Density and Viscosity of Water_1 pdf

Appendices and Index

TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 789 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM
© 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero

Appendix 1

Density and Viscosity of Water
Temperature °C
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1000
990
980
970
960
950
Density, kg/m
3
Dynamic viscosity x 10

4
kg/m
3

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Appendix 2

Atomic Masses of the
Elements Based on C-12

Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass

Actinium Ac 89 227.0278
Aluminum

Al

13 26.98154
Americium Am 95 (243)
Antimony

Sb

51 121.75
Argon Ar 18 39.948
Arsenic As 33 74.9216
Astatine At 85 (210)
Barium Ba 56 137.33

Berkelium Bk 97 (247)
Beryllium Be 4 9.01218
Bismuth Bi 83 208.9804
Boron B 5 10.81
Bromine Br 35 79.904
Cadmium Cd 48 112.41
Calcium Ca 20 40.08
Californium Cf 98 (251)
Carbon C 6 12.011
Cerium Ce 58 140.12
Cesium Cs 55 132.9054
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453
Chromium Cr 24 51.996
Cobalt Co 27 58.9332
Copper Cu 29 63.546
Curium Cm 96 (247)
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50
Einsteinium Es 99 (252)
Erbium Er 68 167.26
Europium Eu 63 151.96
Fermium Fm 100 (257)
Fluorine F 9 18.99840
Francium Fr 87 (223)
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25
(

continued

)

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794

Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass

Gallium Ga 31 69.72
Germanium Ge 32 72.59
Gold Au 79 196.9665
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49
Helium He 2 4.00260
Holmium Ho 67 164.9304
Hydrogen H 1 1.0079
Indium In 49 114.82
Iodine I 53 126.9045
Iridium Ir 77 192.22
Iron Fe 26 55.847
Krypton Kr 36 83.80
Lanthanum La 57 138.9055
Lawrencium Lr 103 (260)
Lead Pb 82 207.2
Lithium Li 3 6.941
Lutetium Lu 71 174.967
Magnesium Mg 12 24.305
Manganese Mn 25 54.9380
Mendelevium Md 101 (258)
Mercury Hg 80 200.59
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
Neodymium Nd 60 144.24

Neon Ne 10 20.179
Neptunium Np 93 237.0482
Nickel Ni 28 58.69
Niobium Nb 41 92.9064
Nitrogen N 7 14.0067
Nobelium No 102 (259)
Osmium Os 76 190.2
Oxygen O 8 15.9994
Palladium Pd 46 106.42
Phosphorus P 15 30.97376
Platinum Pt 78 195.08
Plutonium Pu 94 (244)
Polonium Po 84 (209)
Potassium K 19 39.0983
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9077
Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Protactinium Pa 91 231.0359
Radium Ra 88 226.0254
Radon Ra 86 (222)
Rhenium Re 75 186.207
Rhodium Rh 45 102.9055
Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07
(

continued

)

TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 794 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM

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795

Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass

Samarium Sm 62 150.36
Scandium Sc 21 44.9559
Selenium Se 34 78.96
Silicon Si 14 28.0855
Silver Ag 47 107.868
Sodium Na 11 22.98977
Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Sulfur S 16 32.06
Tantalum Ta 73 180.9479
Technetium Tc 43 (98)
Tellurium Te 52 127.60
Terbium Tb 65 158.9254
Thallium Tl 81 204.383
Thorium Th 90 232.0381
Thulium Tm 69 168.9342
Tin Sn 50 118.71
Titanium Ti 22 47.88
Tungsten W 74 183.85
Unnilennium Une 109 (266)
Unnilhexium Unh 106 (263)
Unniloctium Uno 108 (265)
Unnilpentium Unp 105 (262)
Unnilquadium Unq 104 (261)
Unnilseptium Uns 107 (262)

Uranium U 92 238.029
Vanadium V 23 50.9415
Xenon Xe 54 131.29
Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Yttrium Y 39 88.9059
Zinc Zn 30 65.39
Zirconium Zr 40 91.224

Note:

Values in parentheses (isotope atomic masses of longest half-life) are
used for radioactive elements where atomic weights cannot be quoted pre-
cisely without knowledge of the origin of the elements.

