Tài liệu tiếng Anh thương mại Chap004 Procurement

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
CHAPTER 4:
Pr ocur ement
4-2
•
Procurement objectives
•
Procurement strategy
•
Supplier selection and
assessment
•
Logistical interfaces with
procurement
Overview of procurement
4-3
•
Several factors have elevated the
importance of procurement to the
firm
–
Purchased goods and services are
among the largest cost elements for
most firms
–
The growing emphasis of
outsourcing has expanded the
supply base of organizations
•
This added complexity requires more

management attention on the
organizational interfaces with suppliers
Procurement is now a strategic activity of the
firm
4-4
•
Purchasing was historically perceived as just a buying
function for manufacturing and repair materials and
supplies
–
Purchasing agent tried to get lowest price possible for acceptable
quality
–
Transactional focus led to getting the best possible “deal” today
•
Did not focus on future transactions
–
No concept of Supply Chain
•
Purchasing seldom looked beyond the first-tier supplier
–
Purchasing simply responded to demands of production group
Purchasing perspective
4-5
•
Procurement is an organizational capability that ensures the
firm is positioned to implement its strategies with support from
its supply base
–
Procurement looks up and down the entire supply chain for impacts

and opportunities
•
Goods and service account for 55 cents of every sales dollars
–
Focuses on building relationships with suppliers and downstream
customers
–
Involvement with outsourcing includes more than just purchasing raw
materials and parts
•
Also includes finding alternate sources for manufactured products or services to
help manage demand
Purchasing perspective
4-6
•
Ensuring continuous supply
•
Minimizing inventory investment
•
Quality improvement of supply
•
Supplier development
–
Supplier selection
–
Building supplier relationships
–
Supplier continuous improvement
•
Lowest total cost of ownership

Procurement focuses on several issues related
to the firms’ supply base
4-7
Figure 4.1 - Major categories for the
components of total cost of ownership
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
4-8
•
Insourcing vs. outsourcing
–
Make vs. buy decision
•
Alternative procurement strategies
–
User buy
•
Volume consolidation
•
Reducing total number of suppliers while minimizing risk
–
Supplier operational integration
•
Building partnerships
•
Sharing information and knowledge
•

Identifying linked processes and shared opportunities for
improvement
–
Value management extends beyond buyer-seller
operations
•
Involving the supplier early in product design
•
Reducing complexity
•
Value engineering
Procurement strategies
4-9
•
Purchases average 55% of every sales dollar
•
Cost savings estimated between 5% to 15% of
purchases
•
Potential savings is $5.5 million annually for a
company with revenues of $100 million
Savings potential from volume consolidation
4-10
•
Primary objective of operational integration is to cut waste,
reduce cost, and develop a relationship that allows both
buyer and seller to achieve mutual improvements
•
Integration can take many forms
–

Buyer providing detailed sales information to supplier
–
Buyers and suppliers working together to redesign linked
processes
–
Eliminating duplicated activities performed by both the buyer and
supplier
•
Can provide incremental savings of 5% to 25% over the
benefits of volume consolidation
Supplier operational integration
4-11
Value management through early
supplier involvement in product design
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Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
Figure 4.2 Flexibility and Cost of Design Changes
4-12
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Routine purchases
•
Bottleneck purchases
•
Leverage purchases
•
Critical purchases
Procurement strategy portfolio

4-13
High Level of
Supply Risk
Bottleneck
Purchases
Multiple Suppliers
Critical Purchases
Integrated with
Suppliers
Low Level of
Supply Risk
Routine Purchases
Reduce Buying
Effort
Leverage
Purchases
Concentrate
Purchases
Low Value to Firm High Value to Firm
Figure 4.3
Procurement strategy matrix
Adapted from Robert Monczka et al., Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, 4th Edition
(Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2009), P. 211.
4-14
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Supplier audits
•
Supplier development
•
Monitoring performance

•
Supplier certification
•
E-commerce and procurement
–
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
–
Internet
Supplier selection and assessment
4-15
•
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the
electronic transmission of data between a firm
and its suppliers
–
Shares information and knowledge such as order
entry, planning/scheduling, tracking, delivery, billing
and payment
•
Internet-based communications offer several
opportunities for making product information
available while overcoming compatibility issues
between computer systems
–
Electronic catalogs allow rapid access to product
info, specifications, pricing and ordering
–
Buying exchanges allow sellers or buyers of specific
goods or services to find each other on a common
web site

E-Commerce and procurement
4-16
Category Weight Score (100
maximum points)
Weighted Score
Correct quantities .15 95 14.25
No defective items .10 100 10.00
All shipments on time .15 80 12.00
Correct
documentation
.10 95 9.50
No damage .05 90 4.50
Flexibility .10 80 8.00
Responsiveness .20 90 18.00
Communication .15 90 13.50
TOTAL 1.00 89.75
Figure 4.4
Example supplier scorecard
4-17
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Pareto Principle is a small percentage of
items account for a large percentage of
the dollars spent
–
For example, “A” items in ABC inventory
•
Purchasing processes should be tailored
to the value and/or criticality of the
materials needed
•

Segmented approach is used to prioritize
resources for purchasing
–
The most procurement effort goes to the most
critical supplies/suppliers
Purchase requirement segmentation
4-18
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Just-in-Time
–
JIT delivery
•
More frequent delivery of smaller quantities
•
Close cooperation and communication
–
JIT II
•
Integration of suppliers into manufacturing processes
•
Procurement of logistics services
•
Performance-based logistics
Logistics interfaces with procurement
4-19
•
Initiated by US Department of
Defense to purchase performance
outcomes instead of individual
transactions defined by product

specifications
•
Government specifies desired
outcomes and lets suppliers
determine the best way to meet
those requirements
•
Currently limited to government
purchasing but business
organizations are expected to
adopt the practice
Performance based logistics interface
4-20
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