Adverbial clause of reasonMệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do

PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON
(CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ LÝ DO)

A. THEORY
I.PHRASES OF REASON:
Because of / Due to/Owing to + V-ing / Noun / pronoun
…………………………..

1. BECAUSE OF: vì, bởi vì
- He doesn't go to shool because of his toothache: Anh ta không đi học vì đau răng.
- They are here because of us: Họ ở đây là vì chúng tôi.
- He walked slowly because of his bad leg: Anh ta đi chậm vì đau chân
- Because of his wife ('s) being there, I said nothing about it.
Vì có vợ anh ta ở đó, nên tôi chẳng nói gì về chuyện đó.
2. DUE TO: vì, do bởi, tại, nhờ có
- It is due to him: Tại hắn ta.
- Due to one's negligence: do cẩu thả, do lơ đễnh
- Due to fog, the boat arrived late: Do sương mù nên tàu đến chậm.
3. OWING TO: do vì, bởi vì
- Owing to the drought, crops are short: Vì hạn hán nên mùa màng thất bát.
- Owing to the rain, the match was cancelled: Do trời mưa, trận đấu đã bị hủy bỏ
4. ON ACCOUNT OF:
( on account of something; on this/that account); do cái gì; vì lý do này/nọ
On no account; not on any account: Không vì bất kỳ lý do nào.
- Don't on any account leave the prisoner unguarded:
Không vì bất cứ lý do nào mà bỏ canh gác tù nhân
* After “ because of/ due to/ owing to/ on account of + the fact that...”
Eg: He doesn’t go to school because of the fact that he has a toothache.
5. IN VIEW OF: (in view of something) : xét thấy, bởi vì
- In view of the weather, we will cancel the outing.
Do tình hình thời tiết, chúng ta sẽ huỷ bỏ cuộc đi chơi này.

6. THANKS TO:
(Thanks to somebody/something): nhờ có ai/cái gì
- The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast
Vở kịch thành công nhờ sự diễn xuất giỏi của tất cả các vai.
- Thanks to your help: Nhờ có sự giúp đỡ của anh.
- Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been cancelled.
Do thời tiết xấu mà trận đấu đã bị hủy bỏ.
7. FOR: vì, bởi vì
- For want of money: vì thiếu tiền/ - To live for each other: sống vì nhau
- Please do it for my sake: Mong anh làm điều đó vì tôi.
- To avoid something for fear of accidents: Tránh cái gì vì sợ tai nạn.
- For many reasons: vì nhiều lẽ
II. CLAUSES OF REASON:
Because/ As/ Since +
…………………

S+

V

1. BECAUSE: liên từ: vì, bởi vì
- He doesn't go to shool because he has a toothache.
- I did it because he told me to: Tôi làm vậy vì ông ta bảo tôi làm.
- Just because I don't complain, people think I'm satisfied.
Chỉ vì tôi không than phiền, nên người ta cứ tưởng rằng tôi hài lòng
2. SINCE: vì, vì lẽ rằng, bởi
- Since there is no more to be said, the meeting ends.
Vì không còn gì nói nữa, cuộc họp bế mạc.
- Since we've no money, we can't buy a new car.
Vì không có tiền, nên chúng tôi không mua được xe ô tô.

3. AS: (đặt ở đầu câu) do, bởi vì
- As Peter is late for school, his mother has to apologize to his teacher.
- As you weren't there, I left a message: Vì anh không có ở đấy, tôi đã để lại mấy chữ.
4. SEEING ( THAT/ AS): ['si:iη] - xét thấy sự thật là; do, bởi vì
- Seeing (that) the weather is bad, we'll stay at home.


Bởi vì thời tiết xấu, chúng mình sẽ ở nhà.
5. IN THAT: : lý do là, vì
- Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that it promotes competition.
( Người ta cho việc tư nhân hóa là có lợi vì nó thúc đẩy sự cạnh tranh.)
6. NOW (THAT) : vì rằng, bởi vì
- Now (that) you mention it , I do remember the incident.
( Vì anh nói đến điều đó, tơi mới nhớ việc xảy ra)
- Now (that) you have passed your test, you can drive on your own.
( Anh có thể tự mình lái xe vì anh đã đổ kỳ sát hạch.)
7. IN AS MUCH AS: (formal): lý do là, vì
- He is a Dane in as much as he was born in Denemark.
( Ông ta là người Đan Mạch vì ơng ta sinh ra ở Đan Mạch.)
8. FOR: liên từ (không đặt ở đầu câu): vì, bởi vì, tại vì
- They don't go to the movies, for it rains cats and dogs.
Họ không đi xem phim, vì trời mưa như trút nước.
III. Cách rút gọn mệnh đề lý do sang cụm từ chỉ lý do
a. …. because + đại từ + be + adj .
     → because of + tính từ sở hữu + N
Eg: He failed the exam because he is lazy.
       He failed the exam because of / due to his laziness.
b. …because + N + be + adj
     → because of + the + adj + N
Eg: They can’t go fishing because the weather is bad.

