networks and telecommunications design and operation

Net works and
Telecommunications


Networks and Telecommunications
Design and Operation
Second
Edition
M.
P.
Clark
Telecommunications Consultant
Germany
JOHN
WILEY
&
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Library
of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Clark, Martin
P.
Networks
and telecommunications: design
and operation/Martin
P. Clark.
-
2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references
and index.
ISBN 0-47 1-97346-7
1. Telecommunication systems.
2. Data
transmission systems.
3.
Computer
networks

I. Title.
TK5102.5.C53
1997
621.382
-
dc21
97-9248
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication
Data
A catalogue
record
for this book
is available from
the British Library
ISBN 0
47197346
7
Typeset
in 10112 pt
Times by Aarontype
Ltd.,
Easton, Bristol
Printed and
bound in
Great Britain
by Bookcraft (Bath) Ltd
This book
is printed on
acid-free paper

responsibly manufactured
from sustainable forestry
for which
at least two trees
are planted
for each
one used for
paper production
Contents
Summary
Part
1
Fundamentals
of telecommunications
networks
Part
2
Modern telephone
networks
Part
3
Modern data
networks
Part
4
Multimedia networks
Part
5
Running
a network

Part
6
Setting up
networks
Part
7
Specific Businesses
and networks
Preface
About
the Author
Acknowledgements
Part
1
FUNDAMENTALS OF
TELECOM
NETWORKS
1
Information
and its Conveyance
1.1 Types
of Information
1.2
Telecommunications Systems
1.3
A
Basic Telecommunications System
1.4
Common
Types of Telecommunications Systems

1.5
Networks
1.6
Connection-oriented
Transport
Service (COTS)
and Connectionless
Network Service
(CLNS)
1.7
Circuit-, Packet-
and Cell-switched
Networks
1.8
Considerations for Network Planners
1.9
Technical
Standards for
Telecommunications Systems
xxi
xiii
xv
vi
CONTENTS
2
Introduction
to Signal Transmission
and the
Basic Line Circuit
2.1 Analogue

and Digital Transmission
2.2
Telegraphy
2.3 Telephony
2.4
Received Signal
Strength,
Sidetone
and Echo
2.5
Automatic Systems:
Central Battery
and Exchange Calling
2.6 Real
Communications Networks
3
Long-haul
Communication
3.1 Attenuation
and
Repeaters
3.2
Line Loading
3.3 Amplification
3.4 Two-and Four-wire Circuits
3.5 Equalization
3.6 Frequency
Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
3.7

Crosstalk
and Attenuation
on FDM Circuits
4.
Data and
the Binary Code
System
4.1 The
Binary Code
4.2 Electrical
Representation
and
Storage of Binary
Code Numbers
4.3 Using
the Binary
Code to Represent Textual
Information
4.4
Morse Code
4.5
Baudot Code
(Alphabet IA2)
4.6
ASCII
4.7 EBCDIC
4.8
Use of the Binary
Code to Convey
Graphical

Images
4.9 Facsimile
4.10 Digital Transmission
5
Digital Transmission
and Pulse Code Modulation
5.1 Digital Transmission
5.2 Pulse Code Modulation
5.3
Quantization
5.4 Quantization
Noise
5.5
Time Division Multiplexing
5.6 Higher
Bit Rates of Digital
Line Systems
5.7 Digital
Frame Formatting
and 'Justification'
5.8 Interworking the 2
Mbit/s
and 1.5
Mbit/s
Hierarchies
5.9 Synchronous
Frame Formatting
5.10
Line Coding
5.1

1
Other Line
Codes and their Limitations
6
The Principles
of Switching
6.1 Circuit-switched Exchanges
6.2
Call Blocking
within the Switch
Matrix
6.3 Full
and Limited Availability
6.4 Fan-in-Fan-out
Switch
Architecture
CONTENTS
vii
6.5 Switch
Hardware
Types
6.6 Strowger Switching
6.7
Crossbar
Switching
6.8
Reed Relay Switching
6.9
Digital Switching
6.10

