English for nurses Tiếng Anh cho điều dưỡng, y tá

HO LIEN BIEN

UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES~ 86 CHE MINH CITY
THƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC Y DƯỢC
THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH

English For Nurses

TIẾNG ANH
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NHÀ XUẤT BAN TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH

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TIẾNG ANH CHO DIEU DUGNG
English for Nurses

Biên soạn : Hồ Liên Biện

Chịu trách nhiệm xuất bản : TRẤN ĐÌNH VIỆT

Biên tập : HOÀI NAM
Sửa bản in : KIM LIEN

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN TP.HO CHÍ MINH
62 Nguyễn Thị Minh Rhai - Q.1

Tel : 8225340 - 8296764 - 8229405 - 8222726
Fax : 84.8.222726
In 1.000 cuốn, khổ 13x19em.
Tại Xưởng in Binh Hoa.

Số XB : 226-169/KB-QLXB ngày 6-3-2002.

In xong và nộp lưu chiểu : Tháng 5/2003


PREFACE
This book is a short
cal English. [tis designed
and medical technicians

Its primary purpose

and simple introduction to medifor the training programs of nurses
at various medical schools.
is to familiarize students with a

minimum knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pathology necessary for them in their work, not to teach them

medicine as such,
Students are expected to have had a working knowl-

edge of general English from high school and three first
semesters at the university.

The publisher and the author will welcome any com-

ments on the book.

Hề Liên Biện


CONTENTS
Preface
PART ONE

Anatomy And Physiology
1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology. The Skin

Ns

_ 2. The Skeletal System and the Muscular System ..©. 16
3. The Nervous System and the Endocrine System ,< 27
4. The CirculatOrV SVSEĐH- cuc cu
TT c
He eeeeseee
Sn
aA oS

. The Respiratory 5ystem...............

‹ The Digestive 3ystem ..................

- The Urinary System.....................

- The Reproductive System
PART TWO

Common

Diseases

You Will See

9. Hypertension ..cscsssscsccsssessesssareaseseisseeseas

10. Heart Attack -- Myocardial Infarction ..

11. Diabetes

Listening Scripts

4

7


PART ONE

Anatomy

and Pbysiology



LESSON ONE

introduction to Anatomy
and Physiology. The Skin

Introduction
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. Phusi-

ology is the study of how the body functions. It is very
diffi-

cult to discuss one without the other. Knowledge of
how

` the human body is constructed and how it works
will help

you give better care to your patients. The vocabulary of
these

subjects will help you understand your supervisor’s
instructions,

The Cell
The cell is the fundamental microscopic building block
of all living matter. The human body is made up of mill
ions
of cells, Each one has a special task within the body.
Tissues
Cells usually do not work alone, Groups of cells of the
same type that do a particular kind of work are orga
nized
into tissues.


PART ONE

Tissues to Systems
Tissues, each having a special function, are grouped
together to form organs, such as the heart and lungs. Each
organ in turn has a specific function that cannot be carried
out without its various tissues. Organs that work together
to perform one or more body functions make up systems,
for example, the digestive system, respiratory system and

circulatory system. Always remember that a system cannot
work by itseif. Systems are dependent, one upon the other.

What happens to one system affects all the others.

The Skin
The skin, which is our largest system, has many func-

tions. It covers and protects internal organs from injury,

bacteria, and environmental changes. The skin also contains
nerve endings from the nervous system, which aid the body
in awareness of its environment. The skin helps regulate
the body temperature by controlling the loss of heat from
the body.

Skin secretes an oily substance through ducts that lead
from oil glands. In this way the skin is kept lubricated, soft,
and flexible.

Other parts of the skin include the hair and the nails.

