An analysis of political culture of united states through its national anthem

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF LAW

GRADUATION THESIS
B.A. DEGREE IN ENGLISH
Major: Legal English
An Analysis of Political Culture of United States Through Its
National Anthem

Supervisor: Phạm Thị Thùy Dung
Student:

Nguyễn Yến Nhi

Student ID: 1952202010042
Class:

LE44B

Ho Chi Minh city, 2023


MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF LAW

GRADUATION THESIS
B.A. DEGREE IN ENGLISH
Major: Legal English
An Analysis of Political Culture of United States Through Its
National Anthem

Supervisor: Phạm Thị Thùy Dung
Student:

Nguyễn Yến Nhi

Student ID: 1952202010042
Class:

LE44B

Ho Chi Minh city, 2023


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To complete this thesis I would also like to extend my deepest gratitude to the
teachers of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Legal Studies at Ho Chi Minh City
University of Law for providing me with valuable opportunities to learn, practice, and
expand my knowledge and skills.
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Pham Thi Thuy
Dung, for her guidance, supervision, and valuable advice throughout the research
process. Her support has been instrumental in overcoming challenges and ensuring the
successful completion of the thesis.
Due to my limited knowledge and lack of practical experience, the thesis content
is difficult to avoid shortcomings. I look forward to receiving more advice and
instruction from you.
Finally, I would like to wish you all the best of health and success in your work.
Best regards.


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

S.No
1

ABBREVIATIONS
CDA

EXPANSION
Critical Discourse Analysis


TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACTS ..................................................................................................................1
I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................3
1.1 Background to the study ....................................................................................3
1.2. Aim of the study ...............................................................................................4
1.3. Research questions ...........................................................................................4
1.4. Significance of the study ..................................................................................5
1.5. Scope of the study ............................................................................................6
1.6. Outline of the thesis ..........................................................................................7
II. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................8
2.1. Political culture .................................................................................................8
2.1.1. Definition ...................................................................................................8
2.1.2. Related literature .......................................................................................8
2.2. National identity ...............................................................................................9
2.2.1. Definition ...................................................................................................9
2.2.2. Related literature .....................................................................................10
In summary ........................................................................................................ 11
2.3. Political discourse ...........................................................................................14
2.3.1. Definition .................................................................................................14
2.3.2. Related literature .....................................................................................15

III. METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................................15
3.1. Research questions .........................................................................................15
3.1.1. In what ways does the US national anthem reflect and shape American
political culture? ................................................................................................16
3.1.2. How does the national anthem promote cross-cultural communication
and understanding, particularly among language learners? ..............................16
3.2. Design and context of the Study .....................................................................17
3.2.1. Qualitative research design......................................................................17
3.2.2. Contextual significance ...........................................................................17
3.3. Research instruments ......................................................................................18
3.3.1. Primary sources .......................................................................................18
3.3.2. Secondary sources ...................................................................................18
3.3.3. Relevant literature ...................................................................................19


3.3.4. Theoretical basis ......................................................................................20
3.4. Analytical framework .....................................................................................20
3.4.1. Semiotic Theory ......................................................................................21
3.4.2. Critical Discourse Analysis .....................................................................21
3.4.3 Analysis procedure ...................................................................................22
3.4.3.1 Semiotic Analysis ..............................................................................22
3.4.3.2 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ...................................................23
IV. FINDINGS ...........................................................................................................24
4.1. Analysis of data ..............................................................................................24
4.2. Findings and discussion ..................................................................................25
4.2.1. Findings and results .................................................................................25
4.2.1.1. In what ways does the US national anthem reflect and shape
American political culture? ...........................................................................25
4.2.1.2. How does the national anthem promote cross-cultural
communication and understanding, particularly among language learners? 31

Summary ........................................................................................................34
4.2.2. Discussion ................................................................................................35
4.2.2.1. Interpretation of Findings ................................................................35
4.2.2.1.1. Discuss the implications of the findings for understanding
American national identity and political culture ...........................................35
4.2.2.1.2. Challenging existing theories on national symbols and political
discourse ........................................................................................................38
In summary ........................................................................................................41
4.3. Limitations and suggestions for future research.............................................42
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................44
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................46


