Giáo trình tiếng anh chuyên ngành tài chính phần 1
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HỌC VIỆN TÀI CHÍNH
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Chủ biên: Cao Xuân Thiều
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(ENGLISH FOR FINANCE)
NHÀ X y ấ T BÂN TÀI CHÍNK
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Chủ biên: Cao Xn Thiều
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NHÀ XUẤT BẢN TÀI CHÍNH
Hà nội - 2008
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Giáo trình “English for Finance” được tổ chức biên soạn lại,
có sửa chữa và bổ sung nhiều bài mối từ cuốn giáo trình “English
for Finance and Accounting” nhằm đáp ứng yêu cầu đổi mới nội
dung chương trình đào tạo tại Học viện Tài chính trong giai đoạn
đổi mối và phát triển của đất nước bưốc sang th ế kỷ 21. Giáo trình
đã tập hợp được nhiều bài viết, nhiều kiến thức từ nhiều sách báo,
tài liệu và giáo trình gốc của các tác giả ở các nước Anh, Mỹ,
Australia... Việc hồn thành giáo trình này sẽ đáp ứng được nhu
cầu về tài liệu học tập của sinh viên, giúp sinh viên đọc hiểu, dịch
thuật và rèn luyện được các kỹ năng ngơn ngữ về các lĩnh vực
kinh tế, tài chính, ngân hàng, kế toán, marketing và quản trị kinh
doanh... Đồng thòi, đây cũng là nguồn tài liệu tham khảo bổ ích
đô'i với các nhà nghiên cứu, nhà quản lý kinh tế tài chính và
những ai có nhu cầu nâng cao trình độ tiếng Anh về tài chính. *
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LỜI NĨI ĐẨU
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Giáo trình “English for Finance” gồm 42 bài vối thịi lượng
240 tiết được dùng cho các chuyên ngành khác nhau ỏ Học viện
Tài chính (chương trình chính khố là 120 tiết). Có những bài
dùng chung, có những bài dùng cho chuyên ngành này là chủ yếu
lại không dùng cho chuyên ngành khác và ngược lại. Giáo trình
khơng chia rõ thành các chương riêng biệt, nhưng được sắp xếp
theo các chủ đề: kinh tế học (economics), tiền tệ - ngân hàng
(money and banking), tài chính (finance), kế tốn - kiểm tốn
(accounting and auditing), phân tích tài chính (financial analysis),
marketing và kinh doanh quốc tế (international business).
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Giáo trình do tập thể giảng viên khoa Ngoại ngữ của Học
viện biên soạn gồm: Cao Xuân Thiều (chủ biên), Nguyễn Thị Định,
Nguyễn Thị Hà, Trương Minh Hạnh, Mã Kim Khánh, Phạm Bích
Loan, Bùi Bá Luy, Nguyễn Thị Mai, Đặng Phương Mai, Tạ Thị
Phương, Hoàng Minh Phương và Nguyễn Hiền Từ.
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Giáo trình được hồn thành là kết quả của q trình lao
động nghiêm túc, các tác giả đã cố gắng xây dựng cuốh giáo trình
có nội dung thiết thực, kết cấu hợp lý với nguồn kiến thức đơn
giản nhưng hiện đại phù hợp với qui trình đào tạo các chuyên
ngành ở Học viện Tài chính. Tuy nhiên, do thời gian biên soạn còn
hạn chế và nguồn tài liệu chưa th ật dồi dào nên giáo trình khơng
tránh khỏi cịn nhiều thiếu sót. Tập thể tác giả mong nhận được
nhiều ý kiến chân thành của các thầy cô giáo cùng bạn đọc trong
và ngồi Học viện để giáo trình được hồn thiện hơn ỏ lần tái bản
sau.
Hà nội, tháng 9 năm 2008
B an Q uản lý K hoa học
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Học viện Tài chính cảm ơn các nhà khoa học: GS. TS. Ngô
Thế Chi; ThS. Nguyễn Phương Sửu; ThS. Hoàng Văn Hoạt; TS.
