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Characterization Class (age) Phase of
Newborn 0.1 - 0.2 non-directional mass movements
Baby 0.4 - 1.0 adopting first coordinated movements
Toddler 1.1 - 3.0 adopting manifold movement patterns
Early childhood 3.1 - 6/7 perfectioning of manifold movement
patterns and adoption of first combined

movements
Medium childhood 7.1 - 9/10 fast progress in motor learning aptitude
Late childhood 10/11 - 11/12 10/11 - 12/13 best motor learning aptitude
Early youth (pubescence) 11/12 - 13/14 12/13 - 14.5 restructuring kinetic skills and proficien-
cies
Late youth (adolescence) 13/14 - 17/18 14.6-18/19 developing gender-specific differentia-
tion, progressive individualization and
increasing stabilization
Early adulthood 18/20 - 30 relative maintenance of learning aptitude
and kinetic performance
Medium adulthood 30 - 45/50 gradually declining kinetic performance
Later adulthood 45/50 - 60/70 considerably declining kinetic perfor-
mance
Later adulthood from 60/70 distinctly declining kinetic performance

Table 1.1 details human motor skills changing throughout a lifetime.
For the technical recording of kinetic processes, a distance-time
diagram is used which depicts illustration of various movement
features. This method can also be used for determining the fine
motor skills necessary for gripping workpieces.

Table 1.1 Phases of human motor skills
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1.1 The Handling Process
The process of handling component parts or workpieces in produc-
tion is often underrated as technically simple or even trivial.
From the production point of view it is obvious that the workpiece
itself does not increase in value during the handling process.
As far as technical solutions are concerned, handling is secondary

to the manufacturing process. The time necessary for production
is separated into machine time and handling time (see figure 1.2).
Machine time is the period of time during which a machine is
operating, i. e. making changes to the workpiece itself. Machine
time can be further separated into pre-operating time, operating
time, and post-operating time. Pre- and post-operating time include
all necessary operations before and after operating time, such as
supplying a tool or coolant. These intervals have been reduced to a
minimum by high traverse rates and appropriate control technology
over the past few years.
Handling time or auxiliary process time can be separated into single
steps from setting up a workpiece to testing it. Production plan-
ning aims at synchronizing handling time and machine time in order
to prevent time-consuming handling processes from taking up
valuable machine time; or at least to keep handling time at a mini-
mum and to move as many workpieces as possible per time unit.
Machine time and handling time have to be coordinated: Machinery
idling during workpiece handling is generally not acceptable, just
as fast robots waiting for machinery do not make sense.
21
start
gripping moving placing
• ambient conditions: type, temperature
• workpieces: orientation, quantity, position, size, type
Influencing factors
Figure 1.3 Phases of a handling process and its ambient conditions
Handling: The Underrated Process
1
The handling process can be basically characterized by counting the
workpieces moved per unit of time. This characteristic, however,

does not specify the amount of technical requirements for obtaining
a desired cycle time. Complex workpieces and multiple ambient
conditions can create different handling tasks to such an extent
that a simple task of moving a workpiece from point A to B can
become an extremely complex process. Human beings are naturally
equipped with an enormously flexible “gripping technique”,
efficient “sensors” and highly complex “data processing” and,
therefore, tend to underrate such tasks.
From practical experience in automation projects we know that
unexpected technical and economic problems tend to occur
especially when the handling process and all its parameters are not
sufficiently analyzed and evaluated at an early stage.
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handling
VDI 2860
conveying
VDI 2411
storing
VDI 2411
effecting
materials flow
Handling: The Underrated Process
1
Setup
The term is used in connection with the availability of workpieces.
A workpiece is made ready when it is able to be gripped.
Handling
Handling means creating, defined changing or temporarily maintain-
ing a pre-set alignment of geometrically defined bodies in a
system of coordinates. Further parameters such as time, quantity,
and path can be pre-set (source: VDI Verein Deutscher Ingenieure
Guideline 2860).

Handling is a subfunction of the materials flow and categorized on
the same level as conveying or storing.

Handling is divided into the following single steps:
• Store
• Change Quantities
• Move

• Secure
• Control
26