(Luận Văn) Farmer Awareness On The Effect Of Pesticides On The Environment And Crop Production In Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

ALLAIN ANJELO F. CANDELARIA
FARMERS’ AWARENESS ON THE EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON THE
ENVIRONMENT AND CROP PRODUCTION IN SINILOAN, LAGUNA,
PHILIPPINES

BACHELOR THESIS
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Study Mode
Major

Faculty
Batch

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: Full-time
: Environmental Science and Management
: International Programs Office
: 2013 - 2017

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Thai Nguyen, 2017

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DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT
Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry
Degree Program

Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management

Student Name

Allain Anjelo F. Candelaria

Student ID

DTN1454290059
Farmer Awareness on the Effect of Pesticides on the

Thesis Title

Environment and Crop Production in Siniloan, Laguna,
Philippines

Ms. Liberata Capilos

Supervisors

Mr. Do Tuan Tung

Abstract:
This study aims to determine the level of awareness of farmers on the effect of pesticide
on environment and crop production in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines. The study was
conducted by giving survey questionnaires to 120 farmers in the vicinity of Siniloan,

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Laguna, Philippines. The statistical tools used in the study were frequency, percentages,

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verbal interpretation and weighted mean. Results of the study showed that 64% of the

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respondents are slightly aware on the effects of the pesticides on the environment and
crop production. Moreover, results also illustrated that it is the supervisory departments

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(e.g., local department of agriculture sector, municipal agriculture officer) in Siniloan,

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Laguna, Philippines affect and influence the respondents’ awareness through conducting

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trainings, seminars and free consultation regarding the effect of pesticides in

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environment and crop production. Lastly, the respondents are not absolutely welcome to

Awareness, Pesticides, Environmental Effects, Farmers,
Negative Effects, Handling Pesticides
34
November 2017

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Number of Pages
Date of Submission

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Keywords:

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production.

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accept additional knowledge regarding the effects of pesticide in environment and crop

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Supervisor's Signature

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author would like to extend his greetings and profound gratitude to those who
supported and prayed for him for the success of the study. He would also like to express
his grateful acknowledgement to the following who have contributed a lot to the
accomplishment of the study.
For the God Almighty who always watch the author even if there are so many
challenges that the author encountered.
His parents Mr. Allan Candelaria and Mrs. Belenda Candelaria for their moral
support and dedications for him. For the guidance on what he was doing as well. For the

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well care help they have given. With their intensifying encouragement to persuade him to

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accomplish this study. Without their parental, spiritual. Financial, and moral support, this

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work could have not been made possible;
His siblings Jeruz Allen Candelaria and Julius Rafael Candelaria, CPA for their

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researcher;

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help which makes the research successful and their endless love & support for the

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Mrs Liberata Capilos, his adviser for being there always, when the researcher

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study;

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needed guidance, and committed her valuable time and effort for the completion of the

Mr. Do Tuan Tung, his supervisor mentor, for giving him additional knowledge,

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with those additional information based on the study’s completion, worthy indication,

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(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

comments and most of all, for helping him in problems that the researcher encountered,
with those additional information based on the study’s completion;
Dr. Robert C. Agatep, as his statistician and his godfather as well, for the lessons
and knowledge he shares with the gratitude approach, and also for the willingness to help
the researcher to finish the study.

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(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

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(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

TABLE OF CONTENT

PART I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background and rationale..................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 3
1.3. Research questions and hypothesis ...................................................................................... 3
1.3.1. Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Hypothesis ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Limitations ........................................................................................................................... 4
PART II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................. 5
2.1. An Overview of Pesticides ................................................................................................... 5
2.2. Benefits of Pesticides ........................................................................................................... 6
2.3. Effects of Pesticides in Agriculture ...................................................................................... 6

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2.4. Impact on Humans ............................................................................................................... 8

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2.5. Impact on Environment ...................................................................................................... 12

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2.5.1. Surface Water Contamination ..................................................................................... 12

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2.5.2. Ground Water Contamination ..................................................................................... 13

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2.5.3. Soil Contamination ...................................................................................................... 14

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PART III. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................. 16

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3.1. Design................................................................................................................................. 16

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3.2. Tools and instruments ........................................................................................................ 16
3.3. Sampling Design ................................................................................................................ 17