Each hair has a root under the skin into which the oil glands

of the skin open. Fingernails and toenails grow from the

nail bed at the base underneath the skin. If the nail bed is
destroyed, the nail stops growing.
The outer layer of the skin that you can see is called the

epidermis. Cells are constantly flaking off or being rubbed

off this layer of the skin as they naturally die.
Keeping the skin clean removes waste products. Watch
for changes in your patient’s skin. Be aware of changes in
8


LESSON

1 - oductfiơn to Anatomy and Phy
siology

color, temperature, bruises, breaks
in skin, dryness or oili-

ness, and thinness or thickness of the skin.
Be particularly

aware of
color. If
patient’s
port it to

whether both limbs are the same temper
ature and
you should notice any changes or are
as on the
body about which you have a question, ple
ase reyour supervisor.
VOCABULARY

1. anatomy
3. environment

D. epidermis
7. injury
9. nerve
11. oi! gland

2, cell
.
4, environmental change

`

13. physiology
15, circulatory system
17. nervous system

19. tissue

`

6. function
8.limb
10. nerve ending
12, organ

1A. system
16. digestive system
18, respiratory system

:

Comprehension
1,
2.
3.
4,
5.
6.

What
What
What
What
What
How

is anatomy ?
is physiology ?
make up tissues ?
do tissues form ?
do organs form ?
many systems are mentioned in the text
? What

are they ?

¢. How does the skin affect body temper
ature ?

8. In what part ofa hair do oil glands
open into ?

S24

9. What do you call the outer layer of the
skin ?
10. How does keeping the skin clean hel
p ?


PART ONE

Exercises
I. LISTENING
Listen to the questions or statements. Choose the best
answer to each question or the best interpretation of each
statement.

1.

A. The structure of the body.
B. The functions of the body.

C. The temperature of the body..
D, The waste products of the skin.
2.

A. Fingernails. .
C. The heart and lungs.

B. Limbs.
D. The skin.

A. The digestive system.

B. The respiratory system.
C. The circulatory system.

D. The skin.
4.

A.
B.
C.
D.

The nail stops growing.
Fingernails grow from it,
The base is underneath the skin.
Cells are flaking off.

5.

A. Nails and hairs.

C. Arms and legs,

B. Tissues and organs.

D, The heart and lungs.

H. COMPLETION
Complete the sentences with the words given.

a. bruise

b. cells

c. fingernails

g. organs

h. physiology

i. temperature

d. function

j. toes
10

©. sives care

f. injury


LESSON

1 ~ Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

1. There are ten fingers on the hands and ten
on the feet.
2...

is the study of the way in which the

4.

use oxygen to break down food into

body of living things work.
3.Anurse_
to her patients,

energy, need water to live, grow and repair them-

selves, reproduce themselves, and die,
5. It’s now possible to transplant many of the major
human

Ce

NH

. The human appendix performs no vital
. Most crashes result in serious
and death,
-Hehas no fever;his
is only 37°,

. She hada serious
onher leg where

she'd banged it against the table,
10. She got out her nail scissors and began trimming
her

HO. MATCHING

Match the body parts with their definitions.

a. epidermis
d. heart

8. nails
_ j. skin

b. face
e. limbs

h. neck

c. hair 7
f. lungs
i. nerves

1. the hard coverings on the upper side of the énds of
- your fingers and toes
2, fibers that carry messages about feelings and sensa
tions between your brain and other parts of your”

body

1


PART ONE

3. the front part of your head
4. the tissue forming the outer covering on your body
5. the outer layer of your skin

6. one of the long fine things like thread that grows on
your body
7, the part of your body between your head and your

shoulders

8. the hollow muscular organ inside your chest that
pumps blood around your body
9. your arms and legs
10. the two organs inside your chest that are used for

breathing

“WW. MULTIPLE CHOICE
A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.

1. Physiology is the study of how
A. functions the body

_s

B. the body functions

C. does the body function
D. is the body function

2. It is very difficult
anatomy.

A. discuss
C. to discuss

_. physiology without
B. for discussing
D. to discussing

3. The cell is the fundamental building block of all
_——_—___atter.

A. life
C. lived

12

B. live
D. living

LESSON

1 - introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

4, The human body ismade_
A. of
C. up
5. Organs __

A. make
C. make of

B. from
D. up of

millions of cells.

....... 5stems.

6. A system cannot work
A. itself
C. with itself

B. make up
D. make into
B. in itself
D. by itself

7. Systems are dependent, one ——
A. into

B. to
C. upon
D. with

the other.