ABSTRACTS
"The Star-Spangled Banner" has served as the official national anthem of the
United States since 1931, holding significant cultural and symbolic importance in
American society. This study delves into the intricate history and meaning of the anthem,
which was composed during the War of 1812 and subsequently embraced by diverse
groups and movements throughout American history. By closely examining the lyrics
and symbolism embedded within "The Star-Spangled Banner," the researcher aims to
uncover valuable insights into the political culture of the United States, as well as the
fundamental values and beliefs that shape its national identity.
This study employs a comprehensive analysis of the lyrics and symbolism present
in "The Star-Spangled Banner" to gain a deeper understanding of its significance within
American political culture. The researcher utilizes textual analysis techniques to
examine the song's historical context, linguistic elements, and cultural symbolism. By
delving into these aspects, the study seeks to uncover the inherent messages and
meanings conveyed by the anthem and their implications for American national identity
and political culture.
The analysis of "The Star-Spangled Banner" reveals profound insights into

American political culture. It reveals the deep-rooted sense of collective identity among
Americans, emphasizing national unity and pride. The celebration of freedom and
bravery in the anthem underscores the cherished values within American political
culture, highlighting the ideals of liberty, courage, and unity. Moreover, the anthem's
promotion of individualism and democracy aligns with the core principles of American
political ideology, emphasizing the significance of individual freedom, selfdetermination, and the pursuit of happiness.
The findings of this study have significant implications for understanding
American national identity and political culture. Firstly, the emphasis on national unity
and pride in "The Star-Spangled Banner" underscores the strong collective identity
shared by Americans, rooted in cherished values such as liberty, courage, and unity.
Secondly, the anthem's promotion of individualism and democracy reaffirms the
fundamental principles of American political ideology, highlighting the importance of
1


personal freedoms and the belief in self-determination. However, the controversy
surrounding the third stanza challenges the notion of national symbols as unifying
forces, demanding a more nuanced understanding of their complex and potentially
divisive nature. The research also challenges existing theories on political discourse by
emphasizing the significance of historical context, cultural symbolism, and linguistic
accessibility in analyzing national symbols.
By shedding light on the complex relationship between "The Star-Spangled
Banner," American political culture, and cross-cultural communication, this study
contributes new knowledge to the field. The analysis of the anthem's lyrics and
symbolism broadens our understanding of its role in shaping American political culture,
highlighting the limitations of a monolithic understanding of national identity. The study
recommends further research on the experiences of marginalized communities, the
reception and interpretation of the anthem among different cultural groups, and the
impact of national symbols on social cohesion. By considering diverse narratives and
experiences, the study can foster a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of

American national identity and political culture.

2


I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
The background of this study is rooted in the historical events and social context
that have shaped American society and political culture. The United States, as a nation,
has a rich history marked by significant moments that have influenced its identity and
values. From the Declaration of Independence in 1776 to the Civil Rights Movement of
the 1960s, the country has experienced various social and political movements that have
shaped its cultural landscape.
One of the enduring symbols of American identity is the US national anthem,
"The Star-Spangled Banner." Written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812, the
anthem holds a prominent place in American culture and is performed at numerous
national events and sporting occasions. Its lyrics evoke themes of patriotism, freedom,
and resilience, and it has become a powerful symbol of American nationalism.
However, the national anthem and its significance have not been without
controversy. In recent years, debates have emerged surrounding its historical context and
its relevance in a diverse and multicultural society. Some argue that the anthem's lyrics
and symbolism may exclude certain groups and fail to represent the full spectrum of
American identity. These discussions have sparked broader conversations about the role
of national symbols in shaping political culture and the need for inclusive representation.
Against this backdrop, this study seeks to delve into the ways in which the US
national anthem reflects and shapes American political culture. By analyzing the
symbolism, historical context, and reception of the anthem, the research will provide a
nuanced understanding of its role in constructing and reinforcing American identity.
Moreover, in an increasingly globalized world, where cross-cultural
communication and understanding are paramount, this study also explores how the

national anthem can be used as a cultural artifact to promote intercultural dialogue,
particularly among English language learners. By examining the anthem's potential to
foster cross-cultural understanding and communication, the research contributes