Packet and Cell Switches
7
Setting
up
and Clearing Connections
~lertin~
the Called customer
Automatic Networks
Set Up
Number Translation
Unsuccessful Calls
Inter-exchange
and International
Signalling
The
R2 Signalling System
R2
Line Signalling
Compelled
or Acknowledged Signalling
R2 Inter-register,
Multi-frequency
Code
(MFC) Signalling
Digital Line Systems
and
Channel-associated Signalling
Signalling Interworking
Advanced Signalling
Applications

Signalling Sequance
Diagrams
Call Set-up
and Information
Transfer in
Data Networks
Network
Interfaces: UNI,
NNI, INI, ICI,
SNI
Information
Transfer in
Connectionless Networks
8
Transmission
Systems
Audio Circuits
Standard
Twisted Pair Cable
Types
for Indoor Use
Transverse Screen
and
Coaxial Cable
Transmission
Frequency
Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
HDSL
(High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line)

and
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subsciber Line)
Optical Fibres
Radio
Radio Wave
Propagation
Radio
Antennas
Surface-wave
Radio
Systems
High
Frequency
(HF)
Radio
Very High
Frequency (VHF)
and Ultra High Frequency
(UHF)
Radio
Microwave Radio
Tropospheric Scatter
Satellite Systems
'Multiple
Access'
Radio and Satellite Systems
Electromagnetic Interference
(EMI)
and Electromagnetic
Compatibility

(EMC)
viii
CONTENTS
9
Data Network
Principles and
Protocols
Computer
~etworks
Basic Data Conveyance:
Introducing
the DTE
and the DCE
Modulation
of Digital Information
over Analogue
Lines
Using a Modem
High Bit Rate Modems
Modem 'Constellations'
Computer-to-network
Interfaces
Synchronization
Bit Synchronization
Character
Synchronization: Synchronous
and Asynchronous
Data
Transfer
Handshaking

Protocols for
Transfer
of Data
The Open Systems
Interconnection Model
Data Message Format
Implementation
of Layered Protocol
Networks
The Use of Null Layers
Other
Layered Protocols
Data
Network Types
Point-to-point
Data Networks
Circuit-switched
Data Networks
Packet-switched
Data Neworks
Practical
Computer Networks
Part
2
MODERN
TELEPHONE NETWORKS
10
Integrated
Services Digital Network
(ISDN)

10.1 The
Concept of ISDN
10.2 Bearer, Supplementary
and Teleservices
10.3
ISDN
Interfaces and
End-user Applications
10.4 Basic
Rate Interface (BRI)
10.5 The SIT
Interface Specification
10.6
Use of the Basic
Rate Interface
10.7 ISDN
Terminals
10.8 Primary
Rate Interface
10.9
The
Public Network
and ISDN
10.10 Deployment
of ISDN
10.1 1
The Marketing
of ISDN
and the Early User
Benefits

10.12 Network Interworking
10.13
Companies' Private
ISDNs (Corporate ISDN)
10.14 Broadband
Services over
ISDN
11
Intelligent Networks
and Services
1
1.1
The Concept
of Intelligent Networks
11.2 Intelligent
Network Architecture
CONTENTS
ix
The Service
Control Point
(SCP)
The Service
Switching Point
(SSP)
The Service
Management System (SMS)
and
Service Creation
Environment
(SCE)

Benefits of Intelligent
Networks
Intelligent
Network
(IN) Services
Calling
Card
Freephone
Service (or 800 Service)
900 Service
Centrex Service
and Virtual Private Network
Line Information Database
(LIBD)
Televoting
Cellular
Radio Telephone
Service
Network Intelligence
and PBXs
Voicemail and
Voice Response Systems
Considerations
Before Introducing
IN to a Network
The Future
of Intelligent
Networks
12
Signalling System

No.
7
12.1 SS7
Signalling between Exchanges
12.2 SS7
Signalling Networks
12.3
The Structure
of SS7 Signalling
12.4
The Message Transfer
Part (MTP)
12.5 The
User Parts of
SS7
12.6 The
Telephone User
Part (TUP)
12.7
The Data User
Part (DUP)
12.8
The Integrated
Services
User Parts
(ISUP)
12.9
The Enhanced Telephone
User Part (TUP+)
12.10