  They can’t go fishing because of the bad weather.
c. . …because + S + V + O
     → because of + V-ing + O   (thường dùng khi 2 chủ ngữ giống nhau)
Eg: She got ill because she worked hard.
      She got ill because of working hard.
B. PRACTICE
 EXERCISE 1: Fill Because or because of in the following gaps:
1.We stopped playing tennis ....bo........... the rain 
2.It was all ...............bo........ her that we got into trouble 
3.We had to hurry indoors ..b....……………..….it was raining 
4.I am late ...............bo....... the traffic 
5.We didn't arrive until seven o'clock …b……... the traffic was terrible 
6.She found the exam easy ........................... she had worked hard during the course 
7.He can't drive ............................. his illness 
8.The restaurant closed down ................................ the recession 
9.He found working in Japan very difficult ........................... the language problem 
10.He's very difficult to understand .......................... his accent 
11.They moved to Liverpool ......................... her job 
12.There have been a lot of problems in Britain ........................... mad cow disease 
13.They came to London ............................ he got a job there 
14.He crashed his car .......................... he was driving too fast 
15.He lost his driving license ............................. he was convicted of drinking and driving 
16.She could only eat a salad in the restaurant ............................. she is a vegetarian 
17.The newspaper was prosecuted ................................ an article about the Government 
18.It was difficult to deliver the letter …………….the sender had written the wrong address on the envelope.
19.We decided to leave early …………………the party was boring.
20.Rescue attempts were temporarily halted ……………………………the bad weather.
21.Paul may not go to the football game………………………….his grades.
22.They visited their friends often ……………….they enjoyed their company.
EXERCISE 2: Rewrite the following sentences in order not to change the original meanings:

1. Because Hoa was rich, she could buy that house.
=> Because of …………………………………………………………………
2. Because the rain was so heavy, I couldn't go to school.
=> Because of …………………………………………………………………
3. . His father asked him to go stay at home because he was sick.
=> Because of …………………………………………………………………
4. Because of the cheap price, my wife insists on buying the TV.


=> Because …………………………………………………………………
5. Because there was an accident, I was late.
=> Because of ………………………………………………………………….
6. She failed the University entrance exam because her grades were bad.
=> Because of …………………………………………………………………
7. Because I studied hard, I passed the exam.
=> Because of ………………………………………………………………….
8. He was late for school because his bike was broken.
=> ……………………………………….because of …………………………………
9. Most people think jogging is a good exercise, so they begin to jog.
=> Because .....................................................................................................................
10. Computers can be used for various purposes, so they become very popular today.
=> Because of ................................................................................................................
11. If you passed the exam, your parents would be very happy.
=> ……………………………………….. because ……………………………………
12. Because of the hot weather, we go to the beach.
=> If ……………………………………………………………………………………
13. They played very well. Therefore, they won the game.
=> Because ……………………………………………………………………………
14. The suitcase is too heavy for Tom to bring.
=> ………………………………………. because ………………………………….

13. The students arrived late because of the traffic jam.
=> …………………………………………………………………
14. The boys stood on the bench because they wanted to get a better view.
=>…………………………………………………………………
15. She usually gets up early because she wants to review her lessons.
=>………………………………………………………………
16. Because of his wife being there, I said nothing about it.
=>………………………………………………………………
17. She likes him because he is kind.
=>………………………………………………………………
18. I can't eat these fruits because of the greenness.
=>………………………………………………………………
19. I haven't heard from my friend because of his leaving the country last year
=>………………………………………………………………
20. He came late because of the heavy rain.
=>………………………………………………………………
21. Intelligent students often get high marks because of doing good tasks
=>………………………………………………………………
22. She went to bed early because she felt tired.
=>………………………………………………………………………………………
23. It's raining, so we stay at home.
=>………………………………………………………………
24. Most people hear jogging is a good exercise, so they begin to jog.
=>………………………………………………………………
25. The climate in the country is healthy, so people like to live here.
=>………………………………………………………………
26. A computer can be used for various purposes, so it becomes very popular nowadays.
=>………………………………………………………………
27. Tomorrow is a public holiday, so all the shops will be shut.
=>………………………………………………………………

EXERCISE 3: Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete each sentence.
1.
he is tired, he can’t work longer.
A. Because
B. Even though C. Although
D. Besides
2.
it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.
A. If
B. Since
C. Although
D. Because
3.
it was late, we decided to take a taxi home.
A. Because
B. Since
C. Because of
D. Although
4.
you subtract 7 from 12, you will have 5.
A. Because
B. If
C. Though
D. As


