Lpi linux certification in a nutshell

LPI LINUX
CERTIFICATION
IN A NUTSHELL
A Desktop Quick Reference
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,TITLE.19374 Page 2 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 2:31 PM
LPI LINUX
CERTIFICATION
IN A NUTSHELL
A Desktop Quick Reference
Jeffrey Dean
Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo
,TITLE.19374 Page 3 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 2:31 PM
LPI Linux Certification in a Nutshell
by Jeffrey Dean
Copyright © 2001 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly & Associates, Inc., 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
Editor: Chuck Toporek
Production Editor: Mary Brady
Cover Designer: Ellie Volckhausen
Printing History:
June 2001: First Edition.
Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered
trademarks of O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. The association between the image of a Texas
longhorn cow and LPI Linux certification is a trademark of O’Reilly & Associates, Inc.
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are
claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly &
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The Glossary is copyrighted by the Linux Professional Institute (LPI) and is used with
permission.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes
no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the
information contained herein.
ISBN: 1-56592-748-6
[M] [8/01]
,Copyright.19230 Page 1 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 2:31 PM
About the Author
Jeffrey Dean is a freelance author, editor, and consultant in Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania. Jeffrey has professional experience in IT management, training delivery, and
system administration of Linux, Solaris, VMS, AS/400, and Windows NT/2000.
Jeffrey holds an undergraduate degree in electrical engineering from the Univer-
sity of Pittsburgh and a master’s degree in engineering with emphasis in computer
design from Penn State. He holds the Linux Professional Institute Level 1 (LPIC-1)
and Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) certifications.
Colophon
Our look is the result of reader comments, our own experimentation, and feed-
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Unfortunately, this animal was once on the verge of extinction. In the 180’s and
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Mary Brady was the production editor and proofreader, and Norma Emory was the
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production assistance. John Bickelhaupt wrote the index.
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Ellie Volckhausen designed the cover of this book, based on a series design by
Edie Freedman. The cover image is an original illustration created by Lorrie
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Adobe’s ITC Garamond font.
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Whenever possible, our books use a durable and flexible lay-flat binding. If the
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v
Computer Crime: A Crimefighter’s Handbok, eMatter Edition

Copyright © 2001 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Part 1: General Linux Exam 101
Exam 101 Overview 3
Exam 101 Study Guide 6
Exam Preparation 6
GNU and Unix Commands (Topic 1.3) 9
Work Effectively on the Unix Command Line 10
Process Text Streams Using Text-Processing Filters 19
Perform Basic File Management 33
Use Unix Streams, Pipes, and Redirects 41
Create, Monitor, and Kill Processes 45
Modify Process Execution Priorities 56
Making Use of Regular Expressions 59
Devices, Linux Filesystems, and the Filesystem
Hierarchy Standard (Topic 2.4)
70
Create Partitions and Filesystems 71
Maintain the Integrity of Filesystems 82
Control Filesystem Mounting and Unmounting 89
Set and View Disk Quotas 95
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vi Table of Contents
Computer Crime: A Crimefighter’s Handbok, eMatter Edition
Copyright © 2001 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Use File Permissions to Control Access to Files 104
Manage File Ownership 114
Create and Change Hard and Symbolic Links 116
Find System Files and Place Files in the Correct Location 122

Boot, Initialization, Shutdown, and Runlevels
(Topic 2.6)
134
Boot the System 135
Change Runlevels and Shutdown or Reboot the System 137
Documentation (Topic 1.8) 146
Use and Manage Local System Documentation 147
Find Linux Documentation on the Internet 155
Write System Documentation 160
Provide User Support 163
Administrative Tasks (Topic 2.11) 164
Manage Users and Group Accounts 165
Tune the User Environment 174
Configure and Use System Log Files 176
Automate System Administration Tasks 180
Maintain an Effective Data Backup Strategy 184
Exam 101 Review Questions and Exercises 198
GNU and Unix Commands (Topic 1.3) 198
Devices, Linux Filesystems, and the Filesystem
Hierarchy Standard (Topic 2.4) 202
Boot, Initialization, Shutdown, and Runlevels (Topic 2.6) 205
Documentation (Topic 1.8) 206
Administrative Tasks (Topic 2.11) 210
Exam 101 Practice Test 212
Exam 101 Highlighter’s Index 227
GNU and Unix Commands (Topic 1.3) 227
Devices, Linux Filesystems, and the Filesystem
Hierarchy Standard (Topic 2.4) 234
Boot, Initialization, Shutdown, and Runlevels (Topic 2.6) 240
Documentation (Topic 1.8) 242

