Báo cáo hóa học: " Genetic variation and recombination of RdRp and HSP 70h genes of Citrus tristeza virus isolates from orange trees showing symptoms of citrus sudden death disease" potx

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Virology Journal
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Research
Genetic variation and recombination of RdRp and HSP 70h genes of
Citrus tristeza virus isolates from orange trees showing symptoms of
citrus sudden death disease
Clarissa PC Gomes
1
, Tatsuya Nagata*
1
, Waldir C de Jesus Jr
2,5
, Carlos R
Borges Neto
3
, Georgios J Pappas Jr
1
and Darren P Martin
4
Address:
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília. SGAN, Quadra 916, Módulo B,
Av. W5 Norte, 70.790-160, Brasília-DF, Brazil,
2
Fundecitrus, Av. Adhemar Pereira de Barros, 201, 14807-040, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,
3
CENARGEN,
Parque Estação Biológica, Av. W5 Norte, 70770-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil,

4
Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of
Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7000, South Africa and
5
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Alto
Universitário, S/N, 29500-000, ES, Brazil
Email: Clarissa PC Gomes - ; Tatsuya Nagata* - ; Waldir C de Jesus - ;
Carlos R Borges Neto - ; Georgios J Pappas - ; Darren P Martin -
* Corresponding author
Abstract
Background: Citrus sudden death (CSD), a disease that rapidly kills orange trees, is an emerging
threat to the Brazilian citrus industry. Although the causal agent of CSD has not been definitively
determined, based on the disease's distribution and symptomatology it is suspected that the agent
may be a new strain of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). CTV genetic variation was therefore assessed in
two Brazilian orange trees displaying CSD symptoms and a third with more conventional CTV
symptoms.
Results: A total of 286 RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp) and 284 heat shock protein 70
homolog (HSP70h) gene fragments were determined for CTV variants infecting the three trees. It
was discovered that, despite differences in symptomatology, the trees were all apparently
coinfected with similar populations of divergent CTV variants. While mixed CTV infections are
common, the genetic distance between the most divergent population members observed (24.1%
for RdRp and 11.0% for HSP70h) was far greater than that in previously described mixed infections.
Recombinants of five distinct RdRp lineages and three distinct HSP70h lineages were easily
detectable but respectively accounted for only 5.9 and 11.9% of the RdRp and HSP70h gene
fragments analysed and there was no evidence of an association between particular recombinant
mosaics and CSD. Also, comparisons of CTV population structures indicated that the two most
similar CTV populations were those of one of the trees with CSD and the tree without CSD.
Conclusion: We suggest that if CTV is the causal agent of CSD, it is most likely a subtle feature
of population structures within mixed infections and not merely the presence (or absence) of a
single CTV variant within these populations that triggers the disease.

Published: 16 January 2008
Virology Journal 2008, 5:9 doi:10.1186/1743-422X-5-9
Received: 17 December 2007
Accepted: 16 January 2008
This article is available from: />© 2008 Gomes et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( />),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Virology Journal 2008, 5:9 />Page 2 of 7
(page number not for citation purposes)
Background
Diseases caused by the aphid-borne Closterovirus, Citrus
tristeza virus (CTV), are among the greatest threats to citrus
production worldwide. CTV has a c.a. 19.3 Kb single
stranded positive sense RNA genome encoding 19 pro-
teins expressed from 12 open reading frames (ORFs) that
is the largest amongst the known closteroviruses [1]. A
large amount of phenotypic diversity has been detected
amongst CTV isolates characterized from around the
world, with the identified strains differing from one
another in the symptoms they induce in different citrus
genotypes or their aphid transmissibility [2-9].
Since 2001, an emergent disease, called citrus sudden
death (CSD), has caused the death or eradication of four
million orange trees throughout the Brazilian states of
Minas Gerais and São Paulo [10]. The disease is continu-
ing to spread and epidemiological studies indicate that
the casual agent is possibly distributed by an air-borne
vector [11]. One curiosity of the disease is that it has
almost exclusively been reported in trees comprising a
sweet orange graft onto a Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia

Osb.) rootstock. Neither Rangpur lime nor sweet orange
appear sensitive to the disease in isolation and diseased
trees can sometimes be salvaged by removing the sweet
orange graft.
There is some circumstantial evidence implicating CTV as
a casual agent of CSD: (1) Trees presenting with CSD
symptoms are invariably infected with CTV (Fundecitrus,
personal communication); (2) CSD and CTV have similar
epidemiological properties [11] and (3) CTV induces
symptoms that present and develop in a similar manner
to those occurring in trees with CSD [12]. It remains to be
confirmed, however, whether CSD is caused by some
novel CTV variant, another citrus-infecting virus (for
example a marafivirus) [13] or some synergistic interac-
tion between CTV and one or more other infectious
agents. Due to its unknown etiology, no serological or
molecular tools are available for diagnosing CSD and cur-
rently the only reasonably reliable indicator of the disease
is yellowing of the phloem vessel system in the tissues of
rootstocks.
In an attempt to identify genetic features of CTV that may
be associated with CSD, two loci within the RNA-depend-
ent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the HSP70 homologue
(HSP70h) genes were extensively sampled from CTV pop-
ulations infecting three trees – two with CSD and one
without the disease. While significant differences in the
population structures of the viruses in the three trees were
observed, it was not possible to definitively associate any
of these with CSD. While our results demonstrate extraor-
dinary Brazilian CTV genetic diversity and intraspecific

recombination within individual plants they also indicate
that it is unlikely to simply be the occurrence of a single
CTV genetic variant within these mixed CTV infections
that causes the disease.
Results and Discussion
Within tree CTV populations are unexpectedly diverse
Preliminary analyses of the pairwise genetic distances
between the 286 RdRp and 284 HSP70h sequences from
the three trees indicated that all were infected with a
diverse range of CTV genotypes. Previous analyses of CTV
mixed infections have revealed within host CTV popula-
tion structures that are expected for RNA virus quasispe-
cies: One or two predominant genotypes (>30% of the
population) and a number of closely related variants of
these [2,6,9]. The CTV populations in the three Brazilian
trees analyzed here are extraordinarily diverse by compar-
ison with these previously described populations. For
example, the most diverse population of CTV sequences
in an individual tree described by Sentandreu et al. [9] was
for isolate T385 at the p20 locus. Out of 30 sequences
sampled from T385, ten unique haplotypes were identi-
fied. The total number of haplotypes identified amongst
451 p20 and 274 p18 sequences sampled from six trees
(originating in Spain and Japan) were 35 and 23 respec-
tively. By contrast sequence analysis of the 286 RdRp and
284 HSP70h gene fragments sampled from amongst the
three Brazilian orange trees here revealed a total of 76
RdRp and 153 HSP70h haplotypes.
The minimum pairwise sequence identities observed in
individual Brazilian trees were 75.9% for two RdRp

sequences from tree C3 and 89.0% for two HSP70h
sequences from tree C5. In all the trees we observed that
RdRp diversity was greater than that of HSP70h. Although
the HSP70h gene, which has an important function in vir-
ion assembly [14,15], is characteristically more conserved
than the RdRp gene, we have paradoxically sampled
approximately twice as many HSP70h haplotypes.
Potential associations between specific CTV variants CSD
We therefore used a mixture of recombination and phylo-
genetic analyses to characterize the complex populations
of CTV RdRp and HSP70h sequences found in the three
trees. Since recombination has been previously reported
in CTV [2,16] and is a process that violates the assump-
tions of conventional phylogenetic reconstruction meth-
ods (such as neighbor joining, and maximum likelihood)
[17], we sought to remove all obviously recombinant
sequences from our dataset prior to phylogenetic analysis.
We used a battery of recombination analysis methods
implemented in RDP3 to identify and remove 17 RdRp
and 32 HSP70h sequences that were obviously recom-
binant.
Virology Journal 2008, 5:9 />Page 3 of 7
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Maximum likelihood trees constructed using the remain-
ing 269 RdRp and 252 HSP70h sequences (Figures 1A and
2A) indicated that, with a few exceptions, the sequences
obtained from all three orange trees respectively fell into
four and three distinct (>75% bootstrap support) RdRp
and HSP70h lineages. The lineages were arbitrarily named
R1 through R4 for the RdRp sequences and H1 through