3


practical insights to educators and researchers in the field of language and culture
instruction.
1.2. Aim of the study
The aim of this research is to conduct a detailed analysis of the US national
anthem's impact on American political culture. The study seeks to contribute to the
academic literature by exploring the complex relationship between music, language, and
political identity within the American context. Additionally, this research will provide a
deeper understanding of the values and beliefs that underlie American society,
particularly for English language students. Through a comprehensive analysis of the
national anthem and its associated meanings, this study strives to help English language
learners gain a better grasp of the cultural and political forces that shape American
society.
Ultimately, the goal of this research is to make a significant contribution to the
scholarship on the political culture of the United States. By providing new insights into
the role that music and language play in shaping American identity and politics, this
study aims to broaden our understanding of the cultural and political dynamics that have
shaped American society over time. Through a close analysis of the symbolism and
meaning of the US national anthem, this research hopes to deepen our understanding of
the complex interplay between language, music, and politics in American culture.
1.3. Research questions
This study investigates the role of the US national anthem in reflecting and
shaping American political culture, and to explore how this artifact can be utilized to
enhance cross-cultural understanding and communication.

The first research question seeks to examine the ways in which the national
anthem reflects and shapes American political culture. Through a comprehensive
analysis of the cultural symbolism, identity and the role of the national anthem, this
study will gain insights into the ways in which this artifact reflects and shapes American
values, beliefs, and political identity. The national anthem has been a symbol of
American patriotism since its inception in 1814, and its lyrics have undergone revisions
4


throughout American history to reflect changing cultural, social and political contexts.
Therefore, this research will analyze the historical context of the national anthem and
its reception among various social and political groups to examine how it reflects and
shapes American political culture.
Furthermore, this research will examine the cultural symbolism of the national
anthem, considering how it reflects and reinforces American political identity. This will
involve analyzing the lyrics and musical composition of the national anthem, as well as
its use in American public life, such as sporting events and political rallies. This study
will also explore the role of the national anthem in American civic rituals, examining
how it is used to reinforce a sense of national unity and identity.
The second research question will explore how the national anthem promotes
cross-cultural communication and understanding particularly among language learners..
This will involve examining the role of music and language in shaping cultural identity,
and how the national anthem can be utilized as a tool to facilitate intercultural
communication. By analyzing the ways in which the national anthem has been used in
American public life, this research will identify strategies for promoting intercultural
dialogue and understanding.
1.4. Significance of the study
The significance of this study lies in its potential to provide insights into the
complex relationship between national symbols and political culture, as well as to offer
practical

recommendations

for

promoting

cross-cultural

understanding

and

communication. The study's primary focus is on the US national anthem and its impact
on American political culture. By examining the ways in which this artifact reflects and
shapes American values and political identity, the study seeks to contribute to our
knowledge of the intricate links between national symbols and political ideology.
Through its analysis of the cultural symbolism, identity, and historical context of
the US national anthem, the study uncovers the ways in which this artifact reflects and
reinforces American values and beliefs, while also examining its reception among
various social and political groups. By exploring these issues, the study will provide a
5


nuanced understanding of the complex role of national symbols in shaping political
culture and promoting national identity.
Furthermore, the study explores the potential of the US national anthem as a
cultural artifact for promoting cross-cultural communication and understanding,
particularly among English language learners. This aspect of the study is of particular
significance, given the importance of intercultural dialogue in today's globalized world.

