SỔ TAY TRA CỨU HÓA HỌC DÀNH ÔN THI TN THPT QUỐC GIA

Starbook- Chuyen Gia Sach

PHIEN BAN DAY

Thi

DU CONG THO'C VA LY THUYET CHO KY THI THPT QUOC GIA

s~N ctmMiki mmiD:~@~Ittimdi~ ~rim~~~~ ~B ::12mmr~~ mMm"'piiq1~
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LOI NOI DAU

Chao cac em hQc sinh THPT, d~c bi~t 1a hQc sinh l&p 12 chufin bi
thi B~i hQc. Chi con vai thang d6m nguqc d6n ki thi THPT QG 2021,
hi~n t~i dang la giai do~n C\fC ki gdp rut, quy6t dinh mrc ti6p d6n diSm
s6 cua cac em.
V 6i nhUng yeu C~U kh~t khe CUa ki thi S~p t6i, cac b~n hQC Sinh lap
12 dang g~p phai "khling hm\ng" v6i qua nhiSu mon hQc va ki6n thuc
phai ghi nh6. BiSu d6 ddn d6n tinh tr~ng "hQc tru6c quen sau" va diSm
thi thu thu(mg chi dUng l~i amuc 5-6.
HiSu duqc nhfmg kh6 khan d6, "Bq sA tay ki~n thuc Chit LrrQllg
Nhftt" da duqc bien so~n va due k6t kinh nghi~m cac anh chi d~t 2628 diSm thi B~i hQc, giup cac em h~ th6ng ki6n thuc d~y du hon, tang
t6c giai dS thi va d~t diSm cao.

m

B~c bi~t v6i hQc sinh thi mon Hoa HQc, cu6n "SA tay tra cw Hoa
hqc" se la trq thu d~c Ivc nhdt giup em bUt pha diSm 8+ trong ki thi
THPT QG 2021:

1.
2.
3.

T6ng hqp toan b9 ly thuy6t, cong thuc va cac d~ng bai Hoa
hQc xac suAt 100% xuAt hi~n trong dS thi THPT QG 2021.
Trinh bay khoa hQc, d6 hiSu, d6 nh6, d6 tra ctru trong qua trinh
hQC va on t~p.
"Myo" ghi nh6 va giai nhanh tang 200% t6c d9 khi luy~n dS,
bUt t6c diSm 8+

Cu6n "SA tay tra cw Hoa hqc" duqc thi6t k6 phu hqp v6i mQi

d6i tuqng hQc sinh,
hQc sinh kha gioi d6n mAt g6c dSu c6 thS tv tra
cl1ud6 dang!

m

Hy VQng cu6n s6 tay mly se d6ng hanh cling cac si tU chinh phl,lC
canh cua B~i hQC thanh cong!

Than ai,
Starbook- Chuyen gia sach luy~n thi



Phon 1. Lop 1o .................................................................................... 7
DQng 1. Nguyen tu ....................................................................... 7
DQng 2.Bang tuon hoan c6c nguyen to h6a hQc. 8jnh lu¢t
tuon hoan .................................................................................... 19
DQng 3. Lien ket h6a hQc ........................................................... 28
DQng 4. Phon Ling oxl h6a khU .................................................. 3l
DQng 5. Nh6m halogen ............................................................. 37
DQng 6. Oxi- Luu huynh .............................................................. 46
DQng 7. Toe dQ phon ung va can bang h6a hQC
Phon 2. Lop 11 ...................................................
DQng 1.

Sy dl$n II

oooo . . . . . . oo . . . . . .

00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69
75

........................................................................ 75

DQng 2. Nltd photpho ................................................................ 89
DQng 3. Cacbon- Slllc ............................................................. 106
DQng 4. 8QIC Udng ve h6o hQC hQu cd

000000000000000000000000000000000

120

DQng 5. Hidrocacbon ...... ,......... ,.......... ,................... ,....... ,...... 133
DQng 6. Ancol- Phenol ............................................................ 162
DQng 7. Andehlt- Xeton- Axlt caboxyllc
Phon 3. Lop 12 ......

