Clauses, Sequence of tenses

Clauses, Sequence of tenses
Exercise1 : Choose the best the answer to complete these following
sentences
1. He got wet ______ he forgot his umbrella.
A. because of
B. because
C. but
D. and
2. He stops working _____ heavy raining.
A. in spite of
B. although
C. despite
D. because of
3. They have a lot of difficulties in their life _____their poverty.
A. in spite of
B. although
C. because of
D. because
4. Tom wakes his parents up _____ playing the guitar very softly.
A. because of
B. because
C. in spite of
D. although
5. Nobody could hear her _____ she spoke too quietly.
A. although
B. because
C. because of
D. in spite of
6. We decided to leave early _____ the party was boring

A. although
B. despite
C. because
D. because of
7. Many people believe him _____ he often tells a lie.
A. because
B. in spite of
C. although
D. because of
8. _______ she was very hard working, she hardly earned enough to feed
her family.
A. in spite of
B. because
C. because of
D. although
9. ______her absence from class yesterday, she couldn’t understand the lesson.
A. although
B. in spite of
C. because of
D. because
10. ____ her poorness, she feels happy
A. although
B. because
C. in spite of
D. if
11. We all feel sad ______ the bad news
A. because
B. because of
C. though
D. despite

12. John lost his job _____ his laziness
A. because of
B. because
C. in spite
D. though
13. I went to the club last Saturday_____ the heavy rain.
A. because of
B. because
C. in spite
D. though
14. He has had his car_____ six months.
A. in
B. since
C. during
D. for
15. We can’t go to Julia’s party ___ we’re going away that weekend.
A. because
B. because of
C. although
D. in spite of
16. ____ repeated assurances that the product is safe, many people have
stopped buying it.
A. by
B. despite
C. with
D. for
17. She walked home by herself, ____ she knew that it was dangerous.
A. because

B. although
C. and


D. but
18. _____ his injuries, he bears no animosity towards his attackers.
A. because of
B. but for
C. in spite of
D. without
19. I’ll see you after the show and give you £20 for the tickets, or ___much they
cost.
A. whatever
B. nevertheless
C. besides
D. however
20. Mai worked hard, ____ she passed her exam.
A. so
B. although
C. because
D. though
● Một câu có thể bao gồm một mệnh đề chính (main clause) và một hoặc nhiều
mệnh đề phụ (subordinate clause). Khi trong câu có 2 mệnh đề trở lên, các động
từ phải có sự phối hợp thì.
Một số cách hịa hợp thì giữa mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề thời gian
Main clause
(Mệnh đề chính)

Adverbial clause of time
( Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)

Hiện tại

Hiện tại

Quá khứ

Quá khứ

Tương lai

Tương lai


Diễn tả
hành động
When

xảy ra nối
tiếp nhau

– Trong quá khứ:
WHEN + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ đơn)
eg: When he saw me, he smiled at me
– Trong tương lai:
WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai đơn)
eg: When I see him, I will remind him to call you.

Diễn tả
hành động

đang xảy ra
thì có hành
động khác

– Trong q khứ:
WHEN S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ tiếp diễn),
eg: When I came to see her, she was cooking dinner
– Trong tương lai:
WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai tiếp diễn)
eg: When you come in, your bos will be waiting for you there.

xen vào

Diễn tả
hành động
xảy ra xong
rồi mới tới
hành động
khác

-Trong quá khứ:
WHEN + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ hoàn
thành)
eg: When I arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off
-Trong tương lai:
WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai hoàn
thành)
eg: When you return to the town, they will have finished
building a new bridge

AS SOON
AS

Diễn tả

-Trong quá khứ

hành động

AS SOON AS + S+V (quá khứ đơn; quá khứ đơn)

xảy ra nối

eg: As soon as she saw a mouse, she shouted and ran away.