The Signalling
Connection Control Part
(SCCP)
12.11 Transaction
Capabilities
(TC)
12.12
The Mobile Application
Part
(MAP)
12.13
Operation and Maintenance
Application
Part (OMAP)
12.14 Intelligent
Network Application
Part (INAP)
12.15
The Use and
Evolution of CCITT7
Signalling
12.16 Signalling
Network Planning
and Testing
12.17
Interconnection
of SS7 Networks
13 Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy
(SDH) and

Synchronous
Optical
Network (SONET)
13.1
History of the Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy
(SDH)
13.2
The Problems
of PDH Transmission
13.3
The Multiplexing
Structure of
SDH
13.4
The Tributaries
of SDH
13.5
Path Overhead
13.6 Section Overhead (SOH)
13.7
Network Topology
of SDH Networks
13.8
Optical Interfaces
for SDH
x
CONTENTS
13.9 Management
of SDH

Networks
13.10 SONET
(Synchronous Optical Network)
13.1 1 SDH
and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer
Mode)
14
Operator
Assistance and Manual
Services
14.1 Manual
Network
Operation
14.2 Semi-automatic Telephony
14.3 Calling
the Operator
14.4 Operator
Privileges
14.5
Typical Assistance
Services
14.6
Cooperation
between International
Operators:
Code
1 1
and
Code
12 Services

14.7 A
Modern Operator
Switchroom
14.8
Operator
Assistance
on Telex Networks
14.9
Operator Assistance
on Data
Networks
15
Mobile Telephone Networks
15.1 Radio
Telephone
Service
15.2
Cellular Radio
15.3 Making
Cellular Radio
Calls
15.4 Tracing
Cellular Radio
Handsets
15.5 Early
Cellular Radio
Networks
15.6
Global System
for Mobile Communications (GSM)

15.7
GSM Technology
15.8 Personal Communications Network
(PCN)
and DCS- 1800
15.9
Aeronautical
and Maritime Mobile Communications
Services
15.10 Iridium, Globalstar
and the Evolution
Towards the
Universal Mobile
Telephone Service
(UMTS)
16 Cordless Telephony
and
Radio in the Local
Loop (RILL)
16.1
The Drive
for Radio in
the Local Loop
16.2
Fixed Networks
Based on
Radio Technology
16.3 Cordless Telephones
16.4
Telepoint

or Cordless Telephone 2
(CT2)
16.5 DECT
(Digital European
Cordless
Telephony)
16.6
DECT Handover
16.7
The Radio
Relay
Station Concept
in DECT
16.8
The DECT Air
Interface (D3-interface)
16.9
Other
ISDN Wireless Local
loop Systems
16.10 Shorthaul
Point-to-multipoint
(PMP)
Microwave Radio
17 Fibre
in the Loop (FITL)
and Other Access
Networks
17.1 Fibre
Access Networks

17.2
Fibre to the
Building
(FTTB)
17.3
Fibre to
the Curb (FTTC)
17.4
Fibre to the
Home (FTTH)
17.5 Broadband
Passive
Optical Network
Access Network Interfaces
ETSI
V5 Interfaces
V5.2 Interface
V5.1 Interface
Significance of
the V5.x Interfaces
Re-use of Existing
Copper Access
Networks
HDSL (High Bitrate
Digital Subscriber Line)
ADSL
(Asymmmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
Hybrid FibreICoax
(HFC) Networks
Part 3

MODERN
DATA NETWORKS
18 Packet
Switching
Packet switching
Basics
Transmission
Delay
in Packet-switched
Networks
Routing
in Packet-switched
Networks
ITU-T
Recommendation
X.25
The Technical Details
of X.25
X.25 Link
Access Procedure
(LAP and LAPB)
X.25 Packet Level
Interface (Layer
3 Protocol)
Typical Parameter
Default Settings
Used in X.25
Networks
Packet Assembler/Disassemblers
(PADS)

ITU-T
Recommendation
X.75
When X.25
Packet switching
May and
May Not Be Used
Alternatives
to X.25-based
Packet
Switching
IBM's
'Systems Network
Architecture'
APPN
(Advanced Peer-to-peer Networking)
19 Local
Area Networks (LANs)
19.1 The
Emergence of
LANs
19.2
LAN Topologies
and Standards
19.3 CSMAICD (IEEE
802.3,
IS0 8802.3): Ethernet
19.4 Token
Bus (IEEE
802.4, IS0 8802.4)

