Human factors in ship design, safety and operation iv

RINA

HUMAN FACTORS IN SHIP DESIGN,
SAFETY & OPERATION IV
21 - 22 March 2007

© 2007: The Royal Institution of Naval Architects
The Institution is not, as a body, responsible for the
opinions expressed by the individual authors or
speakers
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greenstreet berman

HUMAN FACTORS (HF) GUIDANCE
FOR MAINTENANCE
Royal Institution of Naval Architects
22 March 2007
David Pennie, Nikki Brook-Carter & Jon Berman (Greenstreet Berman)
Nim Dissanayake (RSSB Research Manager)
Huw Gibson (RSSB Technical Lead)
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Fulcrum House 5 Southern Court South Street Reading RG1 4QS

1


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Overview

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Introduction;

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Vulnerability of Maintenance;

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Background to the Research;

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Human Factors (HF) guidance what it contains;

•

Cross over potential to maritime

industry;


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Introduction – why are we here?

3

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Describe Human Factors Guidance developed for Rail Vehicle Maintainers;

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Detail why there is a need for this type of guidance for maintenance work;

•

Discuss the cross over potential of this guidance to the Maritime Industry.


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The vulnerability of maintenance

4

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Maintenance still largely dependant on humans;

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Maintenance tasks provide considerable opportunity for human error to occur;

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Human error is largely a consequence of the work system, how it has been
designed and other wider organisational factors.


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Consequences
•

1988 Clapham Rail – collision;

•

1988 Piper Alpha – explosion;

•

1984 Union Carbide Bhopal – a
cloud of toxic chemical was
released;

•

2000 Erika – one of Europe's worst
ever oil spills.

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Work system failures

6

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Poor work planning creates time pressure (maintainers hurry work and violate
safety procedures);

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Equipment/components are not easily accessible or appropriate (maintainer
use or adapt equipment/components not suitable for the job);

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Documentation does not provide easily understandable or readable instruction;

•

Maintainers are frequently interrupted and distracted (do not re-instate

system to operational state);

•

Inadequate lighting means that the maintainer fails to identify a fault;

•

Vehicle design allows swarf debris to enter electrical systems during
maintenance work causing failure;

•

Poor communication of new procedures during briefings (maintainers continue
to follow old ways of working).


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How can Human Factors help?
“scientific discipline that applies systematic, evidence-based methods
and knowledge about people to evaluate and improve the interaction
between individuals, technology and organisations“ - Rail Industry Advisory
Committee (RIAC)
The guiding principles of human factors:

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Errors are a consequence not a cause;

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Errors and poor performance do not occur randomly;

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Seek input from those that carry out the work (maintainers);

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Design to make allowances for people;

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Strengthen defences to limit & contain predictable errors;

•

Apply good practice.


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Background to the RSSB work
•

Research commissioned by Rail Safety &
Standards Board (RSSB);

•

Help those responsible for carrying out Rail
Vehicle M&I identify HF issues and find solutions;

•

The overriding requirement was to deliver a:
“Useable and tested product that can be
readily applied to M&I operation

8


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Developing HF Guidance

9

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Identification of good practices (interviews and observations of maintenance
work /literature review);

•

Develop evidence base for HF issues impacting on maintenance performance;

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Develop a HF framework;

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Development of the structure and content of the guidance package;

•

Case studies (applied the guidance to real issues impacting on depot
maintenance);

•

Development of an electronic version of the guidance package;

•

User testing;

•

Guidance revision and final reporting.


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The HF Guidance Package
HF Framework

Issues
Task design
Tools & equipment
Communication
Procedures
Training
Work planning
Safety Culture
Fitness to work
Environment

10


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Screen Shot

11


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Guidance Tools

12

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Event Classification System;

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Maintenance Personnel Questionnaire;

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Decision Making Aid Questions;

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Workshop templates;

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Human Factors Framework;

•

Human Factors Good Practice - designing for maintainability.


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Identifying issues - Questionnaire
Please select 5 items from the list below that you think, if made better, could
improve vehicle maintenance tasks at your depot
Design of maintenance & inspection
tasks.

Work planning and scheduling.

Training and competency assessment

Company commitment and priority to health &
safety

Procedures & documents (task
instruction, manuals VMIs).