The study seeks to provide practical insights for educators and researchers on the use of
national symbols in language and culture instruction, highlighting the potential for such
artifacts to promote greater understanding and empathy among people from different
cultural backgrounds.
1.5. Scope of the study
The scope of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the US national
anthem's impact on American political culture and its potential as a cultural artifact for
promoting cross-cultural communication and understanding. The study will examine the
text of the national anthem, analyzing its symbolism and lyrics to gain insights into how
it contributes to the construction of American identity. Additionally, the research will
explore how the national anthem has been used as a tool of political discourse, activism,
and mobilization, shedding light on its role in shaping American political culture.
Beyond the text, the study will also explore the broader social context in which
the national anthem operates, considering the historical, cultural, and political factors
that shape its meaning and significance. This will include an examination of the anthem's
reception among various social and political groups, as well as an analysis of the
historical context in which it was written and has been performed.
The study's focus on different levels of analysis provides a comprehensive
understanding of the role that the US national anthem plays in shaping American
political culture and promoting cross-cultural communication and understanding. By
analyzing the anthem's cultural symbolism and political meaning, the research seeks to
contribute to the academic literature on the complex relationship between music,
language, and political identity within the American context.
6


Moreover, this study will provide practical insights for educators and researchers
on the use of national symbols in language and culture instruction, particularly for
English language learners. By exploring the potential of the national anthem as a cultural
artifact for promoting intercultural dialogue and understanding, this research offers

practical recommendations for educators and researchers to promote inclusive and
culturally responsive educational practices.
1.6. Outline of the thesis
The thesis will begin by providing an overview of the background and context of
the study, introducing the US national anthem as a cultural artifact and exploring its
significance within American political culture. This will be followed by a detailed
discussion of the research aims and objectives, outlining the main research questions
and the approach that will be taken to answer them.
Chapter II will provide a comprehensive literature review of the existing research
on national identity, political culture, and the role of cultural artifacts in shaping
collective identity. The literature review will examine previous studies that have
investigated the relationship between national symbols and political ideology, as well as
research on the use of national symbols in language and culture instruction.
Chapter III will present the methodology of the study, explaining the research
design research instruments, and data analysis procedures. The chapter will also outline
the ethical considerations that have been taken into account in conducting the research.
Chapter IV will present the findings of the study, addressing each of the research
questions in turn. This chapter will draw upon the data analysis of the US national
anthem's symbolism and lyrics, as well as the examination of its historical and political
context, to provide insights into the ways in which the national anthem reflects and
shapes American political culture. The chapter will also explore the potential of the
national anthem as a cultural artifact for promoting cross-cultural communication and
understanding. In addition this chapter will present a discussion of the findings,
highlighting the key insights and contributions of the research.

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II. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Political culture

2.1.1. Definition
In order to provide a conceptual framework for the analysis of the political culture
of the United States through the US National Anthem, it is important to first define the
term "political culture." While there are numerous definitions of political culture, the
most significant one is the one proposed by Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba in their
seminal work "The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations."
According to Almond and Verba, political culture refers to "the patterns of
orientation to political objects such as the state, political authority, and political
participation that are widely shared within a society and that are relatively enduring over
time." They argue that political culture has three components: cognitive, affective, and
evaluative. The cognitive component refers to people's knowledge and beliefs about the
political system, while the affective component refers to their emotional attachment to
it. The evaluative component refers to their judgments about the performance of the
political system.
Almond and Verba's definition of political culture provides a useful starting point
for understanding the complex and dynamic relationship between culture and politics.
However there are other researchers which provide a range of perspectives on what
political culture is and how it can be understood.
2.1.2. Related literature
Political culture by David Easton (1965)
The definition of political culture is further elaborated by David Easton, who
defines political culture as "the system of empirical beliefs, expressive symbols, and
values which define the situation in which political action takes place" (Easton, 1965,
p.134). Easton emphasizes the role of symbols and values in political culture,
highlighting the ways in which they shape the political environment in which individuals
and groups operate.
8


Political culture by Ronald Inglehart (2018)