Administrative Tasks (Topic 2.11) 245
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Table of Contents vii
Computer Crime: A Crimefighter’s Handbok, eMatter Edition
Copyright © 2001 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Part 2: General Linux Exam 102
Exam 102 Overview 251
Exam 102 Study Guide 254
Exam Preparation 254
Hardware and Architecture (Topic 1.1) 258
Configure Fundamental System Hardware 258
Set Up SCSI and NIC Devices 262
Configure Modems and Sound Cards 267
Linux Installation and Package Management
(Topic 2.2)
270
Design a Hard Disk Layout 271
Install a Boot Manager 274
Make and Install Programs from Source 277
Manage Shared Libraries 284
Use Debian Package Management 287
Use Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) 293
Kernel (Topic 1.5) 300
Manage Kernel Modules at Runtime 300
Reconfigure, Build, and Install a Custom Kernel and Modules 310
Text-Editing, Processing, and Printing (Topic 1.7) 320
Perform Basic File Editing Operations Using vi 320
Manage Printers and Print Queues 324
Print Files 331
Install and Configure Local and Remote Printers 332

Shells, Scripting, Programming, and Compiling
(Topic 1.9)
339
Customize and Use the Shell Environment 340
Customize or Write Simple Scripts 351
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viii Table of Contents
Computer Crime: A Crimefighter’s Handbok, eMatter Edition
Copyright © 2001 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
X (Topic 2.10) 367
An Overview of X 367
Install and Configure XFree86 368
Set Up xdm 380
Identify and Terminate Runaway X Applications 383
Install and Customize a Window Manager Environment 384
Networking Fundamentals (Topic 1.12) 389
Fundamentals of TCP/IP 389
TCP/IP Troubleshooting and Configuration 400
Configure and Use PPP 414
Networking Services (Topic 1.13) 424
Configure and Manage inetd and Related Services 425
Operate and Perform Basic Configuration of sendmail 429
Operate and Perform Basic Configuration of Apache 432
Properly Manage the NFS, SMB, and NMB Daemons 434
Set Up and Configure Basic DNS Services 439
Security (Topic 1.14) 446
Perform Security Administration Tasks 446
Set Up Host Security 458
Set Up User-Level Security 460
Exam 102 Review Questions and Exercises 462

Hardware and Architecture (Topic 1.1) 462
Linux Installation and Package Management (Topic 2.2) 464
Kernel (Topic 1.5) 465
Text Editing, Processing, and Printing (Topic 1.7) 466
Shells, Scripting, Programming, and Compiling (Topic 1.9) 467
X (Topic 2.10) 467
Networking Fundamentals (Topic 1.12) 469
Networking Services (Topic 1.13) 470
Security (Topic 1.14) 471
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Table of Contents ix
Computer Crime: A Crimefighter’s Handbok, eMatter Edition
Copyright © 2001 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Exam 102 Practice Test 472
Exam 102 Highlighter’s Index 490
Hardware and Architecture 490
Linux Installation and Package Management 492
Kernel 493
Text-Editing, Processing, and Printing 494
Shells, Scripting, Programming, and Compiling 497
X 499
Networking Fundamentals 501
Networking Services 504
Security 506
Glossary 509
Index 537
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xi
Preface

Objective certification of professionals is a time-honored tradition in many fields,
including medicine and law. As small computer systems and networks proliferated
over the last decade, Novell and Microsoft produced extremely popular certifica-
tion products for their respective operating system and network technologies.
These two programs are often cited as having popularized a certification market
where products that had previously been highly specialized and relatively rare.
These programs have become so popular that a huge training and preparation
industry has formed to service a constant stream of new certification candidates.
Certification programs, offered by vendors such as Sun and Hewlett-Packard, have
existed in the Unix world for some time. However, since Solaris and HP-UX aren’t
commodity products, those programs don’t draw the crowds that the PC platform
does. Linux, however, is different. Linux is both a commodity operating system
and is PC-based, and its popularity continues to grow at a rapid pace. As Linux
deployment increases, so too does the demand for qualified and certified Linux
system administrators.
A number of programs—the Linux Professional Institute, Sair Linux and GNU Certi-
fication, the Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) program, and CompTIA’s Linux+—
have formed over the last few years to service this new market. Each of these
programs seeks to provide objective measurements of a Linux administrator’s
skills, but they approach the problem in different ways.
The RHCE program requires that candidates pass a hands-on practical skills test,
solving problems and performing configuration tasks. Though more involved from
an exam delivery point of view, this type of test is very thorough and difficult to
beat using purely good study habits. The Sair program is provided by Sair, Inc., a
for-profit company that is also a vendor for courseware and texts. The Linux+
exam, scheduled for deployment in 2001, is an entry-level certification, which
brings us to the LPI.
,p0_ch00.11440 Page xi Tuesday, October 9, 2001 1:44 PM
xii Preface
The Linux Professional Institute