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3.3. Respondents ....................................................................................................................... 17
3.4. Time frame and locale ........................................................................................................ 17

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3.5. Data gathering procedures .................................................................................................. 17

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3.6. Data analysis ...................................................................................................................... 18

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PART IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................... 20
4.1. Age ..................................................................................................................................... 20
4.2. Gender ................................................................................................................................ 21
4.3. Educational Attainment ...................................................................................................... 21
4.4. Level of Awareness ............................................................................................................ 22
4.5. Factors affecting the level of the respondents’ awareness ................................................. 23
4.6. Level of acceptance for the additional awareness .............................................................. 24
PART V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION .. 26
5.1. Summary of Findings ......................................................................................................... 26
5.2. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 27
5.3. Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 27
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 30
APPENDICES

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Statistical Tools for Interpretation of Data.................................................................... 18a
Table 2. Level of awareness on the effects of pesticide ................................................................ 19
Table 3. Level of acceptance of the additional awareness regarding the effects of pesticide ...... 19
Table 4. Distribution of respondents in terms of age .................................................................... 20
Table 5. Distribution of respondents in terms of gender ............................................................... 21
Table 6. Distribution of respondents in terms of educational attainment ..................................... 22
Table 7. Level of Awareness on the effects of pesticide ............................................................... 23
Table 8. Factors affecting the level of the respondents’ awareness .............................................. 24

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Table 9. Level of acceptance of the additional awareness ............................................................ 25

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CAF

: Census of Agriculture and Fisheries

NAP

: National Action Plan

PhilMech

: Philippine Center for Post-harvest Development and Mechanization

PSA

: Philippine Statistics Authority

UPLB-AMDP : University of the Philippines Los Banos
(Agricultural Mechanization Development Program)

WHO

: World Health Organization

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PART I. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background and rationale
At present, the Filipino people is currently facing numerous environmental issues
which include environmental pollution, global warming, overpopulation, natural
resources depletion and waste disposal (Datukon, 2016). Infrastructure developments are
resulting in resource depletion and environmental destruction. Modern technologies used
in the engineering and manufacturing industry have a major impact on our life in past few
years. Due to the rapid changes in the engineering and manufacturing industry have been
drastic changes in the environment.
In this regard, it was stated by Rinkesh (2016) that pollution hit number one in the

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significant current environmental issues.

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Pollution, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is the action of polluting especially by

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environmental contamination with man-made waste. Man-made waste pollutants can

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threaten human health and compromise the natural ecosystem and environment. Man-

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made pollution is generally a byproduct of human actions such as consumption, waste
disposal, industrial production, transportation and energy generation. Pollution can occur

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in air, water, soil, and radioactive (Kwak, 2017).
Asio (2010) stated that soil degradation (i.e., soil pollution) is one of the most

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serious ecological problems in the Philippines. Asio also added that the National Action

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Plan (NAP) for 2004 to 2010 identified soil degradation as a major threat to food security

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in the country. NAP reported that about 5.2 million hectares are seriously degraded

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resulting to 30 to 50% reduction in soil productivity. Soil degradation is defined as the

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process which lowers the current or future capacity of the soil to produce goods or
services (Asio, 2010). According to National Pesticide Information Center, soil can be
degraded and the community of organisms living in the soil can be damaged by misuse or
over use of pesticides.
Pesticides, as defined by World Health Organization (WHO), are chemical
compounds that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted
plants (weeds). Pesticides are used in agriculture to kill pests that damage crops. By its
very nature, pesticides are potentially toxic to other organisms, including humans, and
need to be used safely and disposed of properly. Pesticides present the group of
chemicals that are purposely applied to the environment with aim to suppress plant and
animal pests and to protect agricultural and industrial products. However, the majority of

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pesticides is not specifically targeting the pest only and during their application they also

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affect the non-target plants and animals. Repeated application of pesticides may lead to

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loss of biodiversity. Many pesticides are not easily degradable, they persist in soil, leach

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to groundwater and surface water and contaminate wide environment. Depending on their

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chemical properties they can enter the organism, bioaccumulate in food chains and

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consequently influence also human health. Overall, intensive pesticide application results

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in several negative effects in the environment that cannot be ignored (Pesticide Action

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recent scientific literature).

