Test and score data

Test and Score Data Summary for
®

TOEFL Internet-based
and Paper-based Tests

JANUARY 2007—DECEMBER 2007 TEST DATA

Test and Score Data
Test of English as a Foreign LanguageTM

This edition of the TOEFL Test and Score Data Summary contains data
on the performance of examinees who took the TOEFL Internet-based
test (TOEFL® iBT) or the TOEFL paper-based test (TOEFL PBT) between
January and December 2007.

www.ets.org/toefl

The TOEFL® Test — Quality Beyond Measure


Table of Contents
®

History of the TOEFL Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The TOEFL Internet-Based Test (TOEFL iBT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Internet-Based Test Data for 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 1. Observed Minimum and Maximum Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 2. Percentile Ranks – Total Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 3. Percentile Ranks – Graduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 4. Percentile Ranks – Undergraduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Table 5. Percentile Ranks – Other Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 6. Percentile Ranks – Applicants for Professional License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 7. Means and Standard Deviations – Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 8. Means and Standard Deviations – Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 9. Total and Section Score Means – All Examinees by Native Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 10. Total and Section Score Means – All Examinees by Geographic
Region and Native Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

The TOEFL Paper-Based Test (TOEFL PBT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Paper-Based Test Data for 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 11. Observed Minimum and Maximum Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 12. Percentile Ranks – Total Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 13. Percentile Ranks – Graduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 14. Percentile Ranks – Undergraduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 15. Percentile Ranks – Other Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 16. Percentile Ranks – Applicants for Professional License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 17. Means and Standard Deviations – Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 18. Means and Standard Deviations – Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 19. Total and Section Score Means – All Examinees by Native Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 20. Total and Section Score Means – All Examinees by Geographic
Region and Native Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15

16
17

For additional information about the Test of English as a Foreign Language, see the TOEFL Score User Guide,
TOEFL iBT at a Glance, and the TOEFL Internet-based Test Score Comparison Tables. Order these publications
in print form or download them from the TOEFL Quality Resource Center at www.ets.org/toefl/quality.

Copyright © 2008 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved.
ETS, the ETS logos, GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATIONS, TOEFL, the TOEFL logo, LISTENING. LEARNING. LEADING., and TWE are registered trademarks of Educational Testing
Service (ETS) in the United States of America and other countries throughout the world. TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE and TEST OF WRITTEN ENGLISH are
trademarks of Educational Testing Service. COLLEGE BOARD is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. Prometric is a registered trademark of Thomson
Learning.
A single copy of this publication may be downloaded for individual use. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means without permission in writing from Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ, USA. Violators will be prosecuted
in accordance with all applicable copyright and trademark laws.

2

Permission requests may be made online at www.ets.org or sent to Educational Testing Service, Office of the General Counsel,
Attn: Permissions Administrator, Rosedale Road, MS 04C, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA.

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


History of the TOEFL® Program
The Test of English as a Foreign Language™, better
known as TOEFL®, is designed to measure the English
proficiency of people whose native language is not
English. TOEFL scores are accepted by more than 6,000
colleges, universities, and licensing agencies in 110

countries. The test is also used by governments, and
scholarship and exchange programs worldwide. A list of
institutions and agencies that accept TOEFL scores is
available on the TOEFL website at www.ets.org/toefl.
The TOEFL Program — A national council on the testing of English as a foreign language was formed in 1962;
its members were representatives of more than 30 private organizations and government agencies concerned
with the English proficiency of nonnative speakers of
English who wished to study at colleges and universities
in the United States. The council supported the development of the TOEFL test for use starting in 1963–64.
Financed by grants from the Ford and Danforth Foundations, the TOEFL program was first administered by the
Modern Language Association. In 1965, the College
Board® and Educational Testing Service® (ETS®) assumed joint responsibility for the program. Because
many who take the TOEFL test are potential graduate
students, a cooperative arrangement for the operation
of the program was entered into by ETS, the College
Board, and the Graduate Record Examinations® Board
in 1973. Under this arrangement, ETS is responsible for
administering the TOEFL program with guidance from
the TOEFL Board.
The TOEFL Board is comprised of 15 members. Some
are affiliated with such institutions and agencies as
undergraduate and graduate schools, community colleges, nonprofit educational exchange organizations, and
other public and private agencies with an interest in
international education. Other members are specialists
in the field of English as a foreign or second language.

3

Development of the Test — The test originally contained
five sections. As a result of extensive research, a threesection test was developed and introduced in 1976. In