Ronald Inglehart defines political culture as the attitudes, values, beliefs, and
norms that individuals in a society hold regarding political power, authority, and
government. He argues that political culture is shaped by a combination of historical
experiences, social structures, and economic development. Inglehart also highlights the
importance of understanding the cultural context in which political events occur, as this
can significantly impact how individuals and groups respond to political issues and
decisions. His definition emphasizes the role of individual attitudes and values in
shaping political behavior, and it provides a useful framework for analyzing how
cultural meanings and symbols are embedded in political discourse and practices.
Political culture by Michael Billig (1990)
Michael Billig, a British social psychologist, defines political culture as a form
of public discourse that generates meanings and identities. He argues that political
culture is not fixed, but rather is constantly constructed and reconstructed through
language use. According to Billig, political culture is shaped by the language used in
political communication and discourse, including the words and symbols used to
represent political ideas and concepts. He believes that analyzing the language used in
political communication can provide insight into the underlying meanings and identities
that shape political culture. By examining the language used in political discourse, Billig
argues that “We can better understand how political culture is constructed and how it
influences political behavior and attitudes”.
2.2. National identity
2.2.1. Definition
National identity is a complex and multifaceted concept that refers to the shared
sense of belonging and identification that individuals have with a particular nation-state.
There are many definitions of national identity, but one of the most significant for this
thesis is the one proposed by Anthony Smith in his book "National identity." According
to Smith, national identity is "a named historical community, with shared myths and
memories, a shared mass public culture, a common legal rights and duties for all
9

members, and a common economy and territory, all of which are perceived by its
members as both unique and important" (Smith, 1991, p. 15). This definition emphasizes
the historical, cultural, and economic dimensions of national identity, highlighting the
importance of shared memories, myths, and symbols in shaping a sense of belonging to
a particular nation. Additionally, Smith's definition emphasizes the political dimension
of national identity, highlighting the importance of shared legal rights and duties for all
members of the nation.
2.2.2. Related literature
National identity by Benedict Anderson (1983)
Another related definition of National identity that could support this thesis is
provided by Benedict Anderson, who argues that nations are "imagined communities"
that are socially constructed through shared cultural and historical experiences.
Anderson argues that national identity is shaped by the collective imagination of
individuals who share a common sense of belonging to a particular nation. This
definition emphasizes the role of shared cultural experiences and collective imagination
in shaping national identity
National identity by Stuart Hall (1990)
According to Stuart Hall's work named "Cultural Identity and Diaspora", national
identity is not something fixed or innate, but rather a process of construction that is
constantly changing and evolving. National identity is created through the discourses
and symbols that are used to represent the nation, and it is shaped by historical, cultural,
and political contexts. National identity is not just a matter of belonging to a particular
nation or having certain characteristics, but it is also a matter of identification with a
particular vision of the nation and a sense of loyalty to it. It is through this identification
and loyalty that national identity is constructed and maintained, and it is also through
this process that national identity can be contested and transformed.
National identity by Anthony D. Smith (1991)
Anthony D. Smith, in his seminal work "National identity," defines national
identity as "that sense of belonging and loyalty to a particular nation or state, which is

10


often accompanied by a shared cultural, historical, and linguistic heritage." According
to Smith, national identity is a product of a historical process of cultural and political
evolution, which involves the emergence of a distinctive cultural identity and the
development of a sense of belonging to a particular group of people. National Identity
is also seen as a dynamic process, shaped by the changing historical and political
contexts in which it is constructed, and is often a contested and negotiated concept.
In summary
The concept of political culture and its relationship to national identity
The concept of political culture is an essential element in the study of the national
anthem's role in shaping American identity. Political culture refers to the shared values,
beliefs, and attitudes that define a nation's political system and shape its citizens'
behavior and expectations. National identity, on the other hand, refers to the sense of
belonging and loyalty that individuals have towards their country. In this context, the
national anthem serves as a powerful symbol of the political culture and national identity
of the United States.
Political culture is shaped by shared values and beliefs that influence political
behavior. David Easton defines political culture as "the system of orientation to political
action and to the values underlying that action which is shared by a significant number
of actors in the political system." Ronald Inglehart expands on this definition, arguing
that historical experiences and cultural values shape political culture and vary across
different societies and over time. However, Michael Billig takes a more critical
approach, stating that political culture can be used to reinforce dominant power relations
and exclude minority perspectives.
National identity is constructed through cultural symbols and imagination,
according to Benedict Anderson's definition of national identity as "an imagined
political community." Stuart Hall argues that national identity is not a fixed or natural
identity but is instead constructed through discourse and representation. Anthony D.