.oo . . . . . . . . . . . . . oo . . . . . . . oooo•

176

oo •• oo . . . . . . . oo . . . . . . . . . . oo.oo . . . . . . . . . . . oo.oo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oooo····

194


Dong 1. Este

Lipit .................................................................... 194

Dong 2. Cacbohidrat ............................................................... 209
Dong 3. Am in, amino, axit va protein ..................................... 224
Dong 4. Polime va v(lt li$u polime .......................................... 245
Dong 5. Doi CVdng ve kim looi ................................................ 258
Dong 6. Kim looi kiem, kim looi tho va nh6m ......................... 281
Dong 7. Sat va m<)t so kim looi quan trQng ............................ 302
Dong 8. Phon bi$t m<)t s6 chat va c6c van de h6a hQC voi
ph6t trien kinh te, xa h<)L moi trvong ...................................... 320


::: ~ ~~

%~ 1:"~
~

iii$

~

~

-

~

~

NGU¥EN

'

~~

- -

'I"U

~

~

~

-

~

~

A. 'I"ONG HQP Ll 'I"HU¥E'I"
1. 'l"hanh ph&n nguyen

sf> e 6

vo = sf> p

tu

6 h:;tt nhan = sf> don

vi

di~n tich h:;tt nhan.

Nguyen tU c6 17 electron thi di~n tich h:;~.t nhan la 17+.

7


A=Z+N

Nguyen tl:r natri c6 11 electron va 12 noiron thi s6 khfJi la:
A= 11

+ 12 = 23 (SfJ khfJi khong c6 don vi)

La t~p hqp cac nguyen tl:r c6 cling s6 di~n tich hl;lt nhan.
S6 hi~u nguyen m(Z): z = s6 p = s6 e

Ki

hi~u nguyen tl:r: ~X

(X lakY hi~u h6a hQc nguyen ru).

La t~p hqp cac nguyen tl:r c6 cling s6 proton nhung khac nhau s6
notron (nen khac nhau s6 khfJi A).

Nguyen t6 cacbon c6 3 dbng vi:•

12
6

c ' 136 c ' 146 c

Nguyen tl:r khfJi trung binh Ia s6 khfJi trung binh cua cac d6ng vi.
GQi

A la nguyen tl:r khfJi trung binh cua m()t nguyen t6. A1, A2 ...

la nguyen tl:r khfJi cua cac d6ng vi c6 % s6 nguyen tl:r lftn luqt la
a%, b% ...

'·A- = ----"------=--a.A 1 + b.A 2 + ...
T a co.
100


Trong cac bai t~p tinh to an ngm)'i ta coi nguyen tU kh6i b&ng s6
kh6i (NTK-A=Z+N).

IV. Sy' chuyin d9ng cua electron trong nguyen tu
Trong nguyen m, cac electron chuy~n d<)ng r~t nhanh xung quanh
nhan va theo quy d~o khong xac djnh.

h~t

V. Lop

va ph an lop electron

- Cac electron c6 mtrc nang lm;mg g~n b&ng nhau duqc xSp thanh
m<)t l&p electron.
- Thtr 4T cua l&p tang d~n 1,2, 3, ... n thi muc nang luqng cua
electron cling tang d~n (cang xa h~t nhan thi muc nang luqng
cang cao)
Thtr 4T va ki hi~u cac l&p:
LO'p e
(n)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Ten
l&p

K

L

M

N

0

p

Q

"'
- Moi
l&p electron l~i chia thanh cac phan l&p. Cac electron thu<)c
cling m<)t phan l&p c6 muc nang luqng b&ng nhau.

- Ki hi~u cac phan l&p la cac chft cai thuemg: s, p, d, f.
LO'p
electron (n)

K (n=l)

L (n=2)

M (n=3)

N (n=4)

Cac phan
l&p

1s

2s,2p

3s,3p,3d

4s,4p,4d,4f

9


sa electron
t6i da 0' l6'p:
2n2

2

18

8

32

'
- Phan l&p bao hoa (ben):
s2 , p 6, d 10 , f 14

- Phan l&p ban bao hoa (kern b@n han phan l&p bao hoa); d5, f7

VI. Cau hinh electron trong nguyen

tU'

1. Muc nang lu'~ng
Tr~t

tv muc nang lugng:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s.3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s ...
Muc nang lugng tang dftn.