H3 for the HSP70h sequences. The R1 lineage was further
divided into R1a and R1b groups on the basis of there
being >50% boostrap support for a small but distinct R1b
lineage. Whereas the R1b, R4 and H2 lineages contained
only sequences sampled from trees C3 and C6, the R2 lin-
eage contained only sequences sampled from trees C5 and
C6. There was no lineage containing only sequences sam-
pled from the trees with CSD (C3 and C5).
We examined the inferred mosaic structures of the recom-
binant sequences identified previously and determined
that most were clearly recombinants between the major
lineages (Figs 1B and 2B). While we cannot rule out the
possibility that some of these recombinants might be RT-
PCR artifacts, the occurrence of nearly identical recom-
Phylogenetic and recombination analysis of 286 RdRp gene fragments sampled from three Brazilian orange treesFigure 1
Phylogenetic and recombination analysis of 286 RdRp gene fragments sampled from three Brazilian orange
trees. (A) Largely recombination free maximum likelihood phylogeny of 269 RdRp gene fragment sequences. Sequences sam-
pled from trees C3, C5 (both with CSD) and C6 (without CSD) are represented by blue, green and red dots respectively. Mul-
tiple dots on particular branches represent identical sequences. Whereas branches with more than 75% bootstrap support are
labeled with filled black diamonds, those with between 50 and 74% support are labeled with unfilled black diamonds. Sequence
lineages R1a, R1b, R2, R3 and R4 are indicated. (B) The mosaic structures of obviously recombinant sequences excluded from
the phylogenetic analysis. The mosaics are colour coded according to the main sequence lineages from which they have proba-
bly been derived. Grey areas represent sequence tracts that were not clearly derived from one of the five identified sequence
lineages in A. Coloured dots beside the schematic representations of the recombinant sequences represent the numbers and
origins of recombinant sequences sharing similar mosaics. (C) The relative population representation of different major RdRp
lineages identified in A.
5
90
5
C5

31
15
26
8
20
C6
Japan (AB046398)
Spain (DQ151548)
Israel (AY206452)
US (AF001623)
Spain (Y18420)
US (AF260651)
US (U16304)
US (NC 001661)
Egypt (AY340974)
Mexico (DQ272579)
Spain (AY170468)
0.05
C3
C5
C6
R1a
RM1
RM2
RM3
RM4
RM5
RM6
RM7
AB

R1b
R2
R3
R4
C
C3
44
1
29
26
0
20
40
60
80
100
% of population
Virology Journal 2008, 5:9 />Page 4 of 7
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Phylogenetic and recombination analysis of 284 HSP70h gene fragments sampled from three Brazilian orange treesFigure 2
Phylogenetic and recombination analysis of 284 HSP70h gene fragments sampled from three Brazilian orange
trees. (A) Largely recombination free maximum likelihood phylogeny of 252 HSP70h gene fragment sequences. Sequences
sampled from trees C3, C5 and C6 are represented by blue, green and red dots respectively. Multiple dots on particular
branches represent identical sequences. Whereas branches with more than 75% bootstrap support are labeled with filled black
diamonds, those with between 50 and 74% support are labeled with unfilled black diamonds. Sequence lineages H1, H2, and H3
are indicated. (B) The mosaic structures of obviously recombinant sequences excluded from the phylogenetic analysis. The
mosaics are colour coded according to the main sequence lineages from which they have probably been derived. Coloured
dots beside the schematic representations of the recombinant sequences represent the numbers and origins of recombinant
sequences sharing similar mosaics. (C) The relative population representation of different major HSP70h lineages identified in
A.

Japan (AB046398)
Spain (DQ151548)
US (AF260651)
US (AF001623)
Japan (Y18420)
US (NC 001661)
Spain (AY170468)
Mexico (DQ272579)
US (U16304)
Egypt (AY340974)
100
0.05
C3
C5
C6
HM1
HM2
HM3
HM4
HM5
HM6
HM7
HM8
HM9
HM10
HM11
HM12
HM13
AB
H1