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Appendix 3

Saturation Values of Dissolved
Oxygen Exposed to Saturated
Atmosphere at One
Atmosphere Pressure
at Given Temperatures

Temperature
(°C)

Chloride Concentration (mg/L)
Saturated H

2

O
Vapor Pressure (kPa)0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

0 14.62 13.79 12.97 12.14 11.32 0.6108
1 14.23 13.41 12.61 11.82 11.03 0.6566
2 13.84 13.05 12.28 11.52 10.76 0.7055
3 13.48 12.72 11.98 11.24 10.50 0.7575
4 13.13 12.41 11.69 10.97 10.25 0.8129
5 12.80 12.09 11.39 10.70 10.01 0.8719
6 12.48 11.79 11.12 10.45 9.78 0.9347
7 12.17 11.51 10.85 10.21 9.57 1.0013
8 11.87 11.24 10.61 9.98 9.36 1.0722
9 11.59 10.97 10.36 9.76 9.17 1.1474
10 11.33 10.73 10.13 9.55 8.98 1.2272
11 11.08 10.49 9.92 9.35 8.80 1.3119
12 10.83 10.28 9.72 9.17 8.62 1.4017
13 10.60 10.05 9.52 8.98 8.46 1.4969
14 10.37 9.85 9.32 8.80 8.30 1.5977
15 10.15 9.65 9.14 8.63 8.14 1.7054
16 9.95 9.46 8.96 8.47 7.99 1.8173
17 9.74 9.26 8.78 8.30 7.84 1.9367
18 9.54 9.07 8.62 8.15 7.70 2.0630
19 9.35 8.89 8.45 8.00 7.56 2.1964
20 9.17 8.73 8.30 7.86 7.42 2.3373
21 8.99 8.57 8.14 7.71 7.28 2.4861
22 8.83 8.42 7.99 7.57 7.14 2.6430
(

continued

)

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798

Temperature
(°C)

Chloride Concentration (mg/L)
Saturated H

2

O
Vapor Pressure (kPa)0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000

23 8.68 8.27 7.85 7.43 7.00 2.8086
24 8.53 8.12 7.71 7.30 6.87 2.9831
25 8.38 7.96 7.56 7.15 6.74 3.1671
26 8.22 7.81 7.42 7.02 6.61 3.3608
27 8.07 7.67 7.28 6.88 6.49 3.5649
28 7.92 7.53 7.14 6.75 6.37 3.7796
29 7.77 7.39 7.00 6.62 6.25 4.0055
30 7.63 7.25 6.86 6.49 6.13 4.2430

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Appendix 4

SDWA Acronyms

BAT Best available technology
BTGA Best technology generally available
CWS Community water systems
DWEL Drinking water equivalence level
EMSL EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory (Cincinnati)
GAC Granular activated carbon
IOC Inorganic chemical
IPDWR Interim primary drinking water regulation
LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level
LOQ Limit of quantitation
MCL Maximum contaminant level
MCLG Maximum contaminant level goal
MDL Method detection limit
NOAEL No observed adverse effect level
NPDWR National primary drinking water regulation
NTNCWS Non-transient noncommunity water system
PAC Powdered activated carbon
PHS Public Health Service
POET Point-of-entry technology
POUT Point-of-use technology
PQL Practical quantitation level
PTA Packed tower aeration
RFD Reference dose

RIA Regulatory impact analysis
RMCL Recommended maximum contaminant level
RPDWR Revised primary drinking water regulation
RSC Relative source contribution
SDWA Safe drinking water act
SMCL Secondary maximum contaminant level
SNARL Suggested no adverse response level
SOC Synthetic organic chemical
TNCWS Transient noncommunity water system
UIC Underground injection control
URTH Unreasonable risk to health
VOC Volatile organic chemical