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Network – Europe (August 2010). Environmental effects of pesticides. An impression of

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Based on the foregoing, the proponent of the study wanted to determine if the
farmers within Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines has enough awareness on the effects of

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pesticides in the environment. Being able to determine their (farmers) level of awareness

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can help the proponent in formulating recommendations and suggestions to prevent
further damage and negative effects of the usage of pesticide in the environment and crop
production.
1.2. Objectives
This study was conducted to determine the farmers’ awareness on the effects of
pesticides on the environment and crop production in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines.
1.3. Research questions and hypothesis
1.3.1. Research Questions
This study primarily aims to answer the following questions:
- What is the level of farmers’ awareness on the effects of pesticides on the

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environment and crop production in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines?

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-What are the factors affecting the level of farmers’ awareness on the effects of

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pesticides on the environment and crop production in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines?

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-What is the level of acceptance of additional knowledge regarding farmers’

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1.3.2 Hypothesis

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awareness on the effects of pesticides in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines?

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Hypothesis 1

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HO (Null Hyphothesis): The farmers do not have awareness on the effect of
pesticide to the environment and crop production in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines.

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HA (Alternative Hyphothesis): The farmers have awareness on the effect of

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pesticides to the environment and crop production Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines.

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Hypothesis 2
HO (Null Hyphothesis): The farmers’ awareness on the effects of pesticides
on the environment and crop production in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines is not
affected by any factors.
HA (Alternative Hyphothesis): The farmers’ awareness on the effects of pesticides
on the environment and crop production in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines is affected by
any factors.
Hypothesis 3
HO (Null Hyphothesis): The farmers do not accept and is not open for additional
knowledge/awareness on the usage of pesticides in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines.

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HA (Alternative Hyphothesis): The farmers do accept and is open for additional

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knowledge/awareness on the usage of pesticides in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines.

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1.4. Limitations

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The scope of this study includes only the farmers’ awareness of Siniloan, Laguna,

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Philippines. Moreover, this study was constrained due to the time, willingness,

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availability and honesty of the farmers in answering the survey questionnaire.

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(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

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PART II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. An Overview of Pesticides
The use of pesticides has increased many folds over the past few decades.
According to an estimate, about 5.2 billion pounds of pesticides are used worldwide per
year. The use of pesticides for pest mitigation has become a common practice all around
the world. In the Philippines, agriculture is considered to be the most common form of
employment where it comprises 41% of the total labor force (Palis, et al., 2006) in which
its current industrial agriculture regime promotes the use of agrochemicals (Tirado, et al.,
2008). The agrochemicals (e.g., pesticides) are used for crop production to increase crop
yields. Pesticides promise the effective mitigation of harmful bugs, but unfortunately, the

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risks associated with their use have surpassed their beneficial effects. In this regard, there

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has been numerous study which discuss that pesticides has both positive and negative

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effect on environment and crop production.

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Pesticides, as clearly defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary, are any agents used

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to destroy pests. Pesticides, when applied to crops, benefit the crops by killing the pests

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and insects which attack and harms the crops. Further, the use of pesticide significantly

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et al, 2009).

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increases the crop production and minimizes economic losses (Khalid, Rehman, Hakeem,

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Pesticides also prevent disease outbreaks through the control of rodent and

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insect vectors; hence they contribute to improved human health. The most

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significant example is of malaria control that was responsible for an average of

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5,000 deaths per day (Ross, 2005).

(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

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(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

2.2. Benefits of Pesticides
The essential advantages are the results of the pesticides' belongings – the
immediate increases anticipated from their utilization. For instance the impact of
slaughtering caterpillars sustaining on the harvest brings the essential advantage of higher
yields and better nature of cabbage. The three fundamental impacts result in 26 essential
advantages running from assurance of recreational turf to spared human lives. The
optional advantages are the less prompt or more subtle advantages that outcome from the
essential advantages. They might be unpretentious, less naturally self-evident, or of
longer term. It takes after that for optional advantages it is in this way more hard to build
up circumstances and end results, yet all things considered they can be capable
legitimizations for pesticide utilize. For instance the higher cabbage yield may bring extra

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income that could be put towards youngsters' training or medicinal care, prompting a

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more advantageous, better taught populace. There are different optional advantages

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distinguished, extending from fitter individuals to moderated biodiversity.