19.5
Token Ring (IEEE
802.5)
19.6 Logical Link
Control for LANs
19.7
LAN Operating
Software and LAN
Servers
19.8
Interconnection
of LANs: Bridges,
Routers
and Gateways
20
Frame Relay
20.1 The Throughput
Limitations of X.25
Packet Switching
20.2 The Need
for Faster Response
Data Networks
20.3 The
Emergence and
use of Frame Relay
20.4 Frame Relay
UNI
20.5 Frame
Relay SVC Service
20.6 Congestion

Control
in Frame Relay networks
xii
CONTENTS
20.7 Frame
Relay NNI
20.8
Frame Format
20.9 Address
Field Format
20.10 ITU-T
Recommendations Pertinent
to Frame Relay
20.1 1 FRAD
(Frame Relay
Access Device)
21 Campus
and Metropolitan
Area Networks
(MANs)
21.1 Fibre
Distributed
Data Interface
21.2 Switched
Multimegabit Digital
Services
(SMDS)
21.3 The
Demise of MANs
22 Electronic

Mail, Internet
and Electronic Message Services
22.1 Videotext
22.2 Electronic
Mail (e-mail)
22.3 Addressing
Schemes for
Electronic Mail
22.4
The Advantages
and Disadvantages
of e-mail
22.5
EDI: Corporate
Communication
with Customers
and Suppliers
via e-mail
22.6
Internet
22.7
TCP/IP Protocol
Stack
22.8 Common
Applications
Using TCP/IP
22.9 The Internet Protocol
22.10
The Internet Control
Message

Protocol (ICMP)
22.11 Transmission
Control Protocol
(TCP)
22.12 Online
Database Services
23 The
Message Handling
System (MHS)
23.1 The
Need for MHS
23.2 The Concept
of MHS
23.3 The
MHS Model
23.4 Layered
Representation
of MHS
23.5
The Structure
of MHS
Messages and
MHS Addresses
23.6 MHS Management
Domains
23.7 MHS
and the OSI Directory
Service
23.8 Message
Conversion

and Conveyance Using
MHS
23.9 Setting
Up a Message
Handling System
23.10 File
Transfer Access
and Management
(FTAM)
23.1
1 Summary
24 Mobile
and Radio Data
Networks
24.1 Radiopaging
24.2
Mobile Data Networks
24.3
TETRA (Trans-European Trunked Radio
System)
24.4 Wireless
LANs
24.5 Radiodetermination
Satellite Services
(RDSS) and
the Global
Positioning System
(GPS)
CONTENTS
xiii

Part
4
MULTIMEDIA
NETWORKS
25
Broadband,
Multimedia Networks
and the
B-ISDN
25.1 Multimedia
Applications:
the Driver
for Broadband
Networks
25.2 Video
Communication
25.3 The Emergence
of the B-ISDN
25.4 The
Services to be Offered
by B-ISDN
25.5 The Emergence
of the ATM
Switching Technique
as the Heart
of ATM
25.6 Connection
Types
Supported by B-ISDN
25.7

User Device Connection
to B-ISDN
25.8
Evolution to Broadband-ISDN
26
Asynchronous Transfer
Mode
(ATM)
A Flexible Transmission Medium
Statistical Multiplexing
and
the Evolution of
Cell Relay Switching
The Problems
to be Solved by
Cell Relay
The
Technique of Cell Relay
The ATM
Cell Header
The Components
of an ATM
Network
The ATM
Adaption Layer (AAL)
ATM Virtual
Channels and Virtual
Paths
User, Control and
Management

Planes
How is a
Virtual Channel Connection
(VCC) Set
Up?
Signalling Virtual
Channels
and Meta-signalling Virtual
Channels
Virtual Channel
Identifiers (VCIs)
and Virtual
Path Identifiers (VPIs)
Information Content and
Format
of the ATM
Cell Header
ATM Protocol Layers
The ATM Transport
Network
Capability
of the ATM
Adaption Layer
(AAL)
Protocol Stack
when Communicating
via
an ATM Transport
Network
ATM Protocol