Smith views national identity as a form of collective identity rooted in shared history,
culture, and language.
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The relationship between political culture and national identity is complex and
multifaceted. On the one hand, national identity can be seen as a key component of
political culture, as it shapes attitudes and beliefs about the role of the state, the
legitimacy of political authority, and the relationship between individuals and the
community. On the other hand, political culture can also shape national identity, as it
provides the cultural and institutional context within which national identity is
constructed and expressed. The national anthem, as a symbol of political culture and
national identity, is an essential element in understanding the way these concepts
interact.
In the context of the United States, political culture has been shaped by a number
of historical and cultural factors, including the legacy of British colonialism, the
American Revolution, the Civil War, and the Civil Rights Movement. National identity
in the United States is often associated with a set of shared values and beliefs, including
democracy, individualism, and the "American Dream." However, there is also
significant diversity within American national identity, as it encompasses a range of
ethnic, racial, and regional identities.
To analyze the relationship between political culture and national identity in the
context of the national anthem, semiotics provides a valuable framework. Semiotics can
help to identify the symbolic meanings associated with the words and symbols used in
the anthem and how they have been interpreted throughout history. By examining the
cultural meanings and connotations associated with the anthem, semiotics can help to
shed light on the ways in which the anthem reflects and shapes political culture and
national identity.
For example, the words of the national anthem, such as "land of the free and home
of the brave," carry significant cultural meanings and connotations. These words reflect

the values and beliefs of American political culture, which places a high value on
individual freedom and bravery. By examining the cultural meanings and connotations
of these words, semiotics can help to uncover the ways in which they have been
interpreted throughout history and how they have shaped the national identity of the
United States
12


Overall, it highlights the importance of considering the interplay between
political culture and national identity in shaping the ways in which individuals and
groups understand their relationship to the state and to each other.
The elaboration on the definition of national identity and its importance in the
context of the national anthem
In order to fully understand the meanings and cultural connotations embedded
within the US national anthem, it is important to explore the concept of national identity
and its relationship to the anthem. This requires a deep analysis of the lyrics, musical
score, and visual performance of the anthem through the lens of semiotic theory.
In the context of the national anthem, national identity is crucial because the
anthem serves as a powerful symbol of the nation and its values. The lyrics and music
of the anthem evoke a sense of pride and belonging among Americans, reinforcing their
sense of national identity. At the same time, the anthem can be contested and interpreted
in different ways, depending on one's political views and cultural background.
One example of the controversy surrounding the national identity and the national
anthem is the inclusion of the word "slave" in the third verse of the anthem. The third
verse of the "Star-Spangled Banner" includes the lines "No refuge could save the
hireling and slave / From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave." The use of the
word "slave" in this context has been the subject of much debate and controversy, with
some arguing that it reflects a deeply ingrained racism and the perpetuation of white
supremacy in American society. Others argue that the use of the word "slave" in this
context was meant to refer to British soldiers who were captured and forced to fight

against their will, rather than to enslaved Africans.
This controversy reflects different interpretations of the nation's history and
values, and how these should be reflected in the national identity. For some, the inclusion
of the word "slave" in the anthem is a reminder of the country's dark past and ongoing
struggles with racism and inequality. For others, it is seen as an attack on national pride
and an attempt to rewrite history.

13


Semiotics theory helps to shed light on these differing interpretations by
emphasizing the importance of understanding the underlying cultural meanings and
connotations associated with signs and symbols. In the case of the national anthem,
semiotics theory suggests that the meaning and significance of the anthem are not fixed
or universal, but are shaped by cultural and historical contexts. By analyzing the words,
music, and visual elements of the anthem, the study can gain insight into the different
ways in which Americans have understood and interpreted their national identity over
time.
Furthermore, semiotics theory highlights the role of power in shaping cultural
meanings and connotations. The meaning of the national anthem is not determined by
the words and symbols used in the anthem alone but is also influenced by the political,
social, and cultural forces that shape the nation's identity. For example, the meaning of
the word "freedom" in the national anthem may differ depending on whether one is a
member of the dominant culture or a member of a marginalized group.
Drawing upon these perspectives on national identity will consider how the
anthem contributes to the construction of American national identity, including how it
reflects and reinforces shared values, beliefs, and cultural heritage. It will also explore
how the anthem is used as a tool of political discourse and activism, reflecting the
contested nature of national identity and the ways in which it is constructed and
negotiated through discourse and representation.