Đỗ Phi Hoài; ThS. Trần Văn Phùng; TS. Lê Văn Liên; TS. Hoàng
Thị Thúy Nguyệt, trong Hội đồng nghiệm thu đã có những ý kiến
đóng £óp giá trị góp phần nâng cao chất lượng của giáo trình này.
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CONTENTS
Foreword
Page
Unit 2
Economic systems
Unit 3
Microeconomics
Unit 4
Macroeconomics
Unit 5
Demand and supply
Unit 6
Setting the price
Unit 7
Pricing strategies
Unit 8
Money and its functions
67
Unit 9
Money and banking
75
Unit 10
Banks and interest rates
84
Unit 11
Banking business
Unit 12
Fiscal policy
100
Unit 13
Finance and corporate finance
109
Unit 14
Funding the business
116
Unit 15
Management of working capital
125
Unit 16
Raising money for investments
135
Unit 17
What is The foreign exchange market?
147
Unit 18
The foreign exchange market
157
Unit 19
Functions of the stock exchange
166
Unit 20
Taxation
175
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Economics
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5
Unit 1
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Lồi nói đầu
5
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Introduction to corporate taxation
185
Unit 22
Customs and excise charges
196
Unit 23
Australian customs service
205
Unit 24
Insurance
215
Unit 25
What is accounting?
Unit 26
Financial statem ents
Unit 27
The balance sheet
Unit 28
The profit and loss account
Unit 29
Auditing
Unit 30
The role of auditors
Unit 31
Distinction between auditing and accounting
Unit 32
Financial analysis
Unit 33
Financial evaluation
Unit 34
Marketing
Unit 35
Marketing planning
314
Unit 36
The promotion mix in the marketing
322
Unit 37
Analysis of market opportunities
332
Unit 38
Ways of entering a foreign market
342
Unit 39
Project planning
351
Unit 40
International business
363
Unit 41
Trade surpluses and deficits
374
Unit 42
What is the balance of payments?
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267
279
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296
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• 383
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Unit 21
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Unit 1
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ECONOMICS
I. Reading
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Most people want more than they can afford to buy. If a
family buys one thing, they may not be able to afford something
they would like. The same is true of nations. Whether a nation is
rich or poor, most of its people want more than they can afford.
They seek better schools, more houses and stronger armed forces.
The field of economics studies the way the thing people need and
want is made and brought to them. It also studies the way people
and nations choose the things they actually buy from among the
many things they want.
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Economists (specialists in economics) define economics as the
study of how goods and services get produced and how they are
distributed. By goods and services, economists mean everything
that can be bought and sold. By produced, they mean the
processing and making of goods and services. By distributed, they
mean the way goods and services are divided among the people.
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In all countries, the resources used to produce goods and
services are scarce. That is, no nation has enough farms, factories,
or workers to produce everything th at everyone would like.
ĐÀ
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Money is also scarce. Few people have enough money to buy
everything they want when they want it. Therefore, people
everywhere most choose the best possible way to use their
resources and money.
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Children may have to choose whether to spend their
allowances on a motion picture or a hamburger. Storekeepers may
have to choose whether to take a summer vacation or to use their
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savings to buy more merchandise. A nation may have to choose
whether to use tax money to build more submarines. In economic
items, the children, the storekeepers, and the nation all must
economize in order to satisfy their most important needs and
wants. This means they must try to use the resources they have to
produce the things they most want.
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Economics is a study of mankind. It tells us how man
subsists, grows and develops in relation to the wealth available on
Earth. Relations made by persons in the society which are in
connection with material circumstances are economic.
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On a microeconomic scale, economics analyses the relations a
person establishes with others while satisfying wants for his
material life.Wants refer to both needs for a self to subsist and
desires for the self to develop.
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Qn a macroeconomic scale, economics analyses the
regulations that govern the ways of establishing relations
between persons so as to assure the well-being of man’s world in
the whole.
HÓ
II. Comprehension / interpretation
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1. Can people in most countries buy all the things they want?
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2. What do nations in the world want to do for their
countries?