2. Cau hinh electron
- Bi€u di€n sv phan b6 electron vao cac phan l&p thu()c cac l&p
khacnhau.
- Cach vi€t cdu hinh electron trong nguyen m:

+ Xac dinh s6 electron.
+ Sip x€p cac electron vao phan l&p theo thu tv tang dftn muc
nang luqng.

+ Vi€t electron theo thu tv cac l&p va phan l&p.
Cdu hinh electron cua Fe (Z = 26)
ls 22s 22p 63s23p64s 23d6

~

Sip x€p theo muc nang lugng

10

ls22s22p 63s2 3p63d64s 2
Cdu hinh electron


Nguyen tU c6 s6 e :::; 20 thi muc nang luQ'llg = c~u hinh electron
- Nguyen tU c6 c~u hinh electron d:;1ng:
(n-l)d4ns 2

-+

(n-l)d5ns 1

(n-l)d9ns 2

-+

(n-1)d10ns 1

Cr (Z = 24); Cu (Z = 29); Ag (Z = 47); Au (Z = 79).
Cr: ls22s 22p 6 3s2 3p63d54s 1
Cu: ls 22s22p 63s2 3p63d104s 1

3. Dc;ic di~m cua lop electron ngoai cung

sa e l&p ngoai cung

Xu hU'Ong

Tinh chftt cua nguyen

tfi
8 ho~c 2 (He 1s2)

BSn vihlg

Khihi€m

ho~c

Nhuemg e

Kim lo:;1i (trir H, He, B)

Nh~ne

Phi kim

Chuki
nho

Nh~ne

Phi kim

Chuki

Nhuemg e

Kim lo:;1i

1, 2

3e

5, 6, 7 e
4e

16n

I.

vj

Cong thtrc tinh s6 kh6i trung binh hay nguyen tU kh6i trung binh
11


M~A

4Xi +4~+ ... +~xn
Xi+~ +... +xn

Trong d6: x1, x2 ... xnla phfin tram s6 nguyen tlr ~x1+ x2+ ... + Xn
= 100 (ho~c s6 nguyen tlr ho~c ti 1~ s6 nguyen tlr ho~c s6 mol cim
cac d6ng vi)
A1, A2 ... ,An la s6 kh6i cua cac d6ng vi.

- Molla m9t don vi hrQllg chat chua 6,02.1 023 h~t vi mo phan tir,
nguyen tlr, ion hay electron.

Nguyen tlr Mg c6 ba d6ng vi U'ng v&i thanh phfin phfin tram
vS s6 nguyen tlr nhu sau:
D6ng vi

24Mg

%

78,6

25Mg

26Mg

10,1

11,3

a. Tinh nguyen tlr kh6i trung binh cua Mg.
b. Gia sir trong h6n hqp n6i tren c6 50 nguyen tfr 25 Mg, thi
s6 nguyen tU tuong trng cua hai d6ng vi con l~i la bao
nhieu?

HU'O'ng dftn giai
a.

:M

=A

Mg

Mg

=24.

10 1
78 6
11 3
' +25. ' +26. ' =24 33
100
100
100
'

b. Theo dS bai ta c6

NMg
100
12

= N2~ = N2sMg = N2~
78,6

10,1

11,3

Gia si:r trong h6n hqp tren c6 50 nguyen ti:r
ti:r tuong ling cua 2 d6ng vi con l~i hi
N2~

78,6
==-.50== 389 (nguyen ru)
10,1

N2~

11,3
==-.50== 56 (nguyen ti:r)
10,1

25

Mg, thi s6 nguyen

Cho 2 d6ng vi hidro v&i ti 1~ % s6 nguyen ti:r:
:H (99,984% ),

~H (0,016%) va hai d6ng vi cua clo:

~~ct(75,53%), ;~ct(24,47%)·

a. Tinh nguyen ti:r kh6i trung binh cua m6i nguyen t6.
b. C6 th~ c6 bao nhieu lo~i phan ti:r HCllchac nhau duqc t~o
nen mhai lo~i d6ng vi cua hai nguyen t6 d6.

c. Tinh phan ti:r kh6i g~n d1lng cua m6i lo~i phan ti:r n6i tren.