H2
H3
C
C5
94
6
74
11
15
C6
16
16
68
C3
0
20
40
60
80
100
% of population
Virology Journal 2008, 5:9 />Page 5 of 7
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binant mosaics in different trees strongly suggests that at
least three of the RdRp recombinants (RM1, RM3, and
RM5) and four of the HSP70h recombinants (HM1, HM2,
HM4, and HM7) are genuine. As none of these recom-
binants were found in both of the trees with CSD, they can
also be excluded as causal agents of the disease.
Interestingly, all seven of these "shared" recombinants

were detected in the tree without CSD, C6, and one of the
trees with CSD (C3). Also, no HSP70h recombinants and
only one class of RdRp recombinant (RM2) was found in
C5, the other tree with CSD. One obvious reason for the
lack of recombinants in tree C5 is that it was a much
younger tree than the other two at the time of sampling.
Analysis of the relative population representations of the
two CTV gene lineages in the different trees (Figs 1C and
2C) also indicated that the CTV populations in the two
older trees, C6 and C3 were substantially more similar to
one another than either was to the CTV population in C5.
There is no obvious association between CSD and CTV
population structure
Genetic differences between CTV population structures in
the three trees were quantified using Hudson, Boos and
Kaplan's Kst* statistic [18]. Although CTV population
structures were found to be significantly different between
all trees (permutation test p-value < 0.001 for all tree and
loci comparisons), the populations of both the RdRp and
HSP70h sequences in trees C3 (with CSD) and C6 (with-
out CSD) were substantially more similar to one another
(Kst* = 0.037 for RdRp and 0.015 for HSP70h) than the
populations in either tree were to populations sampled
from tree C5 (for RdRp Kst* = 0.15 and 0.16 for compar-
isons of C5 with C3 and C6 respectively; for HSP70h Kst*
= 0.042 and 0.051 for comparisons of C5 with C3 and C6
respectively). Unlike the association between CTV viru-
lence and population structures observed by Sentandreu
et al. [9], there therefore appears to be no simple associa-
tion between population structures and CSD in these

three Brazilian CTV trees.
Conclusion
We have determined that the two sampled trees with CSD
(C3 and C5) have more divergent population structures
than one of these trees (C3) has compared to a tree with-
out the disease (C6). Our analysis therefore suggests that,
rather than a recombinant CTV variant or obvious differ-
ences between the population structures of mixed CTV
infections, the most likely hypothesis relating CTV infec-
tions and CSD is that it may be caused by the occurrence
and interaction of two or more specific CTV sequence var-
iants within these mixed infections. If nothing else this
study indicates that it may be extremely difficult to fulfill
Koch's postulates for potential causes of CSD. Properly
demonstrating that the existence of specific sequence var-
iants within a mixed CTV infection are key to the develop-
ment of CSD will require the construction of numerous
infectious CTV full genome clones and a mechanism for
artificially recreating complex mixed infections such as
we've described here.
Methods
Virus sample collection
Three natural Brazilian CTV populations were surveyed.
These were obtained from: A tree without CSD symptoms,
C6 (12 years old), collected at Araraquara in São Paulo
(SP) state and two trees with CSD symptoms, C3 (6 years
old) and C5 (2 years old), collected at Colômbia, in SP
state and at Comendador Gomes in Minas Gerais (MG)
state, respectively. The three sampling locations were on
an approximately 300 Km long straight line with C3 in the

middle, approximately 200 Km from C6 and 100 Km
from C5. Rootstock (Rangpur lime) phloem, specifically
that showing yellowing symptom characteristic of CSD,
was collected, initially stored on dry ice, and then frozen
at -80°C until further processing.
RNA extraction and reverse transcription-polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR)
CTV genomic RNA was extracted using the RNeasy Plant
Mini Kit (QUIAGEN, Valencia, CA) from triturated
phloem parts with liquid nitrogen in a coffee grinder. Two
pairs of specific RT-PCR primers were designed for ampli-
fication of a 542 bp RdRp fragment and a 564 bp HSP70h
fragment using six complete CTV genome sequences
[GenBank:U16304
, GenBank:AF260651, Gen-
Bank:AB046398
, GenBank:NC_001661, Gen-
Bank:AF001623
, GenBank:Y18420]; RdRp-forward =
GAA CCG GCT CGY GTT CGG CGT; RdRp-reverse = TTC
CGC YAA CCC AGC GTT CGT CAT; HSP70h-forward =
CTG GAG TTA TAT GTT CGG TAC C; HSP70h-reverse =
ACG AGC TTC CAC CGA CTA CCA CTA. Total extracted
RNA was denatured at 90°C for five minutes and reverse
transcribed by incubation at 42°C for one hour in a reac-
tion mixture with a total volume of 20 µl containing first
strand buffer, 0.5 mM of the four deoxynucleoside tri-
phosphates (dNTPs), 2.5 µM of reverse primer, 40 U of
RNaseOUT (Invitrogen) and 200 U of reverse tran-
scriptase SuperScript II (Invitrogen). An aliquot of 3 µl of