3. What does the field of economics study?
4. How do economists define economics?
5. Are the resources in the world used to produce goods and
services abundant?
6. What do people and nations do with their limited
resources and money?
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7. Why it is said that: Economics, is a study of mankind?
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8. Which relations are called economic?
9. What does economics analyze on a microeconomic scale?
III.
Language focus: If clause (Type I)
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10. What does economics analyze on a macroeconomic scale?
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When we talk about future events th at are reasonably likely
and their results, we can use an if-sentence. The lf-clause states
the condition, and the other clause states the result.
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“Unless” means the same as if...not. It always refers to the
conditional part of the sentence and not the result part of the
sentence.
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Example: - If the government raises taxes, consumer
spending will fall.
B
(If- clause can come in the first part of the sentence or the
second)
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- Consumer spending will fall if the government raises taxes.
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- They won’t sign the contract unless we give them an
additional discount.
E x ercise 1: Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
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1. If sales (go)..... well this year, we will increase our
products.
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2. We (sign).... the deal tomorrow unless something goes
wrong.
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3. We will try to reduce our costs if sales (not / go)....... well
this year.
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4. If the goods get damaged in transit, we (make)....... a
claim.
5. We (go)..... to have a bad year unless demand increases
soon.
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Exercise 2: Match the sentences (1-6) with the sentences (a-f)
a. Unless we give her the salary
she wants.
1. She will accept the job
2. She won’t accept the job
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3. Unless sales improve dramatically b. We will not make a loss this year.
c. Tthey will not take legal action.
4. If sales improve dramatically
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5. Unless we pay them immediately d. We will make a loss this year.
e. They will take legal action.
6. If we pay them immediately
Words study
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f. If we give her salary she wants
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E xercise 1: Complete the sentences, using the words in italic.
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Available,
activity,
abundant,
demand,
government, safety, income,revenue,consumers,
was
organized
on
the
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1. Economic.............................
assumption at cheap and........ oil.
producers,
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2. When the price of some commodities increases,..........will
try to use less of it but...... will want to send more of it.
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3. A scarce resource is one for which the........ a zero price
would exceed the.... supply.
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4. National..................... is the money received by the...........
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5. Governments spend part of their..... particular goods and
services such as tanks, schools, and public......
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E xercise 2: Match the words with the definitions below.
a- product
b- economic output
c- inflation
d- economics e- growth
f- gross domestic product (GDP)
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h- goods
1. the study of how money works and is used.
2. is rising prices
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3. the value of goods and services produced in a country or
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g- demand
area
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4. the value of all goods and services produced in a particular
country
5. output in the economy increases
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6. something made to be sold
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7. the materials and components used to make products, or
the products th at are made
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8. the amount of goods and services th at people want in a
particular period
B
V. Vocabulary
HÓ
Can we afford a new car?
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to do something: có đủ khả năng về tiền bạc, thịi gian... để làm
điều gì đó
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- allowance(n): an amount o f money that is given to sb
regularly or for a particular purpose: tiền trợ cấp, tiền cấp phát
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Do you get an allowance for clothing?
- seek(v): to look for sth / sb: tìm kiếm
N
ĐÀ
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- resources(n): a supply or sth that a country, an organization
or a person has and can use, especially to increase their wealth (in
plural): tài nguyên, nguồn lực
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- armed forces: lực lượng quân sự
- scarce(adj): in short supply, khan hiếm, thiếu thốn
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- motion picture(n): phim, điện ảnh
- summer vacation(n): kỳ nghỉ hè
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- storekeeper(n): thủ kho, chủ cửa hàng
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It was wartime and food was scarce.
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- merchandise(n): goods that are bought or sold; goods that
are for sale in a shop / store: hàng hóa
- submarine(n): a ship that can travel under water: tàu ngầm
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- economize(v): to use less money, time, etc, than you
normally use', tiết kiệm
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Our electricity bills are higher than we can afford-we must
start to economize.