HtrO'ng dftn giai

a. Nguyen ti:r kh6i trung binh cua hidro va clo la:

M: =A
H

Mg

=1. 99,984 +2. 0,016 =1 00016·
100
100
'
'

b. Trong phan ti:r HCl, c6 1 nguyen ti:r H va 1 nguyen ti:r Cl.
Nguyen t6 H va Cl dSu c6 2 d6ng vi, nen c6 2 each chQn H, tuong
tv c6 2 each chQn nguyen ti:r Cl.

13


Do d6 c6 2.2=4 lo~i phan tir HCI khac nhau.
Cong thuc phan tir Ia
35
35
2
37

H 35
17 CI·' H 17 CI·' D 17 CI·' D 17 Cl (n la 1H)

c. Phan tir kh6i IAn luqt h\: 36; 38; 37; 39.

Trong u,r nhien kali c6 hai d6ng vi ;~ K

va i~K . Tinh thanh

phAn phAn tram v~ kh6i luqng cua i~K c6 trong KCI04 (Cho
0=16·' Cl=35 ' 5·' K=39 ' 13) .

HU'6ng din giai
G9i phAn tram v~ s6 nguyen tir d6ng vi (cling la phAn tram v~ s6
. 39K va, i~ K I'a x1, x2 taco:
,
mo1) cua
19

l

x1 + x2 = 100
39.xl + 41.x2 = 39 13 =>
100
'

{xl = 93,5%

x = 6 5%
2

'

Gia sir c6 1 mol KC!04 thi t6ng s6 mol cac d6ng vi cua K la 1
mol, trong d6 s6 mol i:Kla 1.0,935= 0,935 mol.

V~y thanh phAn phAn tram v~ kh6i luqng cua i~K c6 trong KC!04la:
% 39 K=
19

II.

0,935.39
.l00= 263 %
39,13+35,5+16,4
'

d!nh thanh phan,

thuc

tu

chat

DS xac dinh nguyen tir ho~c cong thuc phan tir, cAn tim s6 proton
14


(p) cua nguyen tU ho~c cac nguyen tU t~o nen phan tU d6.

+ N€u bi€t gia tri di~n tich h~t nhan cua nguyen tU ho~c ion don
nguyen tU thi tinh s6 proton theo cong thuc. Sfi p =

q (C)
1,6.10-19 (C)

(q la gia tri di~n tich h~t nhan).

+ Dfii v6'i 82 nguyen t6 ddu tien trong bang tudn hoan, gifra s6
proton va notron c6 m6i lien h~ l::S N :::; 1,5.

z

+ DS bai cho bi€t m6i lien h~ gifra cac h~t ca ban; thanh phdn
phdn tram khfii lUQ'llg cua nguyen tU trong phan tU, thi thi€t l~p
duqc h~ phuong trinh CUa cac hi;lt CO' ban, sau do giai h~ phuong
trinh d~ tim s6 proton cua cac nguyen tU, md6 tra lai cac cau hoi
rna ds bai yeu cdu.

Hi;lt nhan cua ion x+ c6 di~n tich 30,4.10-9 culong. Xac dinh
ki hi~u va ten nguyen tU X.

Hu6ng din ghii
Trong h~t nhan cua X c6:
s6 h~t

= 3o,4.1o-19 = 19 h~t.
p

V~y

1,6.10-19

nguyen ru X la Kali (K).

15


Tbng s6 h:;tt proton, electron, notron trong nguyen ill nguyen t6
X la 1o. Xac dinh ten nguyen t6.

