ip-based next-generation wireless networks systems, architectures and protocols

IP-Based Next-Generation
Wireless Networks

IP-Based Next-Generation
Wireless Networks
Systems, Architectures, and Protocols
Jyh-Cheng Chen
National Tsing Hua University
Tao Zhang
Telcordia Technologies
A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication
Copyright # 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chen, Jyh-Cheng
IP-based next-generation wireless networks : systems, architectures,
and protocols / Jyh-Cheng Chen and Tao Zhang.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-471-23526-1 (Cloth)
1. Wireless LANs. I. Zhang, Tao II. Title.
TK5105.78.C49 2004
004.6
0
8—dc21
2003012945
Printed in the United States of America
10987654321
Contents
Foreword / ix
Preface / xi
Acronyms / xv
1 Introduction / 1
1.1 Evolution of Wireless Networks / 2
1.1.1 Wireless Local Area Networks / 4
1.1.2 Public Wide-Area Wireless Networks / 6
1.2 Evolution of Public Mobile Services / 13
1.2.1 First Wave of Mobile Data Services: Text-Based Instant

Messaging / 14
1.2.2 Second Wave of Mobile Data Services: Low-Speed Mobile
Internet Services / 15
1.2.3 Current Wave of Mobile Data Services: High-Speed and
Multimedia Mobile Internet Services / 17
1.3 Motivations for IP-Based Wireless Networks / 19
1.4 3GPP, 3GPP2, and IETF / 22
1.4.1 3GPP / 22
1.4.2 3GPP2 / 24
1.4.3 IETF / 27
1.5 Organization of the Book / 29
References / 29
2 Wireless IP Network Architectures / 33
2.1 3GPP Packet Data Networks / 33
2.1.1 Network Architecture / 34
v
2.1.2 Protocol Reference Model / 41
2.1.3 Packet Data Protocols, Bearers, and Connections for Packet
Services / 45
2.1.4 Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context / 48
2.1.5 Steps for a Mobile to Access 3GPP Packet-Switched
Services / 50
2.1.6 User Packet Routing and Transport / 52
2.1.7 Configuring PDP Addresses on Mobile Stations / 55
2.1.8 GPRS Attach Procedure / 56
2.1.9 PDP Context Activation and Modification / 59
2.1.10 Radio Access Bearer Assignment / 66
2.1.11 Packet-Switched Domain Protocol Stacks / 67
2.1.12 Accessing IP Networks through PS Domain / 78
2.2 3GPP2 Packet Data Networks / 87

2.2.1 3GPP2 Network Architecture / 87
2.2.2 3GPP2 Packet Data Network Architecture / 89
2.2.3 Protocol Reference Model / 93
2.2.4 Access to 3GPP2 Packet Data Network / 95
2.2.5 User Packet Routing and Transport / 97
2.2.6 Protocol Stacks for Packet Data Services / 98
2.3 MWIF All-IP Mobile Networks / 106
2.3.1 Network Architectures / 107
2.3.2 Access to MWIF Networks / 111
2.3.3 Session Management / 113
References / 118
3 IP Multimedia Subsystems and Application-Level Signaling / 121
3.1 Signaling in IP Networks / 121
3.1.1 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) / 122
3.1.2 Session Description Protocol (SDP) / 134
3.2 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) / 136
3.2.1 IMS Architecture / 136
3.2.2 Mobile Station Addressing for Accessing the IMS / 139
3.2.3 Reference Interfaces / 139
3.2.4 Service Architecture / 140
3.2.5 Registration with the IMS / 143
3.2.6 Deregistration with the IMS / 146
3.2.7 End-to-End Signaling Flows for Session Control / 149
3.3 3GPP2 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) / 154
References / 158
4 Mobility Management / 161
4.1 Basic Issues in Mobility Management / 161
vi CONTENTS
4.1.1 Impact of Naming and Addressing on Mobility
Management / 163