July 1995, the test item format was modified somewhat
within the same three-section structure. In recent years,
various constituencies called for a new TOEFL test that
would (1) be more reflective of communicative competence models; (2) include more constructed-response
tasks and direct measures of writing and speaking; (3)
include tasks that integrate the language modalities
tested; and (4) provide more information than the paperbased TOEFL test (TOEFL PBT) about the ability of
international students to use English in an academic
environment. Accordingly, the TOEFL Board initiated
a broad effort under which language testing will evolve
in the twenty-first century. The introduction of the
computer-based TOEFL test (TOEFL CBT) in 1998 was
the first incremental step in this broad test-improvement
effort.
The next step was the introduction of an Internetbased version of the TOEFL test (TOEFL iBT) in September 2005. The test was first launched in the United
States, and was gradually rolled out worldwide during
2005 and 2006. TOEFL iBT assesses all four language
skills (speaking, listening, reading, and writing) that
are important for effective communication. TOEFL iBT
emphasizes integrated skills and provides better information to institutions about students’ ability to communicate in an academic setting and their readiness for
academic coursework.
As TOEFL iBT was introduced in an area, TOEFL CBT
was discontinued after a period of overlap to ensure a
smooth transition to TOEFL iBT. The final administration
of TOEFL CBT was held in September 2006. TOEFL PBT
will continue to be offered on a limited basis to support
the TOEFL iBT testing network. This version of the
TOEFL Test and Score Data Summary contains information about TOEFL iBT and TOEFL PBT test takers.

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳

The TOEFL Internet-Based Test (TOEFL iBT)
TOEFL iBT was introduced in the United
States in September
2005 and was gradually introduced worldwide during 2005 and
2006. TOEFL iBT was
developed in response
to a request by institutions to provide a
test that would measure nonnative speakers’ ability to
communicate in English in an academic setting.
TOEFL iBT:
• Measures the ability to communicate by combining
all four language skills – Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing
• Is 100% academically-focused, measuring the kind
of English used in academic settings
• Provides fair and objective scoring
• Provides valid and reliable information to support
score users to make effective decisions
Test takers have up to four hours to complete the test,
and all four sections are taken on the same day. The
Reading section measures the ability to understand academic reading material, and the Listening section measures the ability to understand spoken English as it is
used in colleges and universities. The Speaking section
consists of six tasks that measure the ability to speak
English in an academic setting. The Writing section
consists of two tasks that measure the ability to write in
a way that is appropriate for college and university course
work. Some questions in the Speaking and Writing sections require the test takers to combine, or integrate,
information from more than one source. For example,
test takers are asked to read a passage, listen to a short

lecture about a topic, and then speak or write in response.
These integrated tasks are designed to simulate the academic experience.
Internet delivery enables ETS to deliver the test at
official test centers in more locations. There are currently more than 4,000 test centers where the TOEFL
iBT test is administered worldwide, and the number

4

continues to grow. Speaking and writing tasks are scored
by multiple, rigorously trained raters who provide unbiased, objective evaluations of the responses via the Online
Scoring Network.
Test Preparation—Everyone registered to take the
TOEFL test receives test preparation materials free of
charge. Examinees who register to take TOEFL iBT receive a link to a TOEFL iBT Sampler when the registration is complete. The Sampler includes questions from
all four sections of TOEFL iBT. The Reading and Listening sections are interactive and sample responses are
provided for the Writing and Speaking questions.
Several other test preparation products are available
for free and for purchase. For more information about
TOEFL iBT and related products, please visit the TOEFL
Web site at www.ets.org/toefl.

Visit the TOEFL website at www.ets.org/toefl
for the most up-to-date information.

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


Internet-Based Test Data for 2007

The data presented in the tables below are based on

examinees who took the TOEFL iBT between
January 2007 and December 2007.
Table 1 gives actual ranges of observed scores for
the period from January 2007 and December 2007. The

percentile ranks for section and total scale scores are
shown in Table 2 for the total group. In Tables 3–6,
examinees have been classified by their reason for
taking the test (information supplied by them at the
test center).

Table 1. Observed Minimum and Maximum
TOEFL iBT Section and Total Scores
Min.

Section

Max.

1. Reading

0

30

2. Listening

0

30

3. Speaking

0

30

4. Writing

0

30

Total

0

120

Table 2. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores
—Total Group

Speaking

Writing

Total Scale Score

Percentile Rank

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

Total Scale Score

Percentile Rank

97
86
79
73
68
63
59
55
51
48
45
41
38
36
33
30
28
25

23
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
3
1

98
88
79
72
67
61
56
52
48
44
41
38
34
31
29
26
24

21
19
17
15
13
12
10
8
7
5
3
1

99
98
96
93
89
**
82
73
63
**
54
44
34
23
**
14
9

6
**
4
3
2
1
**
1
1

98
95
90
84
**
76
68
**
58
48
38
**
31
23
**
17
11
**
7
3

2
**
1
1

120
116
112
108
104
100
96
92
88
84
80
76
72
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24

20
16
12
8
4
0

100
99
95
90
84
78
71
65
58
52
47
41
36
31
27
23
19
16
13
10
8
5
4

2
1
1

30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5

4
3
2
1
0

94
81
73
67
61
56
53
48
44
41
38
35
32
29
27
24
22
20
17
15
13
12
10
8

7
5
4
3
1

97
84
74
67
61
55
51
47
42
39
35
32
29
26
24
21
19
17
15
13
12
10
9
7

6
5
3
2
1

99
98
95
91
86
**
79
70
60
**
50
40
30
20
**
12
7
4
**
3
2
1
1
**

1

97
93
87
80
**
72
63
**
53
43
33
**
26
18
**
13
8
**
4
2
1
**

120
116
112
108
104

100
96
92
88
84
80
76
72
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0

100
98
93

86
79
72
66
59
53
47
41
35
30
26
22
18
15
12
9
7
5
3
2
1
1

Mean
S.D.