8. What happens to one system affects all _
A. the other
C. another

B. the others
D. anothers

9. The skin protects internal organs
and bacteria.

A. from
C,to

_

injury

B. with
D. away

10. If the nail bed is destroyed, the nail stops
A. grow
B. to grow

C. growing

D. to have grown

B. Choose the word or phrase that has the same meaning as

the underlined word or phrase.

1. Knowledge of how the human body works will help
you give better care to your patients.

A. isin good health
C. operates

B. describes
D. is cared for

13


PART ONE

2, The cell is the fundamental microscopic building
block of all living matter.
A. basic
B. deep
C. very small
D, part of
3. The cell is the fundamental microscopic building

block of all living matter.
A. easily seen
€. very smaill

B. that can be seen
D. one millionth

4. Each organ has a specific function that cannot be

carried out without its various tissues.

A, taken to another place B. taken along
C. made better
D. performed

5. This doctor specializes in the respiratory system.
A. of the heart
B. breathing
C. of eating and drinking D. of the brain
V. WORD FAMILY

Complete the sentences with words related to the word

heat.
a. heat (n)

b. heat (v)

Llt'sfartoo

c. hot

d. heater

in here; can’t we open a

window?

2. Babies can lose body
3.PH_

very quickly.

some soup for lunch,

4, Have you switched on the water-_?
5. Wehad

_

_.. dog for lunch yesterday.

6. The milk should be about blood
7. Your forehead feels very


LESSON

1 — introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

8. You were outside in the heat of the sun for too long.
You have a __

_ stroke.

9. The patient has pain in his abdomen. He needs a
-water bottle.
10. Please wait a minute. The nurseis
your food.
11, Water alone should never be
microwave oven.

-

_ina

12, He took the dish and put it in the microwave oven
to

itup.


LESSON TWO

Ihe Skeletal System and the
Muscular System

The Skeletal System
The skeletal system is made up of more than 280 bones.
The bones act as a framework for the body, giving it structure and support. Bones also protect several internal organs.

The bones of the skull, joined together during the first year

of

life, totally surround the brain. The vertebral column, or

spinal column, protects the spinal cord. The rib cage guards

the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels. Bones are the passive organs of motion. They do not move by themselves. They
mist be moved by muscles, which shorten or contrach. This

is an example of how systems work together.
i
Bones also store minerals that are necessary for many

other body activities and are involved in the constant repro-

duction of blood cells.

Broken or fractured bones usually can mend solidly,

but the process is slow and gradual. Bone cells grow and
reproduce slowly compared to other types of cells. The hard-

ening of the new bone is a gradual process of depositing

calcium. As we age, our bones become more brittle. The
blood supply is often decreased, calcium is not as readily
—

16


LESSON 2 -— The Skeletal System and the Muscular System

stored, and the body’s powers of general resistance to infec-

tion and healing are decreased. For this reason an elderly
person who breaks a bone will require a longer time to heal
than a younger person. In addition, when an elderly person
falls, because his bones are so brittle, he is more subject to
fractures than a younger person. Protect your patients from

falls!

‘Joints are areas in which one bone connects with one

or more other bones. The tough white fibrous cord that con-

nects a bone to a bone is called a ligament. The fibrous ma-

terial that connects muscle to bone is called a tendon. The

joints in the shoulder, hip, and knee are each enclosed ina
strong capsule lined by a membrane that secretes a lubricat-

ing fluid. Movable joints are constructed so that two ends of

the bones do not rub against each other, A pad of cartilage

at the end of the bone absorbs jolts, and cushions the bone

ends. Injury to joints may cause a ligament or tendon to be
strained in what is called a sprain.

the Muscular System
_ The muscular system makes all motion possible. Groups
of muscles work together to perform a body motion. These

muscles can be classified as smooth or Striated, depending
on what they look like under a microscope. Two groups of

muscles that work together are called antagonistic groups.