Hrr6ng dftn ghii
Theo gia thuy~t, tbng s6 h:;tt ca ban trong nguyen ill X la 10 nen
Z+N+Z= 10

~

2Z+N=10

(1)

M~t khac, d6i v6i cac nguyen ill c6

Z -< 82 c6 1<
- N <
- 1' 5

(2)

z

Tu (1) va (2) 1:S

10 22
:S 1,5

z

~2,85:::; Z :S 3,33 ~Z=3

V~y nguyen t6 X la Liti (Li).

Tbng s6 cac lo:;ti h:;tt trong nguyen ill kim lo:;ti Ava B la 142,
trong d6 tbng s6 h:;tt mang di~n nhiSu han s6 h:;tt khong mang
di~n la 42. s6 h:;tt mang di~n cua nguyen ill B nhiSu han nguyen

tU Ala 12. Xac dinh hai kim lo:;ti Ava B.

Hrr&ng dftn ghii
GQi tbng s6 h:;tt proton, natron va electron cua nguyen ill A 1a p A,

NA, EA va B la PB, NB, EB.
Tbng s6 h:;tt cua hai nguyen ill A va B la 142 nen

16


PA+NA +EA+PB+NB+EB=142

(1)

=>2 p A+ 2 PB + NA + NB = 142

TAng s6 h~t mang di~n nhiSu hon s6 h~t khong mang di~n la 42.nen:
PA+ EA+ PB+ EB- NA- NB =42
(2)
s6 h~t mang di~n cua nguyen ill B nhiSu hon cua nguyen ill A la
12 nen
(3)
Tu (1), (2), (3) ta c6 PA =20 (Ca) va PB =26 (Fe).

Ill.
PhuYrng phap giili hili t~p tinh ban

+ BU'O'C 1:

V(lmolnguyenru)=

nguyen

M

-.p
d

( p (ro) la t/9 tlijc khitJ la phdn tram thd tich cdc nguyen tu chdm
trong tinh thd kim lot;ti).

+ BU'dC 2: v;

(!nguyen

+ BU'O'c 3:

v;(

,

= v(l mol nguyen tu)
N

tu)

1 nguyen tu

)

3
= .±
3 1rr

r

= 3 3.V(l nguyen tu
A

)

4Jr

Nguyen ill Al c6 ban ldnh 1,43 A 0 va c6 nguyen ill khfJi la
27u. KhfJi luQ'llg rieng cua Al bing bao nhieu, bi~t ring trong
tinh ths nhom cac nguyen ill chi chi~m 74% ths tich, con l~i
la cac khe tr6ng?

17


dftn giai
Cach 1:
!nguyen tt'rAl = 1,43.10-8 em

3

\'cnguyentuAl)

4
(1,43.10-8) =12,243.10-24 em3
=3.3,14.

Mnguyen tt'r AI= 27.1 ,66.1 o-24 gam
d
(nguyen tu AI)

= 27.1,66.10-24 =3 66 /cm3
12, 2 43.1 o-24
'
g

Thve t€ Vnguyen ttr ehi€m 74% thS tieh tinh thS. V~y d thve t€ eua Alla

74
3
d= 3,66.-=2,7 g/em
100

V.

= V( 1 mol nguyen tu AI)

(1 nguyen tu AI)

27
----2-3
.7401
/0
d.6,023.10

6, 023 . 1023

Mat
khae: ~( 1 nguyen tuAI) =
'

::::::> d

3

3

1Cf

3

3 _

1Cf -

27.3.74%
4.3, 14.(1, 43.10-

18

.i .i

8

3
)

.6, 023.10

_

23

27 23 ' 74 o1
:;o
d.6,023.10
I

2, 7 g em3


19


Electron s6 h6a tri la e c6
h6a h<;>c.

kha nang tharn gia hinh thanh lien kSt

s6 e h6a tri = s6 e 6 16'p ngoai cling + s6 e 6 phan 16'p sat ngoai
cling chua bao hoa

Chu lei la day cac nguyen t6 rna nguyen ti:r cua chung c6 cling s6
16'p e, duqc s~p x~p theo chiSu di~n tich h~1t nhan tang dfin.
Chu
(n)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