2.3. Political discourse
2.3.1. Definition
Political discourse is a complex concept that refers to the ways in which political
actors communicate and engage with each other and with the public. It encompasses a
range of practices, from speeches and debates to social media posts and campaign ads,
that are used to articulate and advance political agendas. According to Teun A. van Dijk,
political discourse refers to "the use of language and other semiotic means to enact and
represent power, dominance, and social inequality in social and political contexts" (van
Dijk, 1997, p.8). This definition emphasizes the connection between language, power,
14


and social inequality, and highlights the role of discourse in shaping and reflecting social
and political relations
2.3.2. Related literature
Political discourse by Norman Fairclough (2003)
Norman Fairclough, a British linguist and critical discourse analyst, defines
political discourse as "the use of language, images, and other semiotic resources in
political practices, institutions, and discursive events." He emphasizes the importance
of power relations in political discourse and argues that language is a crucial tool in the
exercise of power. According to Fairclough, political discourse can serve various
functions, including legitimizing existing power relations, challenging or changing
them, or mobilizing people for collective action. He also stresses the role of ideology in
shaping political discourse and the need to analyze discourse critically to uncover its
underlying meanings and assumptions.
Political discourse by Ruth Wodak (2006)
According to Ruth, political discourse refers to "the use of language by
politicians, political institutions, and political actors to construct, negotiate, and contest
political identities, positions, and power relations" (Wodak, 2006). Wodak emphasizes
the role of language in the construction and negotiation of power relations and political

identities. She argues that political discourse can be a powerful tool for mobilization and
social change, but it can also be used to reinforce existing power structures and maintain
the status quo.
III. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research questions
The US national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner," is a significant cultural
artifact that embodies American national identity and political culture. The anthem has
been the subject of various debates and controversies in recent years, with some
questioning its relevance and symbolism in modern-day America. This section aims to
answer two research questions: (1) In what ways does the US national anthem reflect
15


and shape American political culture? and (2) How does the national anthem promote
cross-cultural communication and understanding, particularly among language learners?
3.1.1. In what ways does the US national anthem reflect and shape American
political culture?
Understanding the reflection and shaping of American political culture through
the national anthem is essential for several reasons. Firstly, the national anthem holds
significant symbolic value as a representation of collective identity and national values.
The underlying messages and cultural connotations that contribute to the formation of
political culture in the United States can be analyzed through the anthem's lyrics,
musical composition, and performative aspects .
Answering this research question provides insights into the ways in which the
anthem reinforces and perpetuates dominant political ideologies, social norms, and
historical narratives. It allows to understand how the anthem influences citizens'
perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors regarding their national identity, patriotism, and
political engagement. Furthermore, examining the political dimensions of the anthem
helps clarify the interplay between national symbols, political culture, and social
cohesion, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the American socio political

landscape.
3.1.2. How does the national anthem promote cross-cultural communication
and understanding, particularly among language learners?
Addressing the role of the national anthem in promoting cross-cultural
communication and understanding, especially among language learners, is of utmost
significance in our increasingly interconnected world. The anthem serves as a powerful
cultural artifact that transcends linguistic boundaries and facilitates shared experiences
and values.
Investigating this research question contribute to identifying the ways in which
the national anthem acts as a bridge between different cultures and languages. The
anthem's universal themes of unity, freedom, and national pride can foster a sense of
belonging and inclusivity among diverse communities, transcending cultural
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differences. For language learners, the anthem provides a unique opportunity to engage
with the target language, deepen their understanding of American culture, and develop
intercultural competence.
Moreover, studying the anthem's role in cross-cultural communication sheds light
on the potential challenges and opportunities it presents. It allows us to examine how
different interpretations and cultural contexts influence the reception and understanding
of the anthem among individuals from various linguistic and cultural backgrounds.
Understanding these dynamics can inform educational practices, language teaching
methodologies, and intercultural communication strategies, ultimately promoting
empathy, tolerance, and mutual understanding among language learners.
3.2. Design and context of the Study
This section focuses on the qualitative research design employed and provides
insights into the historical and cultural contexts that surround the anthem's composition.
The exploration on the design and context of the study can better understand the
methodology and framework used to analyze the national anthem's role in American