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2.3. Effects of Pesticides in Agriculture

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According to the Farming is a standout amongst the most imperative segments

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furthermore, has encountered an enormous and critical improvement since the Kingdom

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of Saudi Arabia came into being. Understanding the significance of horticulture, the
kingdom exempted all horticultural hardware from traditions' obligations in mid 1936

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(Ministry of Agriculture, 1996). It was taken as an empowering signal on the part of the

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state and gratefulness for horticulture. With the section of time and the continuation of

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the horticultural formative process, interests in bringing in pesticides additionally

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developed. Agrarian improvement accomplished through these activities additionally

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(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

built up an enthusiasm on the utilization of advanced hardware and advances to supplant
old conventional farming with the cutting edge high input based horticulture. The
farming division saw numerous excellent accomplishments and understood the level of
independence in wheat. With the enormous advancement in agribusiness, the ideas of
natural preservation and upkeep of the dirt likewise developed as a major test in Saudi
Arabia.. Service of Agribusiness assumed its part in safeguarding nature what's more,
encircled guidelines for the importation and enlistment of compound pesticides and
manures. These principles are in line with the guidelines issued by the assigned
magistrate. Regardless of the nearness of standards and controls, it has been watched that
pesticides are not utilized as a part of an suitable way. A great part of the segment of
synthetic pesticides goes to wastage amid their utilization. In any case, an insight

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demonstrates a normal yearly increment in the amount of pesticides imported in complete

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imports to the kingdom (Ministry of Agriculture, 2005). Pesticides are utilized as a part

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of different sorts of nuisances control; remain a major source of air, water and soil

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contamination, which may adversely influence human wellbeing and the living life forms

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in the condition. Dawadmi district in Saudi Arabia is popular for growing an assortment

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of harvests and the ranchers of zone are known for their broad utilization of various sorts

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of pesticides. Dawadmi zone saw a wonderful rural advancement in the previous twenty

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years and is still lucky to keep up its generation levels. It delivers around 28% of the

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aggregate creation of Saudi Arabia of wheat, grain yields and vegetables (Ministry of
Agriculture, 2005). In any case, the presentation and development on broadening and

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strengthening of harvests developed in the range likewise brought about the assorted

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variety and variety of injuries and infections that did not exist in this territory some time

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(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

recently. Expansion of yields required the utilization of various sorts of pesticides to
address this new influx of vermin and sicknesses. A sum of around 9880 liters of
pesticides was utilized by the directorate of agribusiness in the area of Dawadmi in the
year 2003-2004, and around 37885 kg of pesticides were utilized over a zone of 101901
dunums, planted with trees (Ministry of Agriculture, 2005). The preparatory overview
uncovered that numerous agriculturists in the territory utilize the various sorts and
assortment of compound pesticides to battle vermin and sicknesses influencing crops just

on the premise of the data given to them by the merchants and venders of horticultural
data sources and they may not know about the way that pesticides could make genuine
harm the ranchers and the earth. It was likewise noticed that the issue of contamination in
the area (under examination) needs therapeutic measures and mindfulness creation

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among the people to save nature.

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2.4. Impact on Humans

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In the event that the credits of pesticides incorporate upgraded monetary potential

regarding expanded generation of sustenance and fiber, and improvement of vector-borne

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infections, at that point their charges have brought about genuine wellbeing suggestions

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to man and his condition. There is presently overpowering proof that some of these

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chemicals do represent a potential hazard to people and other living things and
undesirable symptoms to nature (Forget, 1993; Igbedioh, 1991; Jeyaratnam, 1981). No

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section of the populace is totally ensured against presentation to pesticides and the

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conceivably genuine wellbeing impacts, however an unbalanced weight, is carried by the
general population of creating nations and by high hazard bunches in every nation

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(WHO, 1990). The overall passings and incessant illnesses because of pesticide harming
number around 1 million every year (Environews Forum, 1999).
The high hazard bunches presented to pesticides incorporate creation specialists,
formulators, sprayers, blenders, loaders and rural homestead laborers. Amid produce and
detailing, the likelihood of perils might be higher in light of the fact that the procedures
included are not chance free. In modern settings, laborers are at expanded hazard since
they handle different dangerous chemicals including pesticides, crude materials,
poisonous solvents and idle transporters.