4.1.2 Location Management / 164
4.1.3 Packet Delivery to Mobile Destinations / 169
4.1.4 Handoffs / 172
4.1.5 Roaming / 174
4.2 Mobility Management in IP Networks / 176
4.2.1 Naming and Addressing of IP Terminals / 177
4.2.2 Mobile IPv4 / 178
4.2.3 MIPv4 Regional Registration / 200
4.2.4 Paging Extensions to Mobile IPv4 / 203
4.2.5 Mobile IPv6 / 205
4.2.6 SIP-Based Mobility Management / 218
4.2.7 Cellular IP / 225
4.2.8 HAWAII / 230
4.3 Mobility Management in 3GPP Packet Networks / 239
4.3.1 Packet Mobility Management (PMM) Context and States / 241
4.3.2 Location Management for Packet-Switched Services / 245
4.3.3 Routing Area Update / 248
4.3.4 Serving RNS Relocation / 254
4.3.5 Hard Handoffs / 258
4.3.6 Paging Initiated by Packet-Switched Core Network / 261
4.3.7 Service Request Procedure / 262
4.3.8 Handoff and Roaming Between 3GPP and Wireless LANs / 264
4.4 Mobility Management in 3GPP2 Packet Data Networks / 268
4.4.1 Packet Data Service States / 271
4.4.2 Location Management for Packet Data Services / 272
4.4.3 Handoffs for Supporting Packet Data Services / 273
4.4.4 Fast Inter-PDSN Handoff / 283
4.4.5 Paging and Sending User Data to a Dormant Mobile / 288
4.5 Mobility Management in MWIF Networks / 291
4.5.1 Handoffs / 293

4.6 Comparison of Mobility Management in IP, 3GPP, and 3GPP2
Networks / 294
References / 298
5 Security / 303
5.1 Introduction / 303
5.1.1 Different Facets of Security / 303
5.1.2 Security Attacks / 304
5.1.3 Cryptography / 305
5.1.4 Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI) / 310
5.2 Internet Security / 310
5.2.1 IP Security (IPsec) / 311
CONTENTS vii
5.2.2 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) / 323
5.3 Security in Wireless Networks / 328
5.4 Security in IS-41 / 331
5.4.1 Secret Keys / 332
5.4.2 Authentication / 334
5.4.3 Privacy / 335
5.5 Security in GSM / 336
5.6 Security in GPRS / 338
5.7 Security in 3GPP / 339
5.7.1 Security Principles / 339
5.7.2 Security Architecture / 341
5.7.3 Network Access Security / 342
5.7.4 Network Domain Security / 349
5.7.5 Summary / 351
5.8 Security in 3GPP2 / 352
5.8.1 Network Access Security / 353
5.8.2 Network Domain Security / 358
References / 360

6 Quality of Service / 367
6.1 Internet QoS / 367
6.1.1 Integrated Services (Int-Serv) / 368
6.1.2 Differentiated Services (Diff-Serv) / 370
6.1.3 Comparison of Int-Serv and Diff-Serv / 376
6.1.4 Policy-Based QoS Management / 377
6.2 QoS Challenges in Wireless IP Networks / 379
6.3 QoS in 3GPP / 380
6.3.1 UMTS QoS Architecture / 380
6.3.2 UMTS QoS Management / 382
6.3.3 UMTS QoS Classes / 384
6.3.4 QoS Attributes (QoS Profile) / 384
6.3.5 Management of End-to-End IP QoS / 388
6.4 QoS in 3GPP2 / 394
6.4.1 3GPP2 QoS Architecture / 395
6.4.2 3GPP2 QoS Management / 398
6.4.3 3GPP2 QoS Classes / 400
6.4.4 QoS Attributes (QoS Profile) / 401
6.4.5 Management of End-to-End IP QoS / 401
References / 404
Index / 407
viii CONTENTS
Foreword
Two technologies that have profoundly impacted people on this planet recently are
cellular telephony and the Internet. The former, with its tremendous advantages of
tetherless and ubiquitous communication capabilities, was accepted worldw ide. It
met the expectations of a success story for wealthy nations. On the other hand, its
reach into the developing and the not-so-prosperous parts of the world was even
more profound. These parts of the world did not have the infrastructure for providing
PSTN services for the vast majority of the population, for the obvious reason that