society.
3.2.1. Qualitative research design
This study adopts a qualitative research design to explore the intricate
relationship between the US national anthem and American political culture. Qualitative
research is able to gain a deep understanding of the subjective experiences, meanings,
and interpretations associated with the anthem. Through textual analysis, and historical
research, the study aims to capture the multifaceted aspects of the anthem's influence on
American society.
By employing qualitative methods, such as analyzing primary sources related to
the anthem's history, the study can obtain rich and nuanced data that captures the
perspectives and experiences of various stakeholders. This approach uncovers the
underlying meanings and cultural significance of the national anthem.
3.2.2. Contextual significance
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The design of the study also encompasses the contextual significance of the
national anthem. By placing the anthem within its broader cultural, social, and political
context, the profound impact on American society can be grasped easily. This contextual
analysis will explore the anthem's performance at various public events, such as sports
competitions, political gatherings, and national celebrations. The examination on the
rituals, traditions, and emotions associated with these events can comprehend the
anthem's role in fostering a sense of national unity and identity.
Furthermore, the study will consider the controversies surrounding the anthem,
such as the debate surrounding the inclusion of the word "slave" in the third stanza.
Analyzing these controversies within the broader context of social and political
discourse allows for a more comprehensive understanding of how the anthem reflects
and shapes American political culture. By examining the diverse interpretations and
perspectives on the anthem, the study can appreciate the complexities and nuances of its
cultural significance.

3.3. Research instruments
In conducting a comprehensive analysis of the political culture of the United
States through its national anthem, various research instruments have been employed to
provide valuable insights and a deeper understanding of the subject matter. This section
aims to clarify the sources used in the thesis, including primary sources, secondary
sources, relevant literature, and theoretical frameworks.
3.3.1. Primary sources
The primary sources utilized in this thesis include the national anthem itself, "The
Star-Spangled Banner," and historical documents related to its creation, evolution, and
interpretations. These primary sources enable a direct examination of the anthem's
lyrics, musical composition, and historical context.
3.3.2. Secondary sources
Secondary sources play a crucial role in contributing scholarly insights and
perspectives to the analysis of the national anthem and its relationship to American
political culture. The following secondary sources have been utilized:
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"The Star-Spangled Banner and American Identity: A Multidisciplinary
Perspective" by Jeffrey K. Johnson and Lenore T. Adkins
This research paper offers a multidisciplinary exploration of the relationship
between the national anthem and American identity. It provides insights into the
symbolism, cultural significance, and historical interpretations of the anthem.
"The Sound of Patriotism: The Role of Music in Political Attitudes and Behavior"
by Robert R. Faulkner and Howard S. Becker
Faulkner and Becker's study investigates the role of music, including national
anthems, in shaping political attitudes and behaviors. Their research offers a framework
for understanding the influence of musical elements on political culture.
"The Rhetoric of the National Anthem: Implications for Patriotism, Politics, and
Protest" by Jonathan Paul Eburne

Eburne's work delves into the rhetorical aspects of national anthems, including
the US national anthem. It explores the implications of the anthem's language, symbols,
and performative aspects for patriotism, politics, and protest.
3.3.3. Relevant literature
The following scholars and works contribute to the relevant literature, providing
theoretical foundations and conceptual frameworks for analyzing the political culture of
the United States through its national anthem:
"Cultural Identity and Diaspora" by Stuart Hall
Hall's work on cultural identity and diaspora offers insights into the formation of
national identity, its relationship to cultural symbols, and the dynamics of identity
construction within diverse societies. This theoretical framework helps contextualize the
anthem's role in shaping American political culture.
"National Identity" by Anthony D. Smith
Smith's seminal work explores the concept of national identity, emphasizing the
historical and cultural dimensions that shape collective identities within nations. It
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