The Linux Professional Institute, or LPI (), is a nonprofit organi-
zation formed around the notion of certifying Linux administrators through a sort
of open source process. The LPI seeks input from the public for its exam Objec-
tives and questions, and anyone is welcome to participate. It has both paid and
volunteer staff and receives funding from some major names in the computer
industry. The result is a vendor-neutral, publicly developed program that is offered
at a reasonable price.
The LPI organizes its Linux Professional Institute Certification (LPIC) series into
three levels: LPIC Levels 1, 2, and 3. Each level consists of two exams that are
priced at $100 each. This book covers the LPIC Level 1 exams, numbers 101 and
102.
LPI Level 1 Exams
The LPI offers its exams through Virtual University Enterprises (http://
www.vue.com). You may establish an online account with VUE and resister for the
exams using the company’s web site. VUE has more than two thousand testing
centers worldwide, making the exams accessible in most areas. The exams are
presented in English using a PC-based automated examination program. Exam
questions are presented in multiple-choice single-answer, multiple-choice multiple-
answer, and fill-in-the-blank styles. However, a majority of the questions on the
exams are multiple-choice single-answer.
Level 1 is aimed at junior to midlevel Linux administrators, who should be
comfortable with Linux at the command line as well as capable of performing
simple tasks, including system installation and troubleshooting. While Exams 101
and 102 are not constructed to be difficult or misleading, together they encompass
a wide body of material, making preparation important for success even for expe-
rienced administrators.
Each of the exams covers a series of Topics, which are numbered using a
level.topic notation (i.e., 1.2, 2.5, etc.). In the LPI’s early stages of development,
Topics were assigned to exams based on a different scheme than we see today.
When the scheme changed, the Topics were redistributed to Exams 101 and 102,

but the pairing of Topic numbers to exams was dropped. As a result, we have 1.x
and 2.x Topics in both Level 1 Exams.
Each Topic contains a series of Objectives covering specific areas of expertise. The
Level 1 Topics are distributed between the two exams to create tests of similar
length and difficulty without subject matter overlap. As a result, there’s no require-
ment for or advantage to taking them in sequence. Exam 101 tests five Topics in
approximately 60 questions, and Exam 102 tests nine Topics in approximately 72
questions. Each exam is limited to 90 minutes.
,p0_ch00.11440 Page xii Tuesday, October 9, 2001 1:44 PM
Preface xiii
Audience for This Book
The primary audience for this book is, of course, candidates seeking the LPIC
Level 1 certification. These may range from administrators of other operating
systems looking for a Linux certification to complement an MCSE or other certifica-
tion to Unix administrators wary of a growing pool of Linux-certified job
applicants. In any case, this book will help you with the specific information you
require to be successful with the Level 1 exams.
Due to the breadth of knowledge required by the LPI Objectives and the book’s 1-
to-1 coverage, it also makes an excellent reference for skills and methods required
for the day-to-day use of Linux. If you have a basic working understanding of
Linux administration, the material in this book will help you fill in gaps in your
knowledge while at the same time preparing you for the LPI exams, should you
choose to take them.
This book should also prove to be a valuable introduction for new Linux users
and administrators looking for a broad, detailed introduction to Linux. Part of the
LPI exam–creation process includes a survey of Linux professionals in the field.
The survey results drive much of the content found on the exams. Therefore,
unlike general-purpose introductory Linux books, all of the information in this
book applies directly to running Linux in the real world.
Organization