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Appendix 5

Sample Drinking Water VOCs

Contaminant MCL (mg/L) BAT

Benzene 0.005–zero PTA or GAC
Carbon tetrachloride 0.005–zero PTA or GAC
p-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 PTA or GAC
1,2-Dichloroethane 0.005–zero PTA or GAC
1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.007 PTA or GAC
1,1,1-Trichloromethane 0.20 PTA or GAC
Trichloroethylene 0.005–zero PTA or GAC
Vinyl chloride 0.002–zero PTA

Bromobenzene — —
Bromodichloromethane — —
Bromoform — —
Bromomethane — —
Chlorobenzene — —
Chlorodibromomethane — —
Chloroethane — —
Chloroform — —
Chloromethane — —
o-Chlorotoluene — —
p-Chlorotoluene — —
Dibromomethane — —
m-Dichlorobenzene — —
o-Dichlorobenzene — —
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene — —
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene — —
Dichloromethane — —
1,1-Dichloroethane — —
1,2-Dichloropropane — —
1,3-Dichloropropane — —
2,2,-Dichloropropane — —
1,1-Dichloropropene — —
1,3-Dichloropropene — —
Ethylbenzene — —
Styrene — —
(

continued

)

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802

Contaminant MCL (mg/L) BAT

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane — —
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane — —
Tetrachloroethylene — —
Toluene — —
1,1,2-Trichloroethane — —
1,2,3-Trichloropropane — —
m-Xylene — —
o-Xylene — —
p-Xylene — —

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Appendix 6

Sample Drinking Water
SOCs and IOCs

Contaminants MCL (mg/L)
SOC:

Acrylamide treatment technique

Alachlor 0.002
Aldicarb 0.01
Aldicarb sulfone 0.04
Aldicarb sulfoxide 0.01
Atrazine 0.003
Carbofuran 0.04
Chlordane 0.002
2,4-D 0.07
Dibromochloropropane 0.0002
o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.07
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.1
1,2-Dichloropropane 0.005
Epichlorohydrin treatment technique
Ethylbenzene 0.7
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) 0.00005
Heptachlor 0.0004
Heptachlor epoxide 0.0002
Lindane 0.0002
Methoxychlor 0.4
Monochlorobenzene 0.1
PCBs (as decachlorobiphenyls) 0.0005
Pentachlorophenol 0.2
Styrene 0.005
Tetrachloroethylene 0.005
Toluene 2.0
Toxaphene 0.005
2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 0.05
Xylene 10
(

continued

)

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804

Contaminants MCL (mg/L)
IOC:

Arsenic 0.05
Asbestos 7 million fibers/L
(longer than 10

µ

m)
Barium 5.0
Cadmium 0.005
Chromium 0.1
Mercury 0.002
Nitrate 10 as N
Nitrite 1 as N
Selenium 0.05
Silver 0.05

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© 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero

Appendix 7

Secondary MCLs for a Number
of Substances

Contaminant SMCL (mg/L)

Chloride 250
Color 15 color units
Copper 1
Corrosivity Non-corrosive
Foaming agents 0.5
Hydrogen sulfide 0.05
Iron 0.3
Manganese 0.05
Odor 3 TON
pH 6.5–8.5
Sulfate 250
Total dissolved solids 500
Zinc 5

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Appendix 8

Some Primary Drinking-Water
Criteria

Contaminants Concentration (mg/L, unless otherwise noted)

Arsenic 0.05
Barium 1.00
Cadmium 0.010
Chromium 0.05
Lead 0.05
Mercury 0.002
Nitrate as N 10.00
Selenium 0.01
Silver 0.05
Chlorinated hydrocarbon:
Endrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-
6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octo-
hydro-1,4-endo,endo-5,8-dimetha-
nonaphthalene)
0.0002
Lindane (1,2,3,4,5,6-
hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma
isomer)
0.004
Methoxychlor (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-
bis{p-methoxyphenyl}ethane)
0.1
Toxaphene (C

10

H

10

Cl

8

-technical
chlorinated camphene, 67–69%
chlorine)
0.005
Chlorophenoxys:
2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid)
0.1
2,4,5-TP (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
propionic acid)
0.01
Turbidity Based on monthly average: 1 TU or up to 5 TU if
the water supplier can demonstrate that the higher
turbidity does not interfere with disinfection.
(

continued

)