Monitoring, talking about and controlling for
factors that can affect performance at work
(fatigue, stress, diet, sleep).

Work environment (lighting, heat,
noise, air quality, tidiness).

Provision and quality of tools and equipment.

Communication across departments,
from management and between teams
Other…………
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Human Factors issue

0
other

Communication

Equipment

Environment

Fitness

Procedures

H&S

Training

Work planning

Task design

Frequency

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Identifying issues - results graph
12

10

8

6

4

2


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Decision Making Aid (DMA)
Questions
Communication
Are the media/method used to support the communication appropriate for the
situation or environment, for example: If communication is verbal does it occur in a
noisy environment?
Are maintainers kept informed about changes to the workplace?
Are maintainers provided with up-to-date information on any current issues that
might be affecting their work?
Does management provide maintainers with feedback on how well they are doing,
for example fleet performance?
Are management visible and available for communication?

15


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Selecting Solutions
Key steps in identifying and selecting solutions include:

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Identifying and developing potential ideas;

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Considering the advantages and disadvantages;

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Getting buy-in from maintenance personnel;

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Conducting a cost-benefit-analysis for solutions;

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Developing a business case for these solutions.


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Good practice (design for
maintainability)

17

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Layout of the vehicle provides space and access to components and systems;

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Components subject to wear can be easily inspected, accessed, removed and
replaced;

•

Standard layout of systems and components (reduce the likelihood of incorrect
re-wiring);

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Adequate labelling (legible, easy to read and distinguishable);

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Easy to remove and mistake proof fastenings for regularly serviced items;

•

Reducing the opportunity for contaminants to enter critical systems;

•

Providing a feedback loop from maintainers to
manufacturers/designers/refurbishers on how design makes their work more

difficult.


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Case study
•
•
•

Maintenance personnel, team leaders and managers were interviewed using the
process and tools provided in the guidance package;
The questionnaire proactively identified an HF issue which management had been
unaware of and highlighted serious concerns with tools and equipment;
Following the results of the questionnaire, the issue was discussed with maintenance
personnel and an audit conducted. This identified a number of areas for improvement.
Outcomes
• Calibrated equipment better labelled;
• The tool request form has been
revised;
• improved storage facility for new
equipment
• New shadow boards have been
introduced;
• The stores manager conducts depot
tours.
18


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Cross over potential
“…lack of attention to the human system interface, in terms of the
design, layout, and integration of systems, and training in their
use, is the root cause of many accidents today”.

- President of the

Nautical Institute
The maritime industry, as with all other safety critical industries, is faced with
the challenge of addressing HF issues in maintenance and inspection:
x

x
x
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Training - ensuring staff, who are frequently at sea for long periods of time and
being moved from ship to ship, are up to date with all relevant maintenance
training;
Communication - supporting communication between on-shore and off-shore
maintenance operations;
Procedures – providing clear and useable procedures in appropriate languages


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How this guidance could benefit
the Maritime Industry

20

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Provides a systematic approach, for example, to investigate and classify
incidents and accidents;

•

Provides tools (questionnaire) to help managers and designers to better
understand the difficulties faced by those carrying out the work (maintainers);

•

Explains the Human Factors philosophy, for example, how errors and violations
are a product of the workplace;

•

In developing the guidance, HF knowledge and approaches were derived from
other industries;

•

The tools and knowledge provided in the guidance are highly transferable and
equally applicable across other safety critical industries including maritime.


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Possible future actions

21

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Develop the evidence base for HF issues impacting on maintenance
performance in the maritime industry;

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Explore the relevance of existing HF guidance;

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Adapt existing guidance to maritime Industry;

•

Validate and test the guidance using case studies.


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Thank you – any questions

We would like to offer thanks to: RSSB, ATOC, Freightliner, First Scot
Rail, First Great Western, Arriva Train Wales and all the other operating
companies who helped to develop this guidance.
22

Integrating Personnel Movement Simulation
into Preliminary Ship Design

D Andrews, L Casarosa and R Pawling,
University College London, UK
E Galea, S Deere and P Lawrence,
University of Greenwich, UK

1


Presentation Outline
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•
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•
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Introduction
Maritime EXODUS
Use of the Behaviour Matrix
Results of Personnel Movement Analysis
Design Building Block Approach
Integration of Personnel Movement with Ship Design
Ship Variants

Conclusions

2