12
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Unit 2
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ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
I. Reading
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F re e m a rk e t econom y: An economic system in which the
market - that is the relation between producers and consumers,
buyers and sellers, investors and workers, management and
labour - is supposed to be regulated by the law of supply and
demand. Business firms are supposed to compete freely, and any
attem pt at hindering free competition ("restrictive practices") is
punishable by law.
00
B
TR
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Direct government intervention is theoretically ruled out
although the government will influence the economic situation
through its fiscal and budgetary policies.
TO
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P la n n e d econom y: A system whereby the structure of the
.market is deliberately planned by the state, in which production
and consumption quotas are fixed beforehand, and where there is
no real competition between industrial or commercial
organizations. In the soviet model, for instance, all the means of
production and the channels of distribution are state controlled.
Private ownership does not exist in this field.
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In practice, there is wide gap between the theoretical model
and economic realities: the so - called market economies relv more
and more on Government planning and intervention, whereas in
planned economies, such capitalistic notions as profit tend to be
reintroduced.
M ixed econom y: An economic system in which some goods
and services are produced by the government and some by private
enterprise. It lies between a command economy and a complete
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laissez-faire economy. In practice, most economies are mixed; the
significant feature is whether an economy is moving towards or
away from a more laissez-faire situation.
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II. Comprehension / interpretation
Using the inform ation in the text, answ er the questions
ielow.
ĐẠ
O
1. What is a m arket economy?
2. What is a planned economy?
HƯ
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3. What are differences between a m arket economy and a
lanned economy?
4. What is a mixed economy?
The pa ssive
TR
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III. Language focus
10
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The passive is formed by using the verb be and the past
articiple. For example, the present tense passive is formed with
m / is / are + past participle
HĨ
A
• We often use the passive to focus on something that
appens to someone, when we do not want to focus on the person
ho does the action:
Í-
About 85% o f the world’s rubber is p ro d u ce d in the Far
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ast.
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• The passive is often used to talk about systems and
■ocesses:
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ĐÀ
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On most rubber plantations, the latex is collected from the
bber trees every day. It is m ixed with water and then formic
id is added. This process creates crude rubber, which is then
lied into sheets.
a The passive infinitive is be + p a s t p a rtic ip le. We can use
e passive with a modal verb (or an expression like have to).
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Stamps can be bought at any office.
Meals have to be p re p a re d every day.
ĐẠ
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Changes to the taxation system are expected to be
proposed.
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•
Notice th a t in some contexts it is possible to make both
verbs passive.
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E xercise 1: P u t the follow ing into the p a ssive voice.
NG
P u t the follow in g into the p a ssiv e voice.
HƯ
1. We can solve this problem.
2. People should send their complaints to the head office.
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Ầ
N
3. They have changed the date of the meeting.
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4. The government will influence the economic situation
through its fiscal and budgetary policies.
*
5. In planned economies governments fix production and
consumption quotas beforehand.
HÓ
A
6. Our supplier is shipping the goods next week.
7. The government raised interest rates by 1%.
-L
Í-
8. He was asking me some difficult questions.
TO
ÁN
9. ABB gave a large order to us last year.
10. David Gill from Marketing lent me this book.
N
ĐÀ
N
E xercise 2: Complete the sentences using a p a ir of
verbs. Use the p a s t sim ple for the fir st verb a n d a p a ssive
form w ith being + past participle or to be + past participle
for the second.
DI
Ễ
deny / pay
appear / crack
resent / ask
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tend / forget
avoid / run down
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NH
ƠN
1. He ............................. any money for giving his advice to
the company.
TP
.Q
UY
2. She ................................ to make tea for everyone at the
meeting.
3. Many reliable methods of
.............................when computers arrived.
storing
information
ĐẠ
O
4. I narrow ly..........................by the bus as it came round the
corner.
Word study
HƯ
IV.
NG
5. The window............................... in a number of places.
TR
Ầ
N
Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage.
Use only one word from the box in each space.