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808



Contaminants Concentration (mg/L, unless otherwise noted)

Microbiological contaminants Based on average of two consecutive days: 5 TU
Membrane filter technique: not to exceed 1/100 mL
on monthly basis; not to exceed 4/100 mL of
coliforms in more than one sample in fewer than
20 samples per month on an individual sample
basis; not to exceed 4/100 mL of coliforms in more
than 5% of sample in more than 20 samples per
month on an individual basis.
Fermentation tube method:

1. 10-mL standard portions:

coliforms shall not be
present in more than 10% of the portions on
monthly basis; coliforms shall not be present in
three or more portions in more than one sample in
fewer than 20 samples per month on an individual
basis; coliforms shall not be present in three or more
portions in more than 5% of samples in more than
20 samples per month on an individual basis.

2. 100-mL standard portions:

coliforms shall not

be present in more than 60% of the portions on
monthly basis; coliforms shall not be present in five
portions in more than one sample in fewer than 20
samples per month on an individual basis; coliforms
shall not be present in five portions in more than
20% of samples in more than 20 samples per month
on an individual basis.

TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 808 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM
© 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero

Appendix 9

Some Secondary
Drinking-Water Criteria

Contaminants
Concentration
(mg/L, unless otherwise noted)

Chloride 250
Color 15 CU (color units)
Copper 1
Corrosivity Noncorrosive
Foaming agents 0.5
Hydrogen sulfide 0.05
Iron 0.3
Manganese 0.05
Odor

<

3 TON
pH 6.5–8.5
Sulfate 250
Total dissolved solids 500
Zinc 5

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© 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero

Appendix 10

Physical Constants

Physical constant Value

Atomic mass unit (amu)
the mass of C

12



=

1.6605402(10

−

27

) kg
Acceleration due to gravity (g) 9.80665 m/s

2

and 32.174 ft/s

2

at sea level
Avogadro’s number 6.0221367(10

23

) per gmol
Boltzmann constant 1.380658(10

−

23

) J/K°
Charge-to-mass ratio for electrons 1.75881962(10

11

) coulomb per kg
Electrical permittivity constant 8.85(10

−

12

) coulomb/V-m
Electron charge 1.60217733(10

−

19

) coulomb
Electron rest mass 9.109390(10

−3

1

) kg
Faraday constant 9.6485309(10

4

) coulomb per equivalent
gmole 22.4 liters at STP of 0°C and 1 atm
lbmole 359 ft

3

ideal gas at STP of 0°C and 1 atm
Neutron rest mass 1.6749286(10

−

27

) kg
Planck constant 6.6260755(10

−

34

) J-s
Proton rest mass 1.6726231(10

−2

7

) kg
Speed of light in vacuum 2.99792458(10

8

) m/s
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) 1 atm and 0°C
Standard room temperature 25°C
Universal gas constant 8.205784(10

−

2

) L-atm-°K/gmol, 8.314510 J/gmol-°K,
1.987 cal/gmol-°K, 82.05 atm-cm

3

/gmol-°K,
4.968(10

4

) lb

m

-ft

2

/(lbmole)-°R, 49,720 ft-lb

f

/slug-°R
1
12

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© 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero

Appendix 11

Conversion Factors

From To

Å, angstrom 10

−

8

cm
acre 43,560 ft

2

, 0.00156 mi

2

, 0.405 ha
amp coulomb/s
atm 101.325 kN/m

2

, 14.696 lb

f

/in

2

, 101.325 kPa, 1.013 bar, 29.92 in Hg
and 760 mm Hg at 0°C, 760 torr, 33.936 ft of H