Reference Model
(PRM)
ATM Forum Network
Reference Model
ATM Forum Network Management Model
Part
5
RUNNING
A NETWORK
475
27 Telecommunications Management Network
(TMN)
477
27.1 The
Problems of
Managing Networks
477
27.2
Nework Provisioning
479
27.3 Umbrella
Network Management
Systems
480
27.4
The Q3-interface,
the Common
Management Information
Protocol
(CIMP) and

the Concept
of Managed Objects
(MO)
483
27.5
The IS0 Management Model
485
27.6 TMN
Management
Function Model
486
27.7
The Network Management
Forum (NMF), OMNIpoint
and SPIRIT
487
27.8 Realization
of a
TMN
487
27.9
Example of Early
TMN Realization
488
27.10 Simple
Network Management
Protocol
(SNMP)
489
27.11 Summary

of TMN Benefits
489
27.12 Telecommunications
Intelligent
Network Architecture
(TINA)
490
28
Network Routing, Interconnection
and Interworking
28.1 The
Need for a Network
Routing
Plan
28.2 Network
Routing Objectives
and Constraints
28.3 The Administration
of Routing
Tables
28.4
Routing Protocols
Used in Modern
Networks
28.5 Network Topology
State and the 'Hello
State Machine'
28.6
Signalling
Impact upon Routing

and Call Set-up
Delays
28.7 Plausibility
Check During
Number Analysis
28.8 Network Interconnection
28.9 Network
Interconnection
Services
28.10 Interconnect
28.1 1 Equal
Access
28.12 Number
Portability
28.13 Shared Use
of Access Network
Ducts and
Cables
28.14 Pitfalls
of Interconnection
28.15
The Point of
Interconnection
and Collocation
28.16
The Interconnection
Contract
28.17
Interworking
29 Network Numbering

and Addressing Plans
513
29.1 The International
Telephone Numbering Plan
5 13
29.2 International
Public Data
Network Address
Scheme
520
29.3
Escape Codes
52 1
29.4 Telex
Network Numbering Plan
(ITU-T F.69)
524
29.5
X.500:
The Addressing Plan
for the Message
Handling
Service (MHS)
524
29.6
Internet Addressing
Scheme
525
29.7
Internet e-mail

(STMP) Addresses
526
29.8
Network Addresing
Schemes Used in
Support
of Broadband-ISDN
and ATM
527
30 Teletraffic Theory
30.1 Telecommunications
Traffic
30.2
Traffic Intensity
(Circuit-switched
Networks)
30.3
Practical Traffic
Intensity (Erlang) Measurement
30.4
The Busy Hour
30.5
The Formula for
Traffic Intensity
30.6
The Traffic-carrying
Capacity
of a Single Circuit
30.7
Dimensioning

Circuit-switched
Networks
30.8 Example
Route Dimensioning
30.9 Call Waiting
Systems
30.10
Dimensioning Data
Networks
CONTENTS
30.1 1 Pollaczek-Khinchine Delay
Formula
30.12
Practical Dimensioning
of Networks
30.13
Appendix:
The Derivation
of Erlang's Formula
31
Traffic Monitoring
and Forecasting
3 1.1 Measuring
Network
Usage
3 1.2 Usage
Monitoring
in Circuit-Switched
Networks
31.3 Traffic

Intensity
3 1.4 Total
Usage Monitoring
31.5 Number
of Calls Attempted
31.6 Number
of Calls Completed
3 1.7 Monitoring
Usage
of Data Networks
3 1.8 Forecasting Models for Predicting
Future Network
Use
3 1.9 Fitting
the Forecasting Model
3 1.10 Other
Forecasting Models
32
Network
Traffic Control
32.1 Networks
32.2 Sizing Circuit-switched
Networks
32.3 Hierarchical Network
32.4
Overflow of
'Automatic
Alternative Routing'
(AAR)
32.5 Wilkinson

-Rapp
Equivalent Random
Method
32.6 Dimensioning
'Final Routes'
32.7 Trunk
Reservation
32.8
'Crankback'
or 'Automatic
Re-routing'
(ARR)
32.9 Proportionate
Bidding Facility
(PBF)
32.10 Dynamic
Routing
32.1
1
Routing
and Traffic Control
in Data Networks
32.12 Network
Design
32.13
Appendix: The
Wilkinson-Rapp
Route Dimensioning
Method
33