10
00
B
principles the at anything what for issues both training
how
DI
Ễ
N
ĐÀ
N
TO
ÁN
-L
Í-
HĨ
A
Economics is ................. (1) study of how individuals and
nations make choices about how to use scarce resources to fill
their needs and wants.A resource i s ................. (2) th at people can
use to make or o b tain ....................(3) they need or want. You may
be asking yourself................... (4) this point how economics will
help you, a student. Also, you may be wondering how scarce
resources is a problem ................ (5) a nation like the United
States that has such abundant resources.
It may surprise you to know that many of the decisions you
will face as a citizen deal with ............... (6) the United States
should use its resources. Learning economic...............(7) can help
you make decisions about candidates for political office, political
and social................ (8), and the goals the United States should
set for itself, such as how to spend government revenues. Many
people are familiar with the benefits of government programs
16
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TP
.Q
UY
NH
ƠN
such as job............... (9) and Medicare, but how many people are
aware of the costs of these programs? Economics can help you to
un derstand..................(10) costs and benefits and, therefore, help
you to make better decisions.
V.
Read the following passage and translate into
Vietnamese
ĐẠ
O
WHAT IS ECONOMICS ABOUT?
Í-
HĨ
A
10
00
B
TR
Ầ
N
HƯ
NG
Economics is about the everyday things of life, how we get
our living and why sometimes we get more and sometimes less.
Nowadays, everybody realizes the important part played in their
lives by economic factors, because nothing seems to stay put for
more than a few weeks on end. Prices are continually changing,
generally upwards, and no sooner do we congratulate ourselves on
being a bit better off than we seem to lose all we have gained
because of having to pay more for everything we want. Industries,
such as coal mines and railways, which we have taken for granted
as natural part of the scene, decline in size, and other quite new
ones, electronics and plastics and so on, take their place as big
fields of employment; and these changes in size directly affect the
lives of hundreds of thousands of families.
ĐÀ
N
TO
ÁN
-L
Those of us who are now middle-aged can recall the shock we
had during the war when the scarcity of so many of the goods we
needed for our day-to-day living brought vividly home to us how
much we depend on the four corners of the world for all the things
we normally use without generally giving a moment's thought to
their origin.
DI
Ễ
N
There was a time when each family actually produced for
itself most of the things it needed for its everyday life. In the
modern world the relationship between work and wants is much
less direct than it used to be, for most of us spend our time
making things for sale and not for our own use. This
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TP
.Q
UY
NH
ƠN
specialization, which is the characteristic of the modern economy,
enables us to enjoy things of which our grandfathers never
dreamed, motor-cars bicycles and planes, vacuum cleaners and
refrigerators, rayon and plastic clothing, more varied foods, and
all sorts of other goods, but it also makes the world very much
more complex.
VI. Vocabulary
ĐẠ
O
- attem pt (n) a thing produced by sb trying to do or make sth
cố gắng
NG
- be supposed to do sth to be allowed to do sth cần phải được ...
HƯ
- hinder (v) to prevent or delay the progress of sb / sth càn trở,
ngăn cản
TR
Ầ
N
- punishable (adj) ... that can be punished, esp. by law có thể
bị trừng phạt
00
B
- intervention (n) becoming involved in a situation, esp. so as
preventing sth happening or trying to help sb can thiệp vào
10
- rule out exclude sth / sb loại trừ, khơng chấp nhận
Í-
HĨ
A
- fiscal policy the policy of a government in relation to
taxation and government expenditure as a means of affecting
aggregate economic activity chính sách tài khoá
TO
ÁN
-L
- budgetary (adj) connected with the way money is spent in a
budget (thuộc về) ngân sách
- deliberately (adv) not freely có chủ ý sẵn
ĐÀ
N
- quotas (n) a fixed amount of sth that must be done, given or
received chỉ tiêu
DI
Ễ
N
- exist (v) to happen or be present in a particular situation or I
place tổn tại
- laissez-faire (n) policy of nori-interference chính sách khơng I
can thiệp / hồn tồn tự do
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ƠN
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U n it 3
TP
.Q
UY
MICROECONOMICS
I. Reading
HÓ
A
10
00
B
TR
Ầ
N
HƯ
NG
ĐẠ
O
1.