tiếp nhau

-Trong tương lai
AS SOON AS + S+V (hiện tại đơn/ hiện tại hoàn thành),
S+ V (tương lai đơn)
eg: I will call you as soon as I have finished/ finish the work
SINCE

BY+ TIME

Diễn tả
nghĩa ‘ từ
khi’
Diễn tả

hành động
kết thúc
tính đến 1
thời điểm
nào đó
trong q
khứ/ tương
lai

S + V (hiện tại hồn thành) + since + S + V (quá khứ đơn)
eg: I haven't seen my old friends since we left school.
-Trong quá khứ
By + trạng từ quá khứ + S+V (quá khứ hoàn thành)
eg: By last month, we had worked for the company for 9 years
-Trong tương lai
By + trạng từ tương lai + S+V (tương lai hoàn thành)
eg: By next month, we will have worked for the company for
9 years
-Trong quá khứ

Diễn tả
nghĩa ‘vào
lúc’

BY THE TIME + S+V (quá khứ đơn), S+V (quá khứ hoàn
thành)
eg: By the time you went to the cinema, the film had already
started.

BY THE

-Trong tương lai

TIME

BY THE TIME + S+V (hiện tại đơn), S+V (tương lai hoàn
thành)
eg: By the time you return, we will have bought a new house.
AT THIS/
Diễn tả
THAT TIME hành động
đang xảy
ra tại 1
thời điểm
xác định
trong
QK/TLTL

-Trong quá khứ
AT THIS/ THAT TIME +trạng từ của quá khứ + S +V
(quá khứ tiếp diễn)
eg: At 3 p.m yesterday, we were learning English at school.
-Trong tương lai
AT THIS/ THAT TIME + trạng từ của tương lai +S+V
(tương lai tiếp diễn)
eg: At 3 p.m tomorrow, we will be learning English at school

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the following questions.

1. I____your brother at Green Street yesterday afternoon
A. meet

B.met

C. have met

D. had met

2. He_____a cigarette and _____to the window.
A. light; walked

B. lit; walks

C.lighted; walked

D. lights; walks

3. After she____for help, she____ off her shoes and____in to save him.
A. shouted; took; jumped

B. had shouted; took; jumped


C. had shouted; had taken; jumped

D. shouted; had taken; jumped

4. I can't go with you because I____my homework yet
A. haven't finished

B. had finished

C. finished

D. finish

5. He____ for London 2 years ago and since then I____him.
A. have left; didn't see

B.left; haven't seen

C. left; hadn't seen

D. had left; haven't seen

6. The performance_____at 7 o'clock and_____for 3 hours. We all____it very
much.
A. had started; had lasted; enjoyed

B. had started; lasted; enjoyed

C. started; had lasted; enjoyed

D started; lasted; enjoyed

7. Tell them to stop and take a rest. They______ long enough.
A. have worked

B. had worked

C. have been working

D. had been working

8. "You______here before?" "Yes, I_____my holidays here last year."
A. have you been; spended
B. have you been; spent
C. had you been; spent
D. were you; spent
9. We_____our housework by tomorrow evening.
A. will finish

B. will have finished

C. will be finishing

D. are going to finish

10. "Your face is dirty, Tom."-"All right, I____it."
A. am washing

B. am going to wash

C. will wash

D. will have washed


11. Coming into the room, he______Mary where he____her.

A. see; left

B.saw; had left

C. had seen; left

D. saw, was leaving

12. I_______from him since he____two years ago.
A. hadn't heard; disappeared

B. haven't heard; disappeared

C. didn't hear, has disappeared

D. will not hear, disappears

13. After the guests________she_____back into the living-room and____
off the light.
A. left; went; turned

B. had left; had gone; turned

C. have left; will got; turned

D. had left; went; turned

14. By the time you finish cooking they_______their homework.
A will have finished
C. had finished

B. will finish
D. have finished

15. "You have just missed the last train." "Never mind. I______”
A. will be walking