Practical
Network Transmission Planning
Network Transmission Plan
Send and Receive Reference
Equivalents
Connection
Reference Points
and Overall Reference
Equivalent
Measuring Network
Loss
Correcting
Signal Strength
The Control of
Sidetone
The
Problem of Echo
Echo Control
and
Circuit Instability
Signal (or
'Propagation')
Delay
Noise and Crosstalk
Signal
Distortion
Transmission Plan for
Digital
and 'Data' Networks
International

Transmission Plan
Private
Network Transmission
Plan
Circuit
and Transmission
System
Line-up
33.16 Network
Resource Management
33.17
Circuit Provisining
Planning
33.18 New
Cable Planning
33.19 Local
Line Planning
33.20
Trunk and
International Line
Planning
33.21
Radio Transmission
Systems
33.22 Satellite
Transmission Management
34 Quality of Service
(QOS)
and Network Performance
(NP)

34.1 Framework for
Performance Management
34.2 Quality: A
Marketing
View
34.3 Quality
of Service (QOS)
and Network Performance
(NP)
34.4 Quality
of Service
Parameters
34.5
Generic Network Performance Parameters
34.6
Performance
Monitoring
Functions
of Modern Networks
34.7
Network Performance Planning
and Measurement
34.8
A Few Practical Tips
34.9 Summary
35 Charging
and Accounting for
Network Use
Recompense
for Network

Use
Customer
Subscription Charges
Customer
Usage Charges
Pulse Metering
Electronic Ticketing
Accounting
Route Destination Accounting
Charging
and Accounting
on Data Networks
Charging and
Accounting for Manual (Operator)
Assistance
Charging and
Accounting for
Leased Circuits
Charging Payphone
Calls
Customer Billing
Setting
Customer Charges
and Accounting Rates
Network Costs
and
How to Recharge
Them
Future Accounting
and Charging

Practices
36 Maintaining
the Network
36.1 The
Objectives of
General Maintenance
36.2
Maintenance
Philosophy
36.3 Maintenance
Organization
36.4 Centralized
Operation and
Maintenance
36.5
Lining Up Analogue
and Mixed
AnalogueIDigital
Circuits
36.6
High
Grade Data Circuit
Line-up
36.7 Lining
Up Digital Circuits
36.8
Performance Objectives
36.9
Maintenance
'Access Points'

36.10 Localizing
Network Faults
CONTENTS
xvii
36.1 1 Hardware Faults
36.12
Software Faults
36.13 Change
Control Procedure
for Hardware
and Software
37 Containing Network
Overload
37.1 The
Effect of Congestion
37.2
Network Monitoring
37.3 Network Management
Controls
37.4 Expansive
Control Actions
37.5 Restrictive
Control Actions
37.6 Network Management
Systems
38 Network
Economy Measures
38.1 Cost
Minimization
38.2

Frequency Division
Multiplexing
(FDM)
38.3 Time Division
Multiplexing
(FDM)
38.4 Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
38.5 Circuit Multiplication Equipment (CME)
38.6
Speech
Interpolation and
Statistical Multiplexing
38.7 Analogue Bandwidth Compression
and Low
Rate Encoding
of PCM
38.8 Data
Multiplexors
38.9 Data Compression
38.10 Practical
Uses of CME
38.1
1 Constraints on
the Use of CME
39 Network
Security Measures
The Trade-off
between Confidentiality and Interconnectivity
Different Types

of Protection
Encryption
Network Access
Control
Path Protection
Destination
Access Control
Specific Technical Risks
Carelessness
Call Records
Mimicked Identity
Radio Transmission, LANs
and
Other Broadcast-type
Media
EM1
(Electro-Magnetic Interference)
Message Switching
Networks
Other
Types of Network
Abuse
40
Technical Standards for
Networks
40.1 The
Need for Standards
40.2
Worldwide International Standards
Organizations