This book is designed to exactly follow the Topics and Objectives established by
the LPI for Exams 101 and 102. That means that the presentation doesn’t look like
any other Linux book you’ve read. Instead, you can directly track the LPI Objec-
tives and easily measure your progress as you prepare.
The book is presented in two parts. Part 1 covers Exam 101 and Part 2 covers
Exam 102. Each part contains sections dedicated to the LPI Topics, and each of
those sections contains information on all of the Objectives set forth for the Topic.
In addition, each part contains a practice exam (with answers), review questions
and exercises, and a handy “highlighter’s index” that can help you review impor-
tant details.
There is also a glossary at the back of the book, which you can use to help famil-
iarize yourself with different Linux-related terms.
Parts 1 and 2: LPI Level 1 Exams 101 and 201
Parts 1 and 2 each contain these sections:
Exam overview
Here you find an introduction to the exam along with details about the format
of the questions.
Study guide
This section offers a few tips for preparing for the LPI Level 1 exams and
introduces the Objectives contained in the Topic sections that follow.
,p0_ch00.11440 Page xiii Tuesday, October 9, 2001 1:44 PM
xiv Preface
Topic sections
A separate section covers each of the Topic areas on the exam (five for Exam
101, nine for Exam 102). These sections provide background information and
in-depth coverage for each Objective, with On the Exam tips dispersed
throughout.
Review questions and exercises
This section reinforces important study areas with review questions. The
purpose of this section is to provide you with a series of exercises that can be

used on a running Linux system to give you valuable hands-on experience
before you take the Level 1 exams.
Practice test
The practice test is designed to be similar in format and content to the actual
LPI exams. You should be able to attain at least an 80 percent score on the
sample test before attempting the live exam.
Highlighter’s index
This unique section contains highlights and important facts culled from the
Topic sections. You can use this as review and reference material prior to
taking the actual exams.
Each Objective set forth by the LPI is assigned a numeric weight, which acts as an
indicator of the importance of the Objective. Weights run between 1 and 10, with
higher numbers indicating more importance. An Objective carrying a weight of 1
can be considered relatively unimportant and isn’t likely to be covered in much
depth on the exam. Objectives with larger weights are sure to be covered on the
exam, so you should study these Topics closely. The weights of the Objectives are
provided at the beginning of each Topic section.
Conventions Used in This Book
This desktop quick reference follows certain typographical conventions:
Bold
Used for commands, programs, and options. All terms shown in bold are
typed literally.
Italic
Used to show arguments and variables that should be replaced with user-
supplied values. Italic is also used to indicate filenames and directories and to
highlight comments in examples.
Constant Width
Used to show the contents of files or the output from commands.
Constant Width Bold
Used in examples and tables to show commands or other text that should be

typed literally by the user.
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Preface xv
Constant Width Italic
Used in examples and tables to show text that should be replaced with user-
supplied values.
#, $
Used in some examples as the root shell prompt (#) and as the user prompt
($) under the Bourne or bash shell.
A final word about syntax: in many cases, the space between an option and its
argument can be omitted. In other cases, the spacing (or lack of spacing) must be
followed strictly. For example, -wn (no intervening space) might be interpreted
differently from -w n. It’s important to notice the spacing used in option syntax.
How to Contact Us
We have tested and verified the information in this book to the best of our ability,
but you may find that features have changed (or even that we have made
mistakes!). As a reader of this book and as an LPI examinee, you can help us to
improve future editions. Please let us know about any errors you find, as well as
your suggestions for future editions, by writing to:
O’Reilly & Associates, Inc.
101 Morris Street
Sebastopol, CA 95472
(800) 998-9938 (in the U.S. or Canada)
(707) 829-0515 (international/local)
(707) 829-0104 (fax)
You can also send us messages electronically. To be put on the mailing list or to
request a catalog, send email to:

On the Exam
These provide information about areas you should focus on when studying

for the exam.
NOTE
These signify a tip, suggestion, or general note.
WARNING
These indicate a warning or caution.
,p0_ch00.11440 Page xv Tuesday, October 9, 2001 1:44 PM
xvi Preface
To ask technical questions or comment on the book, send email to:

We have a web site for the book, where we’ll list examples, errata, and any plans
for future editions. The site also includes a link to a forum where you can discuss
the book with the author and other readers. You can access this site at:
/>For more information about this book and others, see the O’Reilly web site:

If you have taken one or both of the LPIC Level 1 exams after preparing with this
book and find that parts of this book could better address your exam experience,
we’d like to hear about it. Of course, you are under obligation to the LPI not to
disclose specific exam details, but comments regarding the coverage of the LPI
Objectives, level of detail, and relevance to the exam will be most helpful. We
take your comments seriously and will do whatever we can to make this book as
useful as it can be.
Acknowledgments
I’d like to thank the LPI, its staff, its contributors, and its sponsors for creating a
unique and valuable community-based certification program. The LPI mission and
organization are in line with the open source community it serves, and the LPIC
series of certificates are respected and credible achievements.
For their general good advice as well as some specific information on PC hard-
ware, my thanks go to Matt Welsh, Matthias Kalle Dalheimer, and Lar Kaufman,
authors of Running Linux, Third Edition. Likewise, Linux in a Nutshell, Third
Edition, by Ellen Siever, Stephen Spainhour, Jessica P. Hekman, and Stephen