Many economists specialize in a particular branch of the
subject. For example, there are labour economists, energy
economists, monetary economists, and international economists.
What - distinguishes these economists is the segment of economic
life in which they are interested. Labour economics deals with
problems of the labour market as viewed by firms, workers, and
society as a whole. Urban economics deals with city problems:
land use, transport, congestion, and housing. However, we need
not to classify branches of economics according to the area of
economic life in which we ask the standard questions what, how,
and for whom. We can also classify branches of economics
according to the approach or methodology th at is used. Thè very
broad division of approaches into microeconomic and
macroeconomic cuts across the large number of subject groupings
cited above.
-L
Í-
Microeconomic analysis offers a detailed treatm ent of
individual decisions about particular commodities.
DI
Ễ
N
ĐÀ
N
TO
ÁN
For example, we might study why individual households
prefer cars to bicycles and how producers decide whether to
produce cars or bicycles. We can then aggregate the behaviout of
all households and all firms to discuss total car purchases and
total car production. Within a market economy we can discuss the
market for cars. Comparing this with the market for bicycles, we
may be able to explain the relative price of cars and bicycles and
the relative output of these two goods. The sophisticated branch of
microeconomics known as general equilibrium theory extends this
1o
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TP
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NH
ƠN
approach to its logical conclusion. It sudy simultaneously every
market for every commodity. From this it is hoped th at we can
understand the complete pattern of consumption, production, and
exchange in the whole economy at a point in time.
DI
Ễ
N
ĐÀ
N
TO
ÁN
-L
Í-
HĨ
A
10
00
B
TR
Ầ
N
HƯ
NG
ĐẠ
O
2.
If you think this sounds very complicated you are corr
It is for many purposes, the analysis becomes so complicated that
we tend to lose track of the phenomena in which we were
interested. The interesting task for economics, a task th at retains
an element of art in economic sienee, is to devise judicious
simplifications which keep the analysis manageable without
distorting reality too much. It is here that microeconomists and
macroeconomists
proceed
down
different
avenues.
Microeconomists tend to offer a detailed treatm ent of one aspect
of economic behaviour but ignore interactions with the rest of the
economy in order to preserve the simplicity of the analysis. A
microeconomic analysis of miners’ wages would emphasize the
charateristics of miners and the ability of mine owners to pay. It
wouild largely neglect the chain of indirect effects to which a rise
in miners’ wages might give rise. For example, car workers might
use the precedent of the miners pay increase to secure higher
wages in the car industry, thus being able to afford large houses
which burned more coal in heating systems. When microeconomic
analysis ignores such indirectly induced effects it is said to be
partial analysis.
II. Comprehension questions
Read the text carefully and then answer the following
questions:
1. What distinguishes an energy economist from an urban
economist?
2. Are the same questions asked in each area of economic
life?
20
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5. What can be understood from such a study?
TP
.Q
UY
4. What does the general equilibrium theory examine?
NH
ƠN
3. What is needed before total car purchases and productioi
can be discussed?
6. What happens when an analysis becomes too complicated'
ĐẠ
O
7. What can keep an analysis manageable?
8. What do most microeconomists leave out of their analysis:
NG
9. What does partial analysis ignore?
N
Language focus
TR
Ầ
III.
HƯ
10. Why would most not make a breakdown of connsume
goods?
Study the following sentence from the text:
00
B
the analysis becomes so complicated that we tend to ỈOSÍ
track of the phenomena in which we were interested”.
10
G ram m ar issues: result clauses with so... th a t and such...
HĨ
A
that
-L
Í-
So and such with that express result. So is used with adjectives
and adverbs:
TO
ÁN
The manual was so com plicated th a t I couldn't understand it.
The manual was written so badly th a t I couldn’t understand it.
ĐÀ
N
Such (a) is used with an adjective + noun:
They were such noisy machines that we couldn’t hear her voice.
DI
Ễ
N
It was such a bad manual that I couldn't understand it.
Exercise for practice:
Match the sentences in column A with the results in column
B. Then rewrite them as one senetence, using so and such.
21
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NH
ƠN
The meeting went on for such a Ions time that I missed the
train home.