5. We couldn’t reach the house
the road was flooded.
A. because
B. because of

C. if
D. though
6.
he has a headache, he has to take an aspirin.
A. Because
B. Because of
C. Although
D. In spite of
7. The flight had to be delayed
the bad weather.
A. because
B. Because of
C. despite
D. when
8.
he comes to the theater with me, I shall go alone.
A. Because of
B. Because
C. Unless
D. When
9. Take a map with you
you lose your way.
A. so
B. because
C. although
D. in case
10.
rain or snow, there are always more than fifty thousand fans at the football games.
A. Even though
B. Because

C. Despite
D. Because of
11.
his illness, he had to cancel the appointment.
A. However
B. Despite
C. If
D. Because of
12. Minh had a terrible headache.
, he went to school.
A. However
B. But
C. Although
D. Because
13. Tom has a bike,
he always walks to school.
A. but
B. because of
C. because
D. despite
14. My sister will take the plane
she dislikes flying.
A. because
B. so that
C. although
D. before
15. We decided to leave the party early
it was boring.
A. due to
B. because

C. but
D. and
16. The students arrived late
the traffic jam.
A. because
B. owing to
C. despite
D. so
17.
he missed the first bus, he came ten minutes late.
A. Since
B. Although
C. However
D. Therefore
18.
his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
A. In spite of
B. Because of
C. If
D. Although
19. It was difficult to deliver the letter
the sender had written the wrong address on the envelope.
A. though
B. but
C. so
D. because
20.
it rained heavily, I went to school on time.
A. However
B. But

C. Although
D. Because
21. He didn’t answer the questions correctly _______.
A. although he isn’t intelligent
B. because he is intelligent
C. in spite of his intelligence
D. despite his intelligent
22. ______, I can’t hear what he is saying.
A. Because of the noise
B. Because of the soft music
C. Though the music is noise
D. In spite of the noise music
23. _____, I feel very refresh.
A. Because I work very hard
B. Although I get up early
C. Because of getting up early
D. Despite getting up late
24. They live happily ______.
A. because they have no money
B. though they are rich
C. in spite of their poverty
D. because of their poor
25. He can’t join in the volunteer campaign _______.
A. although he is busy
B. because he hurts his legs
C. in spite of working very hard
D. because of registering for it
26. Cars cause pollution but people still want them.
A. Because cars cause pollution, people want them.
B. Despite the fact that cars cause pollution, people want them.

C. Cars cause pollution although people want them.
D. Cars cause pollution because people still want them.
27. She was seriously ill but she enjoyed life very much.
A. In spite of her serious illness, she enjoyed life very much.
B. Although she enjoyed life very much, she was seriously ill.
C. She was seriously ill because she enjoyed life very much.
D. Despite seriously ill, she enjoyed life very much.
EXERCISE 4: Choose the underlined part among A, B, C, or D that needs correcting:
1. My friends advised her to stop doing the housework because her old age.
A
B
C
D
2. Because the invention of machines such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines,
A
B


women spend less time doing the housework.
C
D
3. John didn’t go to work because of he was seriously ill.
A
B
C
D
4. In spite of my father is old, he still goes to work.
A
B
C

D
5. Peter succeeded in his exam because of he worked hard and methodically.
A
B
C
D
6. Rice plants grow well because the climate is warmly and damp.
A
B
C
D
7. The plane couldn’t take off because the bad weather.
A
B
C
D
8. He couldn’t drive fast owing to the street was crowded and narrow.
A
B
C
D
9. The train was late because of the fog is thick.
A
B
C
D
10. Since the difficult test, I couldn’t finish it on time.
A
B
C D

EXERCISE 5: Change clauses of reason to phrases:
1. Mary didn't go to school yesterday because she was sick.
________________________________________________________________
2. She went to bed early because she felt tired.
________________________________________________________________
3.Ann didn't go to the circus with Betty because she had a bad cold.
________________________________________________________________
4 . J o h n s u c c e e d e d i n h i s e x a m b e c a u s e h e w o r k e d h a r d a n d methodically.
___________________________________________________________________
5. Margaret stayed home because her mother was sick.
____________________________________________________________________
6. I like him because his father is kind to me.
______________________________________________________________________
7.1 can't eat these fruits because they are green.
______________________________________________________________________
8. I couldn’t do the test because it was difficult.
_______________________________________________________________________
9. I couldn’t read the letter because it was dark.
_________________________________________________________________
10. He came late because it rained heavily.
_________________________________________________________________
11. I can’t study because it is noisy.
________________________________________________________________________
12. The train came late because it was foggy.
________________________________________________________________________
13. All tile teachers love him because his conduct is good.
_____________________________________________________________________
14. The train was late because the fog was thick.
________________________________________________________________________
15. We stopped our car because the traffic lights turned red.

________________________________________________________________________
16. The plane couldn't take off because the weather was had.
_________________________________________________________________________
17. Rice plants grow well because the climate is warm and damp.
________________________________________________________________________
18. He couldn't drive fast because the street was crowded and narrow.
_________________________________________________________________________
19. I can't sleep because the weather is hot.