OC mixes could contaminate the tissues of for all intents and purposes each life
shape on the earth, the air, the lakes and the seas, the fishes that live in them and the
feathered creatures that feast upon the fishes (Hurley et al., 1998). The US National

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Academy of Sciences expressed that the DDT metabolite DDE causes eggshell

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diminishing and that the bald eagle populace in the United States declined basically as a

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result of presentation to DDT and its metabolites (Liroff, 2000). Certain ecological

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chemicals, including pesticides named as endocrine disruptors, are known to inspire their

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unfriendly impacts by mirroring or estranging characteristic hormones in the body and it

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has been hypothesized that their long haul, low-dosage introduction is progressively

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connected to human wellbeing impacts, for example, invulnerable concealment, hormone
interruption, decreased knowledge, regenerative variations from the norm and growth

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(Brouwer et al., 1999; Crisp et al., 1998; Hurley et al., 1998)

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An investigation on specialists (N=356) in four units fabricating HCH in India

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uncovered neurological side effects (21%) which were identified with the power of

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presentation (Nigam et al., 1993). The greatness of the harmfulness hazard associated

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(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

with the splashing of methomyl, a carbamate bug spray, in field conditions was surveyed
by the National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH) (Saiyed et al., 1992). Critical
changes were seen in the ECG, the serum LDH levels, and cholinesterase (ChE) exercises
in the spraymen, showing cardiotoxic impacts of methomyl. Perceptions limited to
wellbeing observation in male formulators occupied with generation of clean and fluid
definitions of different pesticides (malathion, methyl parathion, DDT and lindane) in

modern settings of the sloppy segment uncovered a high event of summed up side effects
(cerebral pain, queasiness, spewing, exhaustion, bothering of skin and eyes) other than
mental, neurological, cardiorespiratory and gastrointestinal indications combined with
low plasma ChE action (Gupta et al., 1984).
Information on regenerative poisonous quality were gathered from 1,106 couples

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when the guys were related with the showering of pesticides (OC, OP and carbamates) in

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cotton fields (Rupa et al., 1991).A examination in intestinal sickness spraymen was

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started to assess the impacts of a fleeting (16 week) introduction in laborers (N=216)

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splashing HCH in field conditions (Gupta et al., 1982).

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An investigation on those influenced in the Seveso diaster of 1976 in Italy amid

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the creation of 2,4,5 T, a herbicide, reasoned that chloracne (almost 200 cases with a

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distinct introduction reliance) was the main impact set up with sureness because of dioxin
arrangement (Pier et al., 1998). Early wellbeing examinations including liver capacity,

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invulnerable capacity, neurologic hindrance, and regenerative impacts yielded uncertain

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outcomes. An abundance mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses was
revealed, perhaps identified with the psychosocial results of the mischance

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notwithstanding the substance tainting. An abundance of diabetes cases was additionally

(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

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found. Consequences of disease rate and mortality follow-up demonstrated an expanded
event of growth of the gastrointestinal destinations and of the lymphatic and
haematopoietic tissue. Results can't be seen as decisive, be that as it may, in view of

different impediments: couple of individual introduction information, short inertness
period, and little populace estimate for certain growth sorts. A comparative report in 2001
watched no expansion on the whole reason and all-tumor mortality. In any case, the
outcomes bolster the thought that dioxin is cancer-causing to people and prove the
theories of its relationship with cardiovascular-and endocrine-related impacts (Pier et al.,
2001). Amid the Vietnam War, United States military powers splashed almost 19 million
gallons of herbicide on around 3.6 million sections of land of Vietnamese and Laotian
land to expel woodland cover, crush yields, and clear vegetation from the borders of US

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bases. This exertion, known as Operation Ranch Hand, endured from 1962 to 1971.

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Different herbicide definitions were utilized, however most were blends of the phenoxy

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herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic corrosive (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic

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corrosive (2,4,5-T). Roughly 3 million Americans served in the military in Vietnam amid

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the Vietnam War. Some of them (and also some Vietnamese soldiers and regular people,

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and individuals from the military of different countries) were presented to defoliant

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blends, including Agent Orange. There was prove on tumor danger of Vietnam veterans,

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specialists occupationally presented to herbicides or dioxins (since dioxins polluted the

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(Frumkin, 2003).