32

Chua
hoan
thanh

s6
.~

Hguyt:u

2

8

Chu ki nho

8

18

18

Chuki 16n

- Nh6rn nguyen t6 la t~p cac nguyen t6 x~p thanh rn<)t c<)t rna
nguyen ti:r c6 cftu hinh e tuong tg nhau, do d6 c6 tinh chftt h6a

h<;>c gfin gi6ng nhau.
-Bang tufin hoan g6rn 18 c<)t tmg v&i 16 nh6rn (rn6i nh6rn chiSrn
1 c<)t, rieng nh6rn VIIIB chiSrn 3 c<)t), g6rn:

+ 8 nh6rn A (nguyen t6 s,p);
+ 8 nh6rn B (nguyen t6 d,f).


S6 e trong m(>t chu lei bi~n d6i tutln ho~m, s6I&p e trong m(>t nh6m
cling bi~n d6i nen tinh chit cua cac nguyen t6 bi~n d6i tutln ho~m.

Chu ki
Tinh kim lo;.ai, ban kinh,
tinh bazO'
Tinh phi kim, dq am
tinh axit

di~n,

~

Nhom

~

~ ~

1.
Tinh ch§.t cua cac nguyen t6 va don chit cling nhu thanh phtln va
tinh ch§.t cua cac hqp chit t~o nen tU cac nguyen t6 d6 bi~n d6i

tufin hoan theo chisu tang cua di~n tich h~t nhan nguyen ru.

- Bi~t vi tri cua nguyen t6 eciu t~o nguyen ill
- Bi~t vi tri nguyen t6 ~ M(>t s6 tinh chit cua nguyen t6
- So sanh tinh chit cua m(>t nguyen t6 v&i cac nguyen t6 Ian c~n

- Trong m(>t chu ki theo chiSu tang cua di~n tich h~t nhan, s6
electron l&p ngoai cling tang tU 1 d~n 8, h6a tri cao nhit cua cac
nguyen t6 d6i v&i oxi tang dtln rir 1 d~n 7, con h6a tri v&i hidro
cua cac phi kim giam tir 4 d~n 1.

21


Vi d1,1 d6i v&i chu ki 3:

VIlA

VA

Na

Mg

AI

Si

p

s

Cl

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

4

3

2

1

- D6i v&i cac chu ki khac, Sl;t' biSn d6i h6a tri cua cac nguyen t6
cling di~n ra tuong t\.1'.
V &i nguyen t6 phi kim R c6:
- Oxit cao nhfit d;;mg la: R20n (R c6 h6a tri cao nhfit la n).

- Hqp chfit khi v&i hidro la: RHm (R c6 h6a tri lam) v&i m+n=8.

anh6m VIA nhung chi c6 h6a tq 2.
- Nguyen t6 F anh6m VIlA nhung chi c6 h6a tri 1.

-Nguyen t6 0


Nguyen td R a chu lei 3, nh6m VA trong bang tufin ho~m.
Khong su dvng bang tufin hofm, hay cho biSt:
1. C~u hinh electron cua R
2. Trong oxit cao nh~t cua R thi R chiSm 43,66% khdi luqng.
Tinh sd luqng m6i lo~i h~t cua nguyen tU R.
Hu6'ng dftn ghli
1. R a chu ki 3 nen 16p e ngm1i cling la l&p thtr 3. M~t khac, R
thu<)c nh6m VA nen nguyen tU R c6 5 e l&p ngoai cling.
C~u hinh 16p electrong ngoai cling cua R la 3s2 3p3 .
C~u hinh electron cua R la 1s22s 22p 63s 23p 3 •
2. R thu<)c nh6m VA nen h6a tri cao nh~t cua R trong oxit 1a V.
~ Cong thtrc oxit 1a R20s.
o

_

o

" .

Yo RC- 43,66Yo nen.

2R = 43,66 ::::>R= 3 l
.1
,
(phot pho)
5 6 56 34

T6ng s6 electron= t6ng s6 proton= 15 (theo c~u hinh e)
T6ng s6 no1:ron = 31-15= 16.