For example, fex your forearm, bending it toward your shoul
-

der. Your biceps contracts or shortens, and the triceps re-

laxes. Extend your forearm. The biceps muscle relaxes while

the triceps contracts, Flexion and extension are two terms
you should know. Two others are abduction, which mean
s
moving a part away from the body, and adduction, whic
h

means moving it toward the body.

17


PART ONE

Muscles also can be classified as voluntary(those

muscles we move consciously) or involuntary (those that
move without conscious control such as the heart).

Muscle is the most infection-free of all the body’s basic
tissues. This is largely because of its rich bldod supply.
Muscles not only move the body but also help to keep the
body warm, especially during activity. If a muscle is kept
inactive for too long, it tends to shrink and waste away. This
is called atrophy.

VOCABULARY
1 ‘abduction
3. antagonistic groups

2.` adduction 4. biceps

7. contract

& extend

9. extension

10.

12.
14.
16.
18.

5. brittle

11. flexion

13. fractured bone
15. infection-free

17. joint

19. muscle

-

21. resistance to infection
23. rib cage
25. skull

27. spinal column
29.
31.
33.
35.

18

sprain
striated muscle
tendon
vertebral column

6. cartilage

flex
fracture
infection
involuntary muscle
ligament

20. muscular system
22. rib
24, skeletal system

26. smooth muscle
28. spinal cord
30. (be) strained

32. subject (adj)

34. triceps
36. voluntary muscle


LESS ON 2 ~ The Skeletal System and the Muscular System

Comprebension

>> WN ee

.
.
.
.

A. Questions

How
What
What
What

many bones are there in our body?
do bones give aur body?
is another name for vertebral column?
does the vertebral column do?

ƠI

. Why is the process of bone mending slow and
8radual?

. What happens to our bones as we age?
. What is a ligament?

. What cushions bone ends?

. What happens to your biceps and triceps when you

flex your forearm?
1 0. Why is muscle the most infection-free of tissues?

B. Explanations of Key Terms
Equivalents, explanations, or definitions are given for

anu mber of key terrns in the text.

Bones are the passive organs of motion : They do not

e by themselves.

mov

Find equivalents, explanations, or definitions of the

e

foll wing key terms in the text.
Whe

. contract

. fractured (bones)

-lgament

DOP

wtendon

of. 2.

. flex your forearm
. abduction

Coney

:s

ey
/

ee
a

ped

dy
note

(©

GŒ

mỉ

. adduction
. voluntary muscles
. involuntary muscles

19


PART ONE
Exercises
1. LISTENING
Listen to the questions or statements. Choose the best
answer to each question or the best interpretation of each

statement.
1.

2.
3.

A. The vertebral column. B. The bones of the skull.

C. The rib cage.

D. The spinal column.

A. The skull,
C, The heart,

B. The brain.
D. The spinal cord.

A. They're more easily broken,
B. They become stronger.
'C. They grow with age.

D. They're elderly.

4.

A.A tendon.
C. A sprain.

9.

A.
B.
C.
D.

B. Cartilage.

D. A

ligament.

Smooth and striated,
Flexion and extension.
Abduction and adduction.
Contraction and relaxation.

Tf. COMPLETION A
Complete the sentences with the words given.
a. bones
b. cartilage

c. framework
d. gradual
e. lungs
f, movable

g. muscles,

J. tendon

20

h. spinal cord

1. sprain


LESSON 2 -- The Skeletal System and the Muscular System

_1-2. Tendons connect (1)

"3. Bones act asa.

coe

to(Q) s,

for the body.

4, The vertebral column protects the

“

5. The rib cage guards the heart, —

rnajor blood vessels.

gui f
timers

F

and

~6>-The use of computers has resulted in the_
disappearance of many manual jobs.

“& A muscle is usually attached to a bone or a cartilage

bya

~~

8...
_.. Joints are constructed so that two ends
of the bones do not rub against each other.
9. A pad of iis
at the end of the bone absorbs

jolts.

o

10. Injury to joints may cause a__

COMPLETION B
Complete the following sentences.