tremendous investment was needed. At the end of the twentieth century, the
demographics of the most populous nations of the world changed, with a tilt towards
a large middle-class population that could afford the luxury of a telephone in every
household. This need was a big impetus for the growth of the cellular telephony
worldwide.
The second most important technology with a global appeal is the Internet.
Personal Computers (PCs), laptops, personal digital assistants, and even cellular
phones can be connected to the Internet. The Internet has touched almost every
segment of the population on the face of this planet with applications (besides
worldwide email) in business, education, healthcare, and manufacturing, to name a
few.
Cellular telephone networks could be either circuit switched or packe t switched.
The former could be viewed as wireless versions of the traditional PSTN with voice
telephony being the primary application. The latter are wireless extensions to the
Internet and hence are suitable for mobile data networking. Such cellular networks
adopt the well-known Internet Protocol (IP) for networking and can be exploited for
providing mobile multimedia services.
This book, IP-Based Next-Generation Wireless Networks, by Jyh-Cheng Chen
and Tao Zhang, deals with wireless IP networking architectures, protocols, and
ix
techniques at the IP layer and above. It is a valuable reference for academicians,
engineers, and business personnel. It comes at an appropriate time.
Prathima Agrawal, Ph.D.
Assistant Vice President, Network Systems Research Laboratory, and
Executive Director, Mobile Networking Research Department,
Telcordia Technologies
Email:
August 2003
x FOREWORD
Preface

Wireless networks are evolving into wireless IP (Internet Protocol) networ ks to
overcome the limitations of traditional circuit-switched wireless networks. Wireless
IP networks are more suitable for supporting the rapidly growing mobile data and
multimedia applications. IP technologies bring the globally successful Internet
service creation and offering paradigm to wireless networks, bringing the vast array
of Internet services to mobile users and providing a successful platform for fostering
future mobile services. IP-based protocols, which are independent of the underlying
radio technologies, are also better suited for supporting seamless services over
heterogeneous radio technologies and for achieving global roaming.
Wireless networks are evolving on two major fronts. First, radio access systems
are evolving to third and fourth generation systems that can support significantly
higher system capacity and per-user data rates with enhanced quality-of-service
(QoS) support capabilities. Second, wireless IP networking technologies are
profoundly changing the overall wireless network architectures and protocols.
Many books are availa ble on radio access systems, examining the physical, link,
and network layers specific to each radio system. Few books, however, have been
designed to systemically address the wireless IP networking aspect, i.e., archi-
tectures, protocols, and techniques at the IP layer and above of a wireless IP
network. This book seeks to provide a systematic description and comparison of
next-generation wireless IP network architectures, systems, and protocols, with a
focus on the IP layer and above.
Several major efforts have emerged to define global standards for wireless IP
networks. The two most influential standards bodies are 3GPP (Third Generation
Partnership Project) and 3GPP2 (Third Generation Partnership Project 2). Different
standards efforts have been taking significantly different approaches, which lead to
different architectures and different migration paths toward future wireless IP
xi
networks. This book provides insights into critical issues in wireless IP networking,
thoroughly illustrates the standards and network architectures defined by leading
standards bodies such as 3GPP and 3GPP2, and discusses in detail protocols