this product was amplified in a 50 µl reaction mixture
containing 1× buffer, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 2 mM MgCl
2
, 200
pM primers, and 1 U Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase High
Fidelity (Invitrogen). The PCR conditions were: 94°C for
2 minutes, 35 cycles of each 94°C (1 minute), 55°C (1
minute), and 68°C (1 minute), and last extension of
72°C for 7 minutes.
Cloning and sequencing of amplified fragments
RT-PCR amplified DNA fragments were separated by aga-
rose gel, and DNA fraction was cut and purified using Per-
Virology Journal 2008, 5:9 />Page 6 of 7
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fectprep gel clearnup kit (Eppendorf). Adenosine residues
were added to the 3' ends of purified DNA fragments
using Taq Polymerase (Invitrogen) with dATP for 30 min
at 70°C. Then, the DNA was cloned into pGEM-T
(Promega) and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α by
electroporation [19]. For each of the two amplified gene
regions plasmid DNA was purified from 300 transformed
colonies using the Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purifi-
cation System kit (Promega). Nucleotide sequences of
these clones were determined in both directions using SP6
and T7 primers and an ABI Prism DNA sequencer 377
(Perkin-Elmer). Sequence quality control and individual
sequence assemblies using reads from both strands were
performed using the Staden package [20].
Sequence analyses
RdRp and HSP70h fragments were aligned along with cor-

responding sequences from ten full length CTV genomes
sampled from around the world ([GenBank:AF260651
,
GenBank:U16304
, GenBank:NC_001661, Gen-
Bank:AF001623
] from the United States, [Gen-
Bank:AY206452
] from Israel, [GenBank:AB046398] from
Japan, [GenBank:Y18420
, GenBank:AY170468, Gen-
Bank:DQ151548
] from Spain, [GenBank:DQ272579]
from Mexico and [GenBank:AY340974
] from Egypt)
using the ClustalW method (with default settings) [21]
implemented in Mega (version 3.1) [22]. Columns of the
alignment containing indels or missing data for any of the
sequences were excluded from analyses leaving indel-free
alignments containing 499 and 411 columns of HSP70h
and RdRp sequence respectively. Pair-wise Hamming dis-
tances between the sequences in each alignment were cal-
culated using DNAMAN (Lynnon Corporation, Canada).
Recombination amongst the sequences in the two align-
ments was analyzed using the RDP [23], GENECONV
[24], BOOTSCAN [25], MAXCHI [26], CHIMAERA [27],
SISCAN [28] and 3SEQ [29] methods implemented in
RDP3 [30]. Default settings were used throughout and
only potential recombination events detected by two or
more of the above methods coupled with phylogenetic

evidence of recombination were considered significant.
Also, the severity of Bonferroni correction during detec-
tion was minimized by only searching for recombinant
signals in a single sequence within groups of sequences
sharing >99.7% sequence identity.
Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor
joining (JC distances, 1000 bootstrap replicates) and max-
imum likelihood methods (HKY model + Gamma with
four substitution rates, transition/transversion ratios
inferred from the data and 100 bootstrap replicates)
implemented in MEGA and PHYML [31], respectively.
Genetic distances between populations sampled from dif-
ferent trees were estimated with DnaSP [32] using Hud-
son, Boos and Kaplan's Kst* statistic [18]. Significant
differences between estimated Kst* values were deter-
mined with a permutation test (1000 replicates) also
implemented in DnaSP.
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing inter-
ests.
Authors' contributions
TN is the corresponding author and coordinated this
project. DM contributed and TN, were involved in the sta-
tistical and recombination analysis of the data. Sample
collection, gene cloning and sequence alignments were
carried out by CG, WJ, CBN and GP. All authors have read
and approved this manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Fundo da Defesa de Citricultura (Fundecitrus).
The first author was supported by a grant of Universidade Católica de

Brasília. The last author is supported by the Wellcome Trust. We appreci-
ate the excellent technical support and discussion for Dr. Alice K. Inoue-
Nagata. We also thank Dr. Antonio Juliano Ayres and Dr. Renato B. Bas-
sanezi of Fundeciturs for the management of the project.
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