Figgins, is invaluable for reference information like bash programming details. I’m
also indebted to the many volunteer authors and editors contributing to the Linux
Documentation Project.
A lot of important feedback came from technical reviewers Kara Prichard and
Richard Fifarek, and my hat’s off to them for their detailed suggestions and
corrections.
Of course, this book wouldn’t be nearly as readable or as useful without the dedi-
cated support of my editor, Chuck Toporek. His guidance and encouragement
kept me consistent, accurate, and motivated, and the book wouldn’t have been the
same without him. Thanks, Chuck!
Thanks also to the others who helped with the completion of this book: Mary
Brady, the production editor; Claire Cloutier, the production manager; and Ellie
Volckhausen, the cover designer.
Finally, I’d like to thank my lovely wife Monica, whose love, vision, and support
made this project possible in the first place, and my boys Austin and Alexander,
my constant source of inspiration.
,p0_ch00.11440 Page xvi Tuesday, October 9, 2001 1:44 PM
PART 1
1General Linux Exam 101
Part 1 covers the Topics and Objectives for the LPI’s General Linux Certification for
Exam 101 and includes the following sections:
• Exam 101 Overview
• Exam 101 Study Guide
– GNU and Unix Commands
– Devices, Linux Filesystems, and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
– Boot, Initialization, Shutdown, and Runlevels
– Documentation
– Administrative Tasks
• Exam 101 Review Questions and Exercises
• Exam 101 Practice Test

• Exam 101 Highlighter’s Index
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,p1.11615 Page 2 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 1:44 PM
3
Study Guide
101
Study Guide 101
1
Exam 101
Overview
LPI Exam 101 is one of two exams required for the LPIC Level 1 certification. In
total, 14 major Topic areas are specified for Level 1; this exam tests your knowl-
edge on 5 of them.
Exam Topics are numbered using a level.topic notation (e.g., 1.2, 2.5). In the LPI’s
early stages of development, Topics were assigned to exams based on a different
scheme than we see today. When the scheme changed, the Topics were redistrib-
uted to Exams 101 and 102, but the pairing of Topic numbers to exams was
dropped. As a result, we have 1.x and 2.x Topics in both Level 1 exams.
The Level 1 Topics are distributed between the two exams to create tests of similar
length and difficulty without subject matter overlap. As a result, there’s no require-
ment for or advantage to taking them in sequence.
Each Topic contains a series of Objectives covering specific areas of expertise.
Each of these Objectives is assigned a numeric weight, which acts as an indicator
of the importance of the Objective. Weights run between 1 and 10, with higher
numbers indicating more importance. An Objective carrying a weight of 1 can be
considered relatively unimportant and isn’t likely to be covered in much depth on
the exam. Objectives with larger weights are sure to be covered on the exam, so
you should study these Topics closely. The weights of the Objectives are provided
at the beginning of each Topic section.
The Topics for Exam 101 are listed in Table 1-1.

,p1_ch01.11802 Page 3 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 1:45 PM
4 Exam 101 Overview
As you can see from Table 1-1, the Topic numbers assigned by the LPI are not
sequential. This is due to various modifications made by the LPI to its exam
program as it developed. The Topic numbers serve only as reference and are not
used on the exam.
Exam 101 lasts a maximum of 90 minutes and contains approximately 60 ques-
tions. The exam is administered using a custom application on a PC in a private
room with no notes or other reference material. About 75 percent of the exam is
made up of multiple-choice single-answer questions. These questions have only
one correct answer and are answered using radio buttons. Some of them present a
scenario needing administrative action. Others seek appropriate commands for a
particular task or for proof of understanding of a particular concept.
About 10 percent of the exam questions are multiple-choice multiple-answer ques-
tions, which are answered using checkboxes. These questions can have multiple
correct responses, each of which must be checked. This is probably the most diffi-
cult question style because the multiple answers increase the likelihood of
mistakes. But they also are a good test of your knowledge of Unix commands,
since an incorrect response on any one of the possible answers causes you to miss
Table 1-1: LPI Topics for Exam 101
Name
Number of
Objectives Description
GNU and Unix
Commands (
Topic 1.3)
7 This Topic covers many GNU and Unix
commands used during day-to-day system
administration activity. Objectives include
command syntax, text filters, file manage-