B. am going to walk

C. will walk

D. am walking

1. Relative clauses replaced by present participles.
a. The boy walking to Mrs Hoa is my classmate.
→The boy talking to Mrs Hoa is my classmate.
b. Students who arrive late will not be permitted to enter the classroom.
→Students arriving late will not be permitted to enter the classroom.
*Rule: If the verbs in relative clauses has active meaning, it can be replaced
by a present participle.
2. Relative clauses replaced by past participles.


a. We live in a house which was built a long time ago.
→We live in a house built a long time ago.
b. The city which was destroyed in the war has now been rebuilt.
→ The city destroyed in the war has now been rebuilt.
*Rule: If the verbs in relative clauses has passive meaning, it can be replaced
by a past participle.
3. Relative clauses replaced by infinitives

a.John was the first person who came to class this morning.
→John was the first person to come to class this morning
b.The last person who leaves the room must turn off the lights
→The last person to leave the room must turn off the lights
c.He was the youngest person who came to the meeting
→He was the youngest person to come to the meeting
*Rule: Relative clauses can be replaced by full infinitive after the first, the
second, the last, the only and sometimes after superlatives.

B. Practice
1. Exercise 1: Combine the following sentences by using present
participles (5 minutes)
1. The street which lead to the school is very wide.
→____________________________________________________________
2. The applicants who applied for the post were quite young
→____________________________________________________________
3. The boy who is playing the guitar is my teacher's son.


→____________________________________________________________
2. Exercise 2: Combine the following sentences by using past participles
(5 minutes)
1. I saw many houses which were destroyed by the storm
→____________________________________________________________
2. The vegetables which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.
→____________________________________________________________
3. The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
→____________________________________________________________
3. Exercise 3: Combine the following sentences by using full infinitive (8
minutes)

1. He was the first man who reached the top.
→____________________________________________________________
2. You are the last person who saw her alive.
→____________________________________________________________
3. My brother was the only one who realized the danger.
→____________________________________________________________
4. The fifth man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable.
→____________________________________________________________
5. I have some letters that I must write.
→____________________________________________________________
Exercise 4: Choose the best option by circling A, B, C, or D. (10 minutes)
1. Neil Armstrong was the first person_____foot on the moon.
A. set

B. setting

C. to set

D. who was set

2. Many of the pictures_____from outer space are presently on display in the


public library.
A. sent

B. sending

C. having sent

D. that sent

3. Most of the people______to the wedding banquet arrived late.
A. who inviting
B. whom were invited
C. invited
D. invite
4. The bridge_______by French architects is very nice.
A. was designed

B. designing

C. to design

D. designed

5. Linda was the last student_______at the oral exam.
A. to be asked

B.asking

C.to ask

D. asks

Choose ONE phrase for each of the following sentences by circling
A, B, C, or D
1. They_____in that factory for three years - from 1995 to 1998.
A. are working

B. have been working

C. worked

D. have worked

2. We_______the television when the lights_____out.
A. were watching / were going
B. were watching / went
C. watched / went
D. watched / were going
3. When I___In Ho Chi Minh city for ten years, I___a book.
A. have been / write

B. have been / shall write

C. am / write

D. shall be / shall write


4. I_______ten records from Tom this month
A. have borrowed

B. borrow

C. am borrowing

D. have been borrowing

5. He_____a book while she ______the flowers.
A. was reading / watered

B. was reading / was watering

C. is reading/watered

D. reads / was watering

6. By the end of this year, my father______for 40 years.
A. will have been teaching

B. will be teaching

C. will teach

D. has been teaching

7. He____in space for 10 days by tomorrow.
A. will travel

B. will be travellling

C. will have been travelling

D. has travelled

8. He said he would visit me but he______me yet
A. has not visited
B. had not visited

C. is not visiting
D. does not visit
9. The weather ____fine so far this week.
A. is

B. has been

C. was

D. had been

10. We had just got out of the car when it____to set fire.
A. has begun

B. had begun

C. was beginning

D. began