Nguyen t6 R c6 h6a tri cao nh~t trong oxit g~p 3 lfin h6a tri trong
ch~t v&i hidro.
1. Hay cho biSt h6a tri cao nh~t cua R trong oxit
r..
'· h'dr
' 1" 1~1- r.. • 1
mR
2 . Trong h qp ch at
cua R vo1
1 o co t1 y \..u01 uqng: mH
?

?

16
=I

Khong dling bang tufin hoan, hay xac dinh ld hi~u cua nguyen tU R.
Hu6'ng dftn ghii

23

1. GQi h6a tri cao nhfit cua R trong oxit la a, h6a tri trong hqp
chfit v6i hidro Ia b. Ta c6 a +b =8. Theo gia thi€t a=3b. Suy ra
a=6; b=2.
2. Cong thuc hqp chfit R v6i hidro la H2R
Theo bai: mR
mH

=

.!i

nen R=32

1

GQi t6ng s6 h~1t proton, natron cua R laP, N.
Ta c6 P + N= 32 ::::::> N = 32 - P
N
::::::> 1 ~ - ~ 1,5 12,8 ~ p ~ 16.
p
M~t khac, R thu<)c nh6m VI (h6a tri cao nhfit trong oxit b~ng VI)
nen dva vao cfiu hinh electron khi P=13, 14, 15, 16 ta thfiy P =
16 thoa man (vi c6 6 e a16p ngoai cling).
V~y ld hi~u cua nguyen mR la i~R.

Xac dinh nguyen t6
- Hai nguyen t6 X, Y a cling m<)t nh6m va a hai chu ld k€ ti€p thi
Zx- Zy= 8,18 ho~c 32 (N€u Zx + Zy~ 32 thi Zx- Zy= 8)

- Hai nguyen t6 X,Y
ti€p thi Zx- Zy= 1

a cling m<)t chu kiva thu<)c hai nh6m lien

Xac dinh vi tri cua nguyen t6 trong bang tu&n hoan:
- D6i v6i nguyen t6 s, p (thu<)c nh6m A):
+ 6 nguyen t6 = s6 p = s6 e = s6 hi~u nguyen 1ir
+ s6 thu tv cua chu ki = s6 16p electron.

+ s6 thu tv cua nh6m = s6 electron a 16p ngoai cling.


- D6i v&i nguyen t6 d (thu<)c nh6m B)

+ Xac dinh o nguyen t6 va chu lei tuong t\f nhu nguyen t6 s, p.
+ S6 thu t\f cua nh6m B ph\l thu<)c s6 e tren cac phan lap
(n-1)dxnsY (n2:4):
x + y < 8 thi nguyen t6 thu<)c nh6m (x+y).
8 :S x + y :S 10 thi nguyen t6 thu<)c nh6m VIII.
x + y > 10 thi nguyen t6 thu<)c nh6m [(x+y)-10].

A va B la hai nguyen t6 a cung m<)t nh6m va thu<)c hai chu ld
lien tiSp trong bang tu~n hoan. T6ng s6 proton trong hai h~1t nhan
nguyen tU Ava B b~ng 32. ViSt cfiu hinh electron cua A, B va
cua cac ion ma A va B c6 thS t~o thanh.

HU'6ng d~n ghii
Ta c6 ZA + ZB=32 va ZA- ZB = 8 ho~c 18
Tru0ng hqp 1: ZA- ZB = 8. Ta duqc ZA = 12; ZB = 20.

cfiu hinh electron:
A: 1s2 2s 2 2p 6 3s2 (Chu ld 3, nh6m IIA).
Va B: 1s2 2s 2 2p 6 3s2 3p 64s2 (Chu lei 4, nh6m IIA).
Ion A 2+: 1s22s2 2p 6 va B 2+ 1s2 2s2 2p 6 3s2 3p 6 .
Tru0ng hqp 2: ZB- ZA = 18. Ta duqc ZA =7; ZB = 25.
cfiu hinh electron:
A: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3 (Chu lei 2, nh6m VA).
Va B: 1s2 2s 22p 6 3s2 3p 6 3d54s2 (Chu lei 4, nh6m VIlA).
Truong hqp nay A, B khong cung nh6m nen lehong thoa man.

25