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herbicide blends utilized as a part of Vietnam), and of the Vietnamese populace

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Numerous laborers and inhabitants, particularly in the rustic segment, are in

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contact with pesticides once a day, so they are at high danger of harming by these mixes.

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(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

This introduction can cause neuropsychiatric sequelae (state of mind issue, sadness, and
uneasiness), in light of the fact that numerous pesticides underlie changes in the capacity
(e.g., cholinergic emergency) of the focal, fringe, and autonomic sensory system, which
are regularly trailed by suicide endeavors. Notwithstanding being causative specialists of
neuropsychiatric issue that may finish in suicide, these impacts may prompt the
utilization of pesticides as a weapon
2.5. Impact on Environment
Pesticides can sully soil, water, turf, and other vegetation. Notwithstanding
murdering creepy crawlies or weeds, pesticides can be poisonous to a large group of
different creatures including winged animals, angle, useful bugs, and non-target plants.
Bug sprays are by and large the most intensely poisonous class of pesticides, yet

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herbicides can likewise posture dangers to non-target life forms.

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2.5.1. Surface Water Contamination

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Pesticides can reach surface water through runoff from treated plants and soil.

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Contamination of water by pesticides is widespread. The results of a comprehensive set

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of studies done by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on major river basins across the

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country in the early to mid- 90s yielded startling results. More than 90 percent of water

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and fish samples from all streams contained one, or more often, several pesticides (Kole
et al; 2001). Pesticides were found in all samples from major rivers with mixed

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agricultural and urban land use influences and 99 percent of samples of urban streams

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(Bortleson and Davis, 1987–1995). The USGS also found that concentrations of

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insecticides in urban streams commonly exceeded guidelines for protection of aquatic life

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(U.S. Geological Survey,1999). Twentythree pesticides were detected in waterways in
(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines(Luận.văn).farmer.awareness.on.the.effect.of.pesticides.on.the.environment.and.crop.production.in.siniloan..laguna..philippines

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the Puget Sound Basin, including 17 herbicides. According to USGS, more pesticides
were detected in urban streams than in agricultural streams (US Department of the
Interior, 1995). The herbicides 2,4-D, diuron, and prometon, and the insecticides
chlorpyrifos and diazinon, all commonly used by urban homeowners and school districts,
were among the 21 pesticides detected most often in surface and ground water across the
nation (U.S. Geological Survey, 1998). Trifluralin and 2,4-D were found in water
samples collected in 19 out of the 20 river basins studied (Bevans et al., 1998; Fenelon et
al., 1998; Levings et al., 1998; Wall et al., 1998). The USGS also found that
concentrations of insecticides in urban streams commonly exceeded guidelines for
protection of aquatic life (U.S. Geological Survey, 1999). According to USGS, “in
general more pesticides were detected in urban streams than in agricultural streams”,

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(Bortleson and Davis, 1987–1995). The herbicide 2,4-D was the most commonly found

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pesticide, detected in 12 out of 13 streams. The insecticide diazinon, and the weed-killers

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dichlobenil, diuron, triclopyr, and glyphosate were detected also in Puget Sound basin

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streams. Both diazinon and diuron were found at levels exceeding concentrations

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recommended by the National Academy of Sciences for the protection of aquatic life

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(Bortleson and Davis, 1987–1995).

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2.5.2. Ground Water Contamination
Groundwater pollution due to pesticides is a worldwide problem. According to the

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USGS, at least 143 different pesticides and 21 transformation products have been found

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in ground water, including pesticides from every major chemical class. Over the past two
decades, detections have been found in the ground water of more than 43 states

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(Waskom, 1994). During one survey in India, 58% of drinking water samples drawn from
various hand pumps and wells around.
Bhopal was contaminated with Organo Chlorine pesticides above the EPA
standards (Kole and Bagchi, 1995). Once ground water is polluted with toxic chemicals,
it may take many years for the contamination to dissipate or be cleaned up. Cleanup may
also be very costly and complex, if not impossible (Waskom 1994; O’Neil, 1998; US
EPA, 2001).
2.5.3. Soil Contamination
A large number of transformation products (TPs) froma wide range of pesticides
have been documented (Barcelo’ and Hennion, 1997; Roberts, 1998; Roberts and Hutson,
1999). Not many of all possible pesticide TPs have been monitored in soil, showing that