1. The vertebral column, or |
protects the spinal cord,

colurnn,

2. Bones must be moved by muscles, which shorten or

3. Broken or
solidly.

=——z+. bones usually can mend

4, An elderly person who breaks a bone will require a

an

longer time to heal than a/an
i... person,
. When you flex your forearm, your biceps contracts.
When you extend it, your biceps muscle __
6. Muscles can be classified as smooth or a

21

PART ONE

7. Muscles can also be classified as voluntary or

1H. MATCHING
Match the words on the left with their equivalents on

the right.

1 . brain
2. infection

a. the structure in the midline
of the back
b. that part of the central

nervous system lodged in the

vertebral canal
c. the bony framework of the

. joint

head

. mineral

om

. resistance

. ribs

d. the organ inside your head
that controls how you think,
feel, and move
e. the 12 pairs of curved bones
that surround your chest
f. something like calcium or iron

that is present in some foods

and that is important for good
health

. skull
- spinal cord
. sprain

g. the natural ability of an animal
to stop diseases from harming
it

h. a part of your body where two
bones meet
i. damage to a joint in your body

by suddenly twisting it

al colurmm j. a disease caused by bacteria or a
virus that affects a particular
part of your body

22


LESSON 2 - The Skeletal System and the Muscular System

IV. MULTIPLE CHOICE
A. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence,

1. A patient who cannot move his legs can move by
meansofa
B. stretcher
D. wheelchair

A. trolley
C. splint

2. It is very difficult for him to walk because his
A. nose
C. throat

IS sore.

B. abdomen
D. heel
sto
.

3. Despite his broken leg, Alan can walk.
ˆ -Øet around.
B. well enough
A. good enough
D. fine enough
C. good
4, When a muscle contracts, itbecomes

B. longer
D. smaller

A. shorter
C, heavier

5. The contraction of muscles.

voluntary movement.

eVery
B. shortens
D. brings about

A, moves
C. contracts

6. These muscles are said to be voluntary because they
arecontroled_

A. by

C. on

7.Muscles_
A. make
C. make from

—

wi.

B. through
D. at

the flesh of the body.
B. make up
D. make of
23

~


PART ONE.

8. Bones must be moved by muscles. T
his is an example

ofhow

A. do systems work

together.

B. systems working
D. are systems work

C. systems work

9. The word necessary is stressed on
the — __.. syllable.

A, first
C. third

B. second
D. fourth

10. The hardening of the new bone is
a gradual process
of
calecium,
“A. deposit
B. to deposit
C. depositing
D. deposited

B.Choose the word or phrase that h as the
same meaning as

the underlined word or phrase.

1. As we age, our bones become more
brittle.
A. equally
B. because
C. when
D. though
2. The process of mending fractured
bones is gradual.
A. happening slowly
B. successful

C. certain

*_D. very fast

3. An elderly person is more subject
to fractures than a

younger person.
A. likely to die
C. likely to heal

B. likely to recover
D. likely to be affected

4. The joints are enclosed in a strong
capsule lined by a
membrane that secretes a lubricating
fluid.

A.
B.
C.
D.

24

making
making
making
making

something
something
something
something

closer
move more smoothly
stronger
cleaner


LESSON 2 ~ The Skeletal System and the Muscular System

A. protects from shock
C. makes stronger

B. makes softer

D. damages

Vv. WORD FAMILY

move.

Complete the sentences with words related to the word

a. move (v)

d. motion (n)

8. movable
j. movement

b. move (n)

c. moving (adj)

e. motion (v)

f. motion picture

h. immovable
,

1. Abduction means en,

body.

i. motionless

~

a part away from the

2. Voluntary muscles are those we ce
sciously,

CON

3. A ball-and-socket joint, such as the hip joint, allows
a very wide range of motion, Itisa freely __
joint.
4. The muscular system makes all a.
possible.
5-6-7, Bones are the passive organs of (5)
They do not (6).
by themselves. They
must be (7)_
by muscles.

8. The joints between the bones of the head that
protect the brain do not move at all. They are

ee

joints.

9. Be very careful when changing lanes in fast

———__- taffic.

10. The patient sat staring out of the window, quite

25