B
A
TP
.Q
UY
1. The meeting went on for a A. The factory couldn’t meet the
demand for it.
long time.
TR
Ầ
N
HƯ
NG
ĐẠ
O
2. The company was in a very B. Nobody ever wants to leave,
bad financial state.
c. We decided to interview him.
3. Frankfurt was very busy D. They called in the receivers.
during the book fair.
E. I missed the train home.
4. They treat their employees
F. We couldn’t get a hotel room.
very well.
5. My portable computer is very G. I don’t like to use it.
unreliable.
10
00
B
6. The new drug was very
successful.
Word study
Í-
IV.
HĨ
A
7. He had a very good cv.
TO
ÁN
-L
In this section you should use a dictionary to help you
answer the questions about the text.
ĐÀ
N
1.
Look at the first paragraph again. W hat words correspond
to these definitions?
* way of studying a subject
DI
Ễ
N
* give particular attention to
* way of looking at a subject v
* quoted
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2. Look at the first paragraph again and say what words
have the opposite meaning to:
* beginning
TP
.Q
UY
* at different times
NH
ƠN
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* simple and uncomplicated
ĐẠ
O
3. Look at the first paragraph again. Can you explain the
words:
* consumption
NG
* exchange
N
HƯ
4. Look at paragraph 2 and say which words have the same
meaning as:
TR
Ầ
* pulling out of shape
B
* pay not enough attention to
00
* pay no attention to
10
* think out
HĨ
A
* keep safe
Vocabulary
Í-
V.
’
TO
ÁN
-L
- Economist (n): a person who studies or writes about
economics', nhà kinh, tế học
- Energy (n): a source of power: năng lượng
ĐÀ
N
Solar energy, nuclear energy.
- Monetary (adj): connected with money.
N
- Urban (n): connected with a town or a city, thuộc về đô thị
DI
Ễ
- Segment (n): a part of sth that is separate from the other
parts.
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NH
ƠN
- Classify (v): to arrange sth in groups according to features
that they have in common: phân loại
The books in the library are classified according to subject.
TP
.Q
UY
- Approach (n): a way of doing or thinking about sth, such as
a problem or a task: cách tiếp cận, phương pháp.
- Approach (v): to start dealing with sth / sb: tiếp cận.
ĐẠ
O
- Methodology (n): a set of methods or principles used to
perform a particular activity: phương pháp
HƯ
NG
- Commodity (n): a product or a raw material that can be
bought and sold:
N
- Behaviour (n): the way that sb behaves: hành vi
TR
Ầ
- Aggregate (vj: ~ (sth) (with sth): to combine different items,
amounts, etc.
00
B
into a single group or total: tổng hợp, tính gộp.
10
The television audience aggregated 30 millions.
HĨ
A
- Aggregate (n + adj): tổng số, sơ' lượng tính gộp; tồn bộ
Aggregate demand / supply: tổng cầu Ị cung
-L
Í-
- Relative price (n): giá tương đối
TO
ÁN
- Equilibrium (n): a State o f balance: sự cân bằng
- General equilibrium theory (n): thuyết cân bằng tổng thể
- Devise (v): to invent sth new or a new way o f doing sth: phát
minh, tạo ra
DI
Ễ
N
ĐÀ
N
Equilibrium for a particular goods means that the demand
of that goods equals the supply.
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A new system has been devised to control trafic in the city.
- Interaction (n): tác động qua lại,, ảnh hưởng lẫn nhau.
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NH
ƠN
- Simple (adj): đơn giản
- Simplify (v): to make sth easier to do or understand,', làm đơn
giản hóa
TP
.Q
UY
- Simplification (n): the process of making sth easier to do or
understand: sự làm đơn giản hóa
DI
Ễ
N
ĐÀ
N
TO
ÁN
-L
Í-
HĨ
A
10
00
B
TR
Ầ
N
HƯ
NG
ĐẠ
O
- Simplicity (n): the quality o f being easy to understand or
use: sự đơn giản.
25
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