and techniques in four major technical areas: signaling, mobility, security, and
QoS.
To provide the necessary background, the book starts by presenting a historical
overview of the evolution of wireless networks in Chapter 1, Introduction. Chapter 1
then reviews the evolution of public mobile services by examining the first, second,
and current waves of mobile data services. It continues on to discuss the motivations
for IP-based wireless networks and provi des an overview of related standards
activities.
Chapter 2 details the network architectures defined by 3GPP and 3GPP2. To help
readers quickly get a sense of the solutions proposed by 3GPP and 3GPP2 and to
easily identify their fundamental differences, Chapter 2 presents the most important
aspects of the architectures proposed by 3GPP and 3GPP2 in a consistent format and
highlights their major differences. In addition, the all-IP mobile network architecture
proposed by the Mobile Wireless Internet Forum (MWIF) is also discussed.
Chapters 3 to 6 address systematically four of the most critical topic areas in next-
generation wireless networks: signaling, mobil ity management, security, and QoS.
Because Chapter 2 discusses network-layer signaling and control necessary for the
operations of the networks, Chapter 3 focuses on application-level signaling and
session control needed to support real-time and multimedia applications in IP
networks and in the IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) defined by 3GPP and 3GPP2.
Chapters 4, 5, and 6 discuss issues and solutions related to mobility management,
network security, and QoS, respectively. Each chapter looks first at the subject in IP
networks, then at the architectures and protocols defined by 3GPP and 3GPP2. The
MWIF specifications are discussed in some chapters if related issues in MWIF are
also addressed.
The book is designed primarily for researchers, engineers, technical managers,
and graduate and undergraduate students. People entering the field of wireless IP
networking will also find this book a helpful reference. The book emphasizes the
principles underlying each major architecture and illustrates these principles with
abundant technical details. It provides the audience with perspectives that are

difficult to obtain from reading the standards specifications directly.
We are grateful to the ITSUMO (Internet Technologies Supporting Universal
Mobile Operation) team from Telcordia Technologies, Inc. and Toshi ba America
Research, Inc. (TARI). Our work on the ITSUMO project and discussions with the
ITSUMO members contributed to the book. Special thanks are due to Dr. Prathima
Agrawal of Telcordia and Dr. Toshikazu Kodama of TARI for their continuous
support and invaluable advice throughout the writing of the book. We thank Mr.
Chi-Chen Lee, Mr. Jui-Hung Yeh, and Mr. Chih-Hsing Lin of the National Tsing
Hua University for preparing many of the figures, tables, and references in the book.
Jyh-Cheng Chen would also like to acknowledge the project members of the
“Program for Promoting Academic Excellence of Universities” for many insightful
xii PREFACE
discussions. Jyh-Cheng Chen’s work was supported in part by the Ministry of
Education, Taiwan, National Science Council (NSC), and Industrial Technology
Research Institute (ITRI).
Jyh-Cheng Chen
Tao Zhang
August 2003
PREFACE xiii

Acronyms
1G First Generation
2G Second Generation
3G Third Generation
3GPP Third-Generation Partnership Project
3GPP2 Third-Generation Partnership Project 2
AAA Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
AAAF AAA Foreign
AAAH AAA Home
AAAL AAA Local

AAL ATM Adaptation Layer
AC Authentication Center
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
AF Assured Forwarding
AGW Access Gateway
AH Authentication Header
AHAG Ad Hoc Authentication Group
AK Anonymity Key
AKA Authentication and Key Agreement
AL Air Link
AMA AA-Mobile-Node-Answer
AMF Authentication Management Field
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Systems
AMR AA-Mobile-Node-Request
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API Application Programming Interface
APN Access Point Name
xv
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Business
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ARPU Average Revenue Per User
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AuC Authentication Center
AUTN Authentication Token
AV Authentication Vector
AVP Attribute Value Pair
BA Behavior Aggregate
Binding Acknowledgment
BER Bit Error Ratio
BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function

BGP Border Gateway Protocol
BITS Bump In The Stack
BITW Bump In The Wire
BR Border Router
BRAN Broadband Radio Access Network
BS Base Station
Bearer Service
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Subsystem
BSSAPþ Base Station System Application Partþ
BTS Base Transceiver Station
Base Transceiver System
BU Binding Update
CA Certification Authority
CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile Enhanced Logic
CAP CAMEL Application Part
CAVE Cellular Authentication and Voice Encryption
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CDR Call Detail Record
CFN Connection Frame Number
CH Correspondent Host
CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
CK Cipher Key
CKSN Cipher Key Sequence Number
CM Connection Management
CMEA Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm
CMS Cryptographic Message Syntax
CN Core Network
Correspondent Node
CoA Care-of Address