40.3
Regional and
National Standards
Organizations
40.4
Regulatory Standards
Organizations
xviii
CONTENTS
40.5 Other Standards-promoting 'Fora'
40.6 Proprietary Standards
40.7
The Structure
and Content
of ITU-T
Recommendations
Part
6
SETTING
UP NETWORKS
41
Building, Extending
and Replacing Networks
41.1
Matching
Network Capacity
to Forecast Demand
41.2
Other Factors
Affecting

the Need for
New Exchanges
41.3
Factors in Determining
an Exchange
Provision Programme
41.4
Determining
a
Strategy
for Network Evolution
41.5 Comparison
of Strategy
Options
41.6 Exchange Design
and Specification
41.7
Outline Circuit-switched Design:
Circuit Numbers
and Traffic Balance
41.8
Outline Design
of Other Types
of Network
41.9
The Effect
of Low Circuit
Infill on Exchange
and Lineplant Planning
4

1.10
Functional Requirements
of Exchanges
or Line Systems
4
1.1 1
Methods
of Network
or Exchange
Modernization
42 Selecting
and Procuring
Equipment
42.1 Tendering
for Equipment
42.2
Project Managment
42.3
Procurement Policy
42.4 Planning
Documentation
42.5 The Tender Document
42.6 Summary
Part
7
SPECIFIC BUSINESSES
AND
NETWORKS
43 Meeting
Business Needs

and Creating Competitive Edge
43.1
Content of an IT
Strategy
43.2
The
Study of Information
Flows
43.3
The Tactical
Development Plan
43.4 Business
Applications
of IT
43.5
Summary
44 Network Regulation
and
Deregulation
44.1 Reasons
for Deregulation
44.2
The Dilemma of
Deregulation
44.3
Optional Methods
of Regulation
44.4 Types
of Regulatory
Bodies

44.5
Designation
of 'Customer
Premises
Equipment' (CPE)
44.6
Deregulation of Value-added
Services
44.7
Competition in
Basic Services
44.8
The
Instruments of
PTO Regulation
CONTENTS
xix
44.9 European
Telecommunications
Deregulation
44.10 Instruments
of United
Kingdom Regulation
44.1 1
United States
Telecommunications Regulation
44.12 Other
Countries
45 Corporate Networks
45.1 Telecommunications

Management
45.2 Premises
Cabling Schemes
45.3 Office
Computer Networking
45.4 Private Networks
45.5 Architecture
of Private Networks
45.6 Planning Private Networks
45.7
A Word of
Warning
45.8
PTO Leased Circuit Offerings
45.9
Making
Use of Mobile
Radio Technology
46
Public Networks
and Telecommunications Service Providers
46.1 Company
'Mission'
46.2
Identifying
and Addressing
the PTO's market
46.3 PTO Product
Development
46.4 PTO

Business Development
Bibliography
Glossary of Terms
Glossary of
Abbreviations
IS0
two-letter country
code abbreviations
(IS0
3166)
Index

Preface
The second
edition of this text is
a much larger work
than
the first edition,
having
needed
to be expanded with extensive
new
sections on data,
broadband and
multimedia
networks and
much extended coverage of
modern transmission
media, radio
and

network management. The
technology
may have moved
on since
1990,
but the original
preface
is as relevant today as
it was then

The networks
that
I
have personally
had to develop
and operate
have bridged not
onIy
the
classical subdivisions
of
voice
and
data,
but also national boundaries,
technological
standards
and regulations.
As a result,
I

have found
it necessary to
become familiar with
a broad range
of technology, telecommunications practices
and
worldwide regulations.
I have needed
to know how things work
and interwork,
and the practical problems
to be
overcome.
I
have needed
to understand the
basic electrical engineering detail underlying
telecommunications,
but experience has
also given me
two equally valuable resources:
an
armoury
of practical techniques
and a
knowledge of both
technical and
regulatory
constraints.
In my

time
I
have used
plenty of books, each
addressing
one of the many
individual
technologies
that
I
have had to
deal with. However,
to date
I
have not
discovered a
book
aimed at technical
managers who need
a broad range
of knowledge
about how to
develop and operate
a number
of different types
of network
in a pragmatic
way. This
seems perverse,
since many

of today's professional
telecommunications managers
are
expected
to know about
all the various types
of network making
up their
trade. It is
also perverse given
the fact that,
in my experience,
network problems
cannot be
neatly
categorized
by technology.
I
have rarely needed
to know all
the technical details
of a
particular
technology
and cannot remember having
been
able to use any network
to its
full
capability. Seldom have