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there is a pressing need for more studies in this field. Persistency and movement of these

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pesticides and their TPs are determined by some parameters, such as water solubility,

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soil-sorption constant (Koc), the octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow), and half-life

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in soil (DT50). Pesticides and TPs could be grouped into:(a) Hydrophobic, persistent, and

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bioaccumulable pesticides that are strongly bound to soil. Pesticides that exhibit such

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behavior include the organochlorine DDT, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor,lindane and

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their TPs. Most of them are now banned in agriculture but their residues are still present.
(b) Polar pesticides are represented mainly by herbicides but they include also

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carbamates, fungicides and some organophosphorus insecticide TPs. They can be moved

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from soil by runoff and leaching, thereby constituting a problem for the supply of

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drinking water to the population. The most researched pesticide TPs in soil are

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undoubtedly those from herbicides. Several metabolic pathways have been suggested,

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involving transformation through hydrolysis, methylation, and ring cleavage that produce
several toxic phenolic compounds. The pesticides and their TPs are retained by soils to
different degrees, depending on the interactions between soil and pesticide properties.
The most influential soil characteristic is the organic matter content. The larger the
organic matter content, the greater the adsorption of pesticides and TPs. The capacity of
the soil to hold positively charged ions in an exchangeable form is important with
paraquat and other pesticides that are positively charged. Strong mineral acid is required
for extracting these chemicals, without any analytical improvement or study reported in
recent years. Soil pH is also of some importance. Adsorption increases with decreasing
soil pH for ionizable pesticides (e.g. 2,4-D,2,4,5-T, picloram, and atrazine) (Andreu and
Pico’, 2004).

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PART III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter of the study focuses on the methodologies that the research used
to accomplish the objectives of this study. It contains the design, tools and
instruments, sampling design, respondents, locale and time frame and data gathering
procedures of the study.
3.1. Design
The study is a descriptive type of research wherein information needed for the
study was gathered by using formal and non-formal interview, survey questionnaires,
related literature reviews and study area; no examination or experimentation were
conducted for the study. Descriptive research as defined by Polit & Hungler (2013) is a

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study designed to depict the participants in an accurate way. More simply put, descriptive

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research is all about describing people who take part in the study.

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3.2. Tools and instruments

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A descriptive survey questionnaire, as part of the study, was selected as a tool for

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gathering data from the respondents as it provides an accurate portrayal or account of the

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characteristics, for example behavior, opinions, abilities, and knowledge of a particular

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individual, situation or a group (Penwarden, 2014).
The survey questionnaire was used as the main data-gathering instrument for this

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study. The questionnaire was divided into four sections: Respondents’ Personal

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Information section, Level of respondents’ awareness section, Factors affecting the level

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of the respondents’ awareness regarding pesticides section and Level of acceptance for

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the additional knowledge regarding pesticides section.

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3.3. Sampling Design
Pearson & Mundform (2010) suggest that the recommended sample sizes for
statistical analysis are a sample size of 100 which is poor, 200 as fair, 300 as good, 500 as
very good, and 1,000 or more as excellent. However, due to the limited number of
farmers residing in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines and time frame, only 120 farmers were
gathered and picked as respondents for the study. Babbie (2010) defines respondents as
elements selected with the intention of finding out something about the total population

which they are taken, and stratified sampling as a procedure for selecting a sample that
includes identified subgroups from the population in the proportion that they exist in the
population.

The identified subgroup or strata are the farmers residing in Siniloan,

Laguna, Philippines.

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3.3. Respondents

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The respondents of the study are the farmers residing in Siniloan, Laguna,

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Philippines. They were chosen as respondents because farmers are exposed to everyday

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use of pesticides and are first-hand users of pesticides.

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3.4. Time frame and locale

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The study grasped the perception of farmers in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines

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within the time frame of June, 2017 – September 2017.

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3.5. Data gathering procedures

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On a given time frame, the proponent of the study roved around Siniloan, Laguna,
Philippines to locate available farmers. Once the proponent located farmer/s, the

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proponent then asked the farmer/s if he/she can answer the survey questionnaire. The

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