usr/lib @@DIRM
/usr/lib @@BINM
=/usr/src E
=/tmp @@DIRM
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/> Red Hat 7.1 tripwire manual

Tripwire will monitor your filesystems for intrusion or addition of a file so you may determine what changes have occured on your system in sensitive areas.
Chkrootkit will scan your system for known exploits, trojan commands, and worms used to compromise a system.
Download chkrootkit from . It is a shell script which should be run as root as well as a small collection of C programs.
 Installation:
 make sense (Compile C programs)
 ./chkrootkit (Run shell script and call programs.)
 Useage:
 ./chkrootkit
OR
 ./chkrootkit -h (help)
See the README file for more info.
Note:
 This software is constantly being upgraded and updated to include scans for new exploits.
 If running portsentry, chkrootkit may return a false error while performing the bindshell test.
Let me start by saying that this should only be performed on your own systems. It is considered and attack to run this against the systems of others and legal
action may be taken against you for performing such an audit. This is not a scan like NMAP. NESSUS will search and locate vulnerabilities on your system by
actively trying to perform known exploits against the system.
Nessus is amazingly complete and effective. In fact it is awesome!! It will identify services on your system and try to exploit them. If a vulnerability is found it
will make recomendations about
upgrades, configuration changes and where to find patches. It will also explain any causes for concern in detail and explain
why your system is vulnerable. And
that's not all! It can output reports in various formats including HTML with pie charts and bar charts!! The HTML reports
will have hyperlinks to the security
reports, upgrades and patches. (I'm impressed) It can scan Unix, Linux and Windows systems for vulnerabilities.
Note:
 Running "Dangerous Plugins" may cause a crash of the system being audited!!
The NESSUS software is available from .
If compiling source:
 Edit file: nessus-core/include/config.h (Set USE_AF_UNIX to define socket type)
It is also available in RPM form: (See )

 nessus-client rpm
 nessus-common rpm
 nessus-plugins rpm
 nessus-server rpm : Nessus plugins which are used to perform the various checks. (Scripts in nasl scripting language) Note that the RPM installs an
init script which starts nessusd during boot. Disable with chkconfig del nessusd
 nessus-devel rpm : Nessus developement librairies and headers.
Running NESSUS:
 Add a NESSUS user:
/usr/sbin/nessus-adduser

Login : admindude
Authentication method (cipher/plaintext) [cipher] :
Is "admindude" a local user on this machine [ |n]? y
New pass phrase:

 Start server daemon: /usr/sbin/nessusd
or
/etc/rc.d/init.d/nessusd start
 Start client program: /usr/bin/nessus
CHKROOTKIT: Performing a trojan/worm/virus file scan.
NESSUS: Performing a network vulnerability scan/security assessment of your system.
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/>1. First enter your "Login" id and select the "Log in" button.
In this example I am running the nessusd server on node "localhost". Enter the appropriate nessus server node name or IP address if
different.

2. You will then be placed in the "Plugins" panel. Note that "dangerous" plug-ins may crash a server.
3. Select the "Target selection" tab and enter the name or IP address of the server to audit.
4. Select "Start the scan" and wait. (It takes about 15 minutes to audit one computer.)
5. The results may be reviewed by selecting the node from the collumn in the left window.
6. A full report may then be output in HTML format.

Configuration file: /etc/nessus/nessusd.conf
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