COPS Common Open Policy Service
CQM Core QoS Manager
CS Circuit Switched
xvi ACRONYMS
CSCF Call State Control Function
Call Session Control Function
CSE CAMEL Service Environment
CSM Communication Session Manager
CS-MGW Circuit Switched Media Gateway
CT2 Cordless Telephone, Second Generation
CVSE Critical Vendor/Organization Specific Extension
CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication Standard
DB Database
DECT Digital European Cordless Telecommunications
DES Data Encryption Standard
DH Diffie-Hellman
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Diff-Serv Differentiated Service
DNS Domain Name System
DoS Denial of Service
DP Data Privacy
DRS Data Ready to Send
DS Differentiated Service
DS-CDMA Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access
DSCP Differentiated Service Code Point
DSI Dynamic Subscriber Information
DSNP Dynamic SLS Negotiation Protocol
DSS Digital Signature Standard
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
ECMEA Enhanced Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm

EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global GSM Evolution
EF Expedited Forwarding
EIR Equipment Identity Register
ESA Enhanced Subscriber Authentication
ESN Electronic Serial Number
ESP Encapsulating Security Payload
Enhanced Subscriber Privacy
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FA Foreign Agent
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FQDN Fully Qualified Domain Name
GEA GPRS Encryption Algorithm
GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
GFA Gateway Foreign Agent
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GHDM General Handoff Direction Message
GLM Geographical Location Manager
GMM GPRS Mobility Management
ACRONYMS xvii
GMSC Gateway MSC
GNS Global Name Server
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GRE Generic Routing Encapsulation
GSCF GPRS Service Control Function
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GSN GPRS Support Node
GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol
HA Home Agent
HAA Home-Agent-MIP-Answer

HAAA Home AAA
HAR Home-Agent-MIP-Request
HAWAII Handoff-Aware Wireless Access Internet Infrastructure
HDB Home Database
HDR High Data Rate
HE Home Environment
HFN Hyper Frame Number
HLR Home Location Registrar
HMM Home Mobility Manager
HSS Home Subscriber Server
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IAB Internet Architecture Board
IAPP Inter Access Point Protocol
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
I-CSCF Interrogating Call State Control Function
ICV Integrity Check Value
IESG Internet Engineering Steering Group
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IK Integrity Key
IKE Internet Key Exchange
IM Instant Message
IMEI International Mobile Station Equipment Identity
IM-MGW IP Multimedia Media Gateway
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IM-SSF IP Multimedia Service Switching Function
IN Intelligent Network
Int-Serv Integrated Service
IPHC IP Header Compression
IPsec IP Security

IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4
IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6
ISAKMP Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol
ISC IMS Service Control
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
xviii ACRONYMS
ISM Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
ISP Internet Service Provider
ISUP ISDN User Part
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector
KAC Key Administration Center
KDC Key Distribution Center
KSI Key Set Identifier
L2TP Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol
LA Location Area
LAC L2TP Access Concentrator
Link Access Control
Location Area Code
LAI Location Area Identifier
LAN Local Area Network
LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LEC Local Exchange Carrier
LLC Logical Link Control
LNS L2TP Network Server
MA Mobile Attendant
MAC Medium Access Control
Message Authentication Code
MAP Mobile Application Part
MAPsec MAP Security

MC Message Center
MCC Mobile Country Code
MC-CDMA Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access
MD5 Message Digest 5
ME Mobile Equipment
MEK MAP Encryption Key
MF Multi Field
MG Media Gateway
MGC Media Gateway Controller
MGCF Media Gateway Control Function
MIDCOM Middlebox Communications
MIK MAP Integrity Key
MIN Mobile Identification Number
MIP Mobile IP
MM Mobility Management
MMD Multimedia Domain
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service
MN Mobile Node
MNC Mobile Network Code
MRC Multimedia Resource Controller
MRF Multimedia Resource Function
ACRONYMS xix
MRFC Multimedia Resource Function Controller
MRFP Multimedia Resource Function Processor
MS Mobile Station
MSC Mobile-services Switching Center
Mobile Switching Center
MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification Number
MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number
MT Mobile Termination