I
had the
opportunity, because seldom have
I
had a prob-
lem where one technology
alone
will suffice, and never have
I
had the option
anyway to
scrap the
established network
with its constraints
and start
entirely afresh.
Surprisingly
perhaps,
my major problems
have arisen
not from technical
incompat-
ibility of different
international
networks; such
problems are soluble with time
and
money.
Rather the
difficulty has been in gaining

a basic
understanding
of how different
types
of network operate,
and therefore how they could
be made to
co-exist, interwork
or cooperate
to serve a given
user's need.
It is from this background
that
I
decided
to
write this book, a
day-to-day
encyclopaedia for
practical folk like me, people faced with
xxii
PREFACE
voice,
data
and a whole
compendium
of other networks
to be responsible
for. Here in
46

chapters
we have a picture
of an evolving jungle
of techniques
and administrative
controls,
all about telecommunications to-day
and how they
got that way.
The book
provides an insight
for all telecommunications-affected parties:
end
users,
engineers,
private companies,
public telecommunications
operators, regulators
and
governments.
The sort of people
that
I
hope will
read it and use
it, the interested parties,
are students
and
academics, telecommunications
and computer practitioners,

and
technical managers.
Through our
greater common
awareness and
understanding,
I
hope
that we in turn
can help extend familiarity with telecommunications
and their
effective
use to a much
wider audience: business
managers, directors,
and
consultants; specialist
press and publicity people;
chairmen
and board
members of companies, politicians
and
everyday folk.
How
to read a book
of this kind
with advantage
depends on what one hopes
to get
out of it: the student

may
plough through
it from cover
to cover, while
the academic
toys fastidiously with
the bibliography,
glossary
and index.
The chairman
only reads
what his advisers
put in front
of him. However, it
will take
more than that
if we are to
harness telecommunications for
their full
potential; expanding
systems
of linked
computers,
international
and mobile
communications
are turning business
and society
upside down,
whether we

like it or not.
In
all quarters more
know-how
is needed, more
shared knowledge,
more mutual
awareness of
what is actually
going on, not
only here and
now under our
noses, but in
other
minds and in
other countries
as well. To meet this need, this
book sets out at
length the
raw facts and
the jargon; and
although the
picture presented
is strictly
contemporary,
I
hope the
book will give
its readers the suggestion
and confidence

to
carry things forward
into the future among
themselves.
This,
in its way, is the most
hopeful
and important
part of the book.
I
have chosen
not to remove any technical coverage
from
the first edition.
You, the
reader, might
be confronted
by an older technology
and need
to deal with it.
Beyond
this, many old ideas
find new
lease of life in
'modern technologies'
For those using
the book to
unravel an outside
world full of
jargon and opportunity,

the bibliography,
glossaries
and index
will be invaluable,
but the acronyms
abound,
beyond the
possibilities of a
single book.
A
number
of excellent dictionaries
will help
the reader who
finds himself
at a loss.
MARTIN
CLARK
Eppstein, Germany
30th November
1996
About the Author
Martin Clark
spent eight years in
the
international network
planning
department of
British Telecom, where he gained knowledge
and experience

of the fundamentals
and
practicality
of telecommunications.
He also
developed a good understanding
of the tech-
nical, regulatory
and other problems
associated with
international networks.
In
1989
he became
Group Telecommunications
Manager
with Grand
Metropolitan,
where his
experience gave him
an insight into
global
corporate network
management
and the
business opportunities
offered
by telecommunications.
In
1991

he moved
to Germany,
where
he has worked
on setting up a
pan-European
managed data network
for Cable
&
Wireless, in
managing the
Deutsche Bank's
corporate network
and also
helped Mannes-
mann
in the establishment
of a new public telecommunications
carrier
(ARCOR) to
rival Deutsche Telekom. Recently he
has
been active with
the wireless ATM
company,
Netro, and
he also works
as a freelance consultant.
Martin
Clark is a Chartered

European
Engineer and
a member of the
IEE.