ment, pipes, redirects, process manage-
ment, process execution priorities, and
basic regular expressions.
Devices, Linux
Filesystems, and
the Filesystem
Hierarchy Stan-
dard (Topic 2.4)
8 Objectives for this Topic include the
creation of partitions and filesystems, file-
system integrity, mounting, quotas,
permissions, ownership, links, and file
location tasks.
Boot, Initializa-
tion, Shutdown,
and Runlevels
(Topic 2.6)
2 This short Topic covers system boot, lilo,
syslog, runlevels, shutdown, and reboot.
Documentation
(Topic 1.8)
4 This is an overview of Linux documenta-
tion sources, such as manpages, info
pages, /usr/doc, Linux-related web sites,
and the generation of local documenta-
tion. It also includes some discussion of
user support.
Administrative
Tasks (Topic 2.11)
5 This core system administration Topic

includes user and group accounts, user
environment issues, syslog, cron, at, and
backup.
,p1_ch01.11802 Page 4 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 1:45 PM
Exam 101 Overview 5
Study Guide
101
the entire question. The exam also has some fill-in-the-blank questions. These
questions provide a one-line text area input box for you to fill in your answer.
These questions check your knowledge of concepts such as important files and
commands, plus common facts that you are expected to be aware of.
,p1_ch01.11802 Page 5 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 1:45 PM
6
Study Guide 101
1
Exam 101
Study Guide
Part 1 of this book contains a section for each of the five Topics found on LPI
Exam 101. Each section details certain Objectives, which are described here and
on the LPI web site, />Exam Preparation
LPI Exam 101 is thorough, but you should find it fairly straightforward if you have
a solid foundation in Linux concepts. You won’t come across questions that intend
to trick you, and you’re unlikely to find ambiguous questions.
Exam 101 mainly tests your knowledge of facts, including commands and their
common options, important file locations, configuration syntax, and common
procedures. Your recollection of these details, regardless of your level of Linux
administration experience, will directly influence your results.
For clarity, the material in the following sections is presented in the same order as
the LPI Topics and Objectives. However, you may choose to study the Topics in
any order you wish. To assist you with your preparation, Table 1-2 through

Table 1-6 list the Topics and Objectives found on Exam 101. Objectives within
each Topic occupy rows of the corresponding table, including the Objective’s
number, description, and weight. The LPI assigns a weight for each Objective to
indicate the relative importance of that Objective on the exam on a scale of 1 to
10. We recommend that you use the weights to prioritize what you decide to study
in preparation for the exams. After you complete your study of each Objective,
simply check it off here to measure and organize your progress.
Table 1-2: GNU and Unix Commands (Topic 1.3)
Objective Weight Description
1 4 Work Effectively on the Unix Command Line (see
page 10)
2 7 Process Text Streams Using Text-Processing Filters
(see page 19)
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Exam Preparation 7
Study Guide
101
3 2 Perform Basic File Management (see page 33)
4 3 Use Unix Streams, Pipes, and Redirects (see page 41)
5 5 Create, Monitor, and Kill Processes (see page 45)
6 2 Modify Process Execution Priorities (see page 56)
7 3 Making Use of Regular Expressions (see page 59)
Table 1-3: Devices, Linux Filesystems, and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(Topic 2.4)
Objective Weight Description
1 3 Create Partitions and Filesystems (see page 71)
2 5 Maintain the Integrity of Filesystems (see page 82)
3 3 Control Filesystem Mounting and Unmounting (see
page 89)
4 1 Set and View Disk Quotas (see page 95)

5 3 Use File Permissions to Control Access to Files (see
page 104)
6 2 Manage File Ownership (see page 114)
7 2 Create and Change Hard and Symbolic Links (see
page 116)
8 2 Find System Files and Place Files in the Correct
Location (see page 122)
Table 1-4: Boot, Initialization, Shutdown, and Runlevels (Topic 2.6)
Objective Weight Description
1 3 Boot the System (see page 135)
2 3 Change Runlevels and Shutdown or Reboot the
System (see page 137)
Table 1-5: Documentation (Topic 1.8)
Objective Weight Description
1 5 Use and Manage Local System Documentation (see
page 147)
2 2 Find Linux Documentation on the Internet (see
page 155)
3 1 Write System Documentation (see page 160)
4 1 Provide User Support (see page 163)
Table 1-2: GNU and Unix Commands (Topic 1.3) (continued)
Objective Weight Description
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