2

O (60°F), 2116.2
lb

f

/ft

2

barrel 42 gal
bu/ha 0.4047 bu/acre
btu 252.2 cal, 778.2 ft-lb

f

cal 4.1868 J
cal/gmol 1.8 Btu/lbmol
centipoise 0.000672 lb

m

/s-ft, 10

−

3

Pa-s
cm 0.3937 in
cm

3

1 mL
coulomb 6.2(10

18

) electrons, 1 amp-s
dyne 10

−

5

N
erg 1 dyne-cm, 10

−

7

J
esu 1.59(10

−

19

) amp-s, 1.59(10

−

19

) coulomb
ft 0.305 m
ft

3

7.481 gal, 28.32 L, 0.0283 m

3

°F [1.8(°C) + 32]
g 0.0353 oz, 0.0022 lb

m

gal 3.785 L
gpm 0.227 m

3

/h
grain 6.480(10

−

2

) g
grain/ft

3

2.29 g/m

3

g/m

3

8.3454 lb
m
/Mgal
ha 2.4711 acre, 10
4
m
2
hp 746 W, 33000 ft-lb
f
/min, 2545 Btu/h, 0.0738 boiler hp
hp-hr 1.98(10
6
) ft-lbf
hertz 1 cycle/s
inch 2.54 cm
J 2.7778(10
−7
) kW-h, 0.7376 ft-lb
f
, 1.0 W-s, 1.0 N-m, 0.2388 cal,
10
7
ergs
kg 2.2046 lb
m
(continued)
TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 813 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM
© 2003 by A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero
From To
‘

kg/ha 0.8922 lb
m
/acre
kg/ha-d 0.8922 lb
m
/acre-d
kg/m
2
-d 0.2048 lb
m
/ft
2
-d
kg/m
3
-d 62.428 lb
m
/10
3
ft
3
-d
kg/m
3
8345.4 lb
m
/Mgal
kg/kW-h 1.6440 lb
m
/hp-h

kJ 0.9478 Btu
kJ/kg 0.4303 Btu/lb
m
km 0.6214 mi
kPa 0.0099 atm
kW 0.9478 Btu/s, 1.3410 hp
kW-hr 3412 Btu, 1.341 hp-hr
kW/m
3
5.0763 hp/10
2
-gal
kW/10
3
-m
3
0.0380 hp/10
3
-ft
3
°K °C + 273.16
lb
f
[lb
m
/(g
c
lb
m
/slug)]g (g

c
= 32.174; g is the gravitational acceleration)
lb
m
453.6 g, 7000 grains, 16 oz
long ton 2000 lb
m
L 0.2642 gal, 0.0353 ft
3
, 33.8150 oz, 1.057 quarts, 10
−3
m
3
L/m
2
-min 35.3420 gal/ft
2
-d
L/m
2
2.4542(10
−2
) gal/ft
2
m 3.2808 ft, 39.3701 in, 1.0936 yd
m
2
2.471(10
−4
) acre

m
3
35.314 ft
3
, 1000 L
micron 10
−6
m, 10
−3
mm
mile 5280 ft, 1609 km
m/s
2
3.2808 ft/s
2
, 39.3701 in/s
2
m
3
264.1720 gal, 8.1071(10
−4
) acre-ft
m
3
/10
3
-m
3
133.6806 ft
3

/Mgal
m
3
/m-min 10.7639 ft
3
/ft-min
m
3
/m-d 80.5196 gal/ft
2
-d
m
3
/m
2
-h 589.0173 gal/ft
2
-d
m
3
/m
2
-d 24.5424 gal/ft
2
-d
m
3
/m
3
0.1337 ft

3
/gal
Mg 1.1023 short ton, 0.9842 long ton
MJ 0.3725 hp-h
newton, N 0.2248 lb
f
, 1 kg-m/s
2
N/m
2
1Pa
poise 1 g/cm-s, 0.1 Pa-s
Pa 1 N/m
2
, 1.4504(10
−4
) lb
f
/in
2
°R °F + 459.49
short ton 2240 lb
m
stoke cm
2
/s
ton of refrigeration 200 Btu/min
W 0.7376 ft-lb
f
/s, 1 J/s, 10

7
ergs/s
W/m
2
-C° 0.1763 Btu/ft
2
-F°-h
TX249_Frame_CApp.fm Page 814 Friday, June 14, 2002 4:52 PM
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