Mobile Terminal
MTP Message Transfer Part
MWIF Mobile Wireless Internet Forum
NAI Network Access Identifier
NANP North American Numbering Plan
NAS Network Access Server
NAT Network Address Translator
NID Network ID
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NMSI National Mobile Subscriber Identity
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
NPDB Number Portability Database
NSAPI Network-Layer Service Access Point Identifier
NTP Network Time Protocol
NVSE Normal Vendor/Organization Specific Extension
OAM&P Operation, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning
OMA Open Mobile Alliance
OSA Open Service Access
OSPF Open Shortest Path Protocol
OTASP Over-The-Air Service Provisioning
PACS Personal Access Communications System
PAN Personal Area Network
PAP Password Authentication Protocol
PBX Private Branch Exchange
PCF Packet Control Function
Policy Control Function
P-CSCF Proxy Call State Control Function
PDC Personal Digital Cellular
PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDE Position Determining Entity

PDF Policy Decision Function
PDP Packet Data Protocol
Policy Decision Point
PDS Packet Data Subsystem
PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
PDU Packet Data Unit
PEP Policy Enforcement Point
xx ACRONYMS
PHB Per-Hop Behavior
PHS Personal Handyphone System
PKC Public Key Certificate
PKI Public Key Infrastructure
PLCM Private Long Code Mask
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
P-MIP Paging in Mobile IP
PMM Packet Mobility Management
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
PS Packet Switched
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
P-TMSI Packet TMSI
PZID Packet Zone ID
QoS Quality of Service
RA Routing Area
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RAC Routing Area Code
RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service
RAI Routing Area Identifier
RAN Radio Access Network
RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part
RAU Routing Area Update

RB Radio Bearer
RED Random Early Detection
RFC Request For Comments
RLC Radio Link Control
RN Radio Network
RNC Radio Network Controller
RNS Radio Network Subsystem
ROHC Robust Header Compression
RRC Radio Resource Control
RSA Rivest, Shamir, Adleman
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol
RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol
RTT Radio Transmission Technology
SA Security Association
SAD Security Association Database
SBLP Service Based Local Policy
SCCP Signaling Connection Control Part
SCP Service Control Point
SCS Service Capability Server
S-CSCF Serving Call State Control Function
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SDO Standards Development Organization
SDP Session Description Protocol
ACRONYMS xxi
SDU Selection and Distribution Unit
Service Data Unit
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SHA Secure Hash Algorithm
SID Session ID
System ID

SIM Subscriber Identity Module
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
SLA Service Level Agreement
SLP Service Location Protocol
SLS Service Level Specification
SM Session Management
SME Signaling Message Encryption
SMEKEY Signaling Message Encryption Key
SMS Short Message Service
SN Service Node
Serving Network
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SPD Security Policy Database
SPI Security Parameter Index
SQM Subscription QoS Manager
SQN Sequence Number
SRNS Serving Radio Network Subsystem
SS7 Signaling System No. 7
SSD Shared Secret Data
TA Terminal Adapter
TACS Total Access Communications Services
TCA Traffic Conditioning Agreement
TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TCS Traffic Conditioning Specification
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TE Terminal Equipment
TEID Tunnel Endpoint Identifier
TIA Telecommunications Industry Association

TLS Transport Layer Security
TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
TOS Type of Service
TRIP Telephony Routing over IP Protocol
TTA Telecommunications Technology Association
TTC Telecommunications Technology Committ ee
TTL Time to Live
UA User Agent
UAC User Agent Client
xxii ACRONYMS
UAK UIM Authentication Key
UAS User Agent Server
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UE User Equipment
UEA UMTS Encryption Algorithm
UHDM Universal Handoff Direction Message
UIA UMTS Integrity Algorithm
UICC UMTS IC Card
UIM User Identity Module
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
URA UTRAN Registration Area
URI Uniform Resource Identifier
USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Module
Universal Subscriber Identity Module
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
VAAA Visited AAA
VAS Value-Added Service
VDB Visited Database
VLR Visitor Location Register

VMS Voice Message System
VoIP Voice over IP
VP Voice Privacy
VPMASK Voice Privacy Mask
VPN Virtual Private Network
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WWW World Wide Web
ACRONYMS xxiii