19.1
8.7

19.8

8.2

19.2
4.8

20.2
5.4

Mean
S.D.

78
24

Mean
S.D.

20.6
8.2

21.0
7.8

19.8
4.7

21.0
5.3

Mean

S.D.

82
23

**Indicates a non-existent scale score for Speaking and Writing.

Scale Score

Listening

30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12

11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Scale Score

Reading

Table 3. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores
—Graduate-Level Students*

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to colleges or
universities as graduate students.
**Indicates a non-existent scale score for Speaking and Writing.

5

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


Table 5. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores—

Other Students*

Speaking

Writing

Total Scale Score

Percentile Rank

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

Total Scale Score

Percentile Rank

97
90
84
79
75
71
67
64

60
57
54
51
47
44
41
38
36
33
30
27
24
22
19
16
14
11
9
6
4
1

98
89
81
74
69
63
59

54
50
47
43
40
36
33
31
28
26
23
21
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1

99
98
96
92
87
**
81

72
63
**
53
45
35
25
**
16
11
8
**
5
4
2
2
**
1
1
1

98
95
91
85
**
79
71
**
62

53
43
**
35
27
**
21
13
**
8
4
3
**
1
1

120
116
112
108
104
100
96
92
88
84
80
76
72
68

64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0

100
99
96
91
86
80
74
68
63
57
52
47

42
37
32
28
24
20
16
13
9
7
4
3
2
1

30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

98
89
82
77
72
67
63
59
55
52
49
46
42

40
37
34
32
29
26
24
22
19
17
15
12
10
8
5
3
1

98
89
80
73
67
62
57
53
49
45
42
39

35
33
31
28
26
24
22
19
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
1

100
99
97
94
91
**
84
75
66
**
56
47

37
28
**
19
14
11
**
8
6
4
3
**
2
1
1
1

99
96
92
86
**
79
70
**
60
51
42
**
34

27
**
21
14
**
10
5
3
**
1
1

120
116
112
108
104
100
96
92
88
84
80
76
72
68
64
60
56
52

48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0

100
99
97
93
87
80
73
67
61
54
49
44
39
35
31
27

24
20
17
14
11
8
6
4
3
1
1

Mean
S.D.

17.3
8.9

19.3
8.3

19.2
5.1

19.7
5.6

Mean
S.D.

76
25

Mean
S.D.

18.1
8.8

19.4
8.5

18.6
5.2

19.7
5.7

Mean
S.D.

76
25

6

Scale Score

Listening

30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0

Scale Score

Reading

Table 4. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores—
Undergraduate Level Students*

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to colleges or
universities as undergraduate students.

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to schools other
than colleges or universities, e.g., secondary schools.

**Indicates a non-existent scale score for Speaking and Writing.

**Indicates a non-existent scale score for Speaking and Writing.

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


Listening

Speaking

Writing

Total Scale Score

Percentile Rank

30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3

2
1
0

98
89
80
74
66
60
55
50
45
41
37
33
29
26
24
21
19
16
14
13
11
9
8
7
5
4

3
2
1
1

99
90
79
69
61
53
47
41
36
32
28
25
22
19
17
15
13
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4

3
2
1

99
98
96
93
86
**
75
60
45
**
34
25
17
11
**
6
4
3
**
2
1
1
1
**

98

96
91
85
**
75
64
**
51
40
30
**
22
16
**
11
7
**
4
2
1
**
1
1

120
116
112
108
104
100

96
92
88
84
80
76
72
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0

100
99
97
92

85
76
66
56
47
40
33
27
23
19
15
12
10
8
6
5
4
2
2
1
1

Mean
S.D.

20.6
7.5

21.9
6.8

21.0
4.1

21.0
5.0

Mean
S.D.

84
20

Scale Score

Reading

Table 6. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL iBT Scores—
Applicants for Professional License*

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were taking TOEFL to become licensed to
practice their professions in the United States or Canada.
**Indicates a non-existent scale score for Speaking and Writing.

7

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


Tables 7 and 8 present means and standard deviations of section and total scores

separately for male and female examinees tested between January and December 2007.

Table 7. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL iBT Section and Total Scores, Males*

Group

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

Total

Total Group*

19.5
8.7

19.8
8.3

18.9
4.7

20.2
5.5

78
24

Graduate Level**

21.1
8.1

21.1
7.8

19.6
4.6

21.1
5.3

83
23

Undergraduate Level**

17.5
9.1

19.4
8.4

19.0
5.0

19.6
5.7

76
25

Other Students**

18.6
8.9

19.4
8.6

18.4
5.1

19.7
5.7

76
25

Applicants for
Professional License**

21.2
7.1

22.2
6.5

20.8
3.9

21.1
4.9

85
19

*Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership and also indicated a main reason for taking the TOEFL
test.

Table 8. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL iBT Section and Total Scores, Females*

Group

Reading

Listening

Speaking

Writing

Total

Total Group*

19.0
8.6

20.0
8.0

19.8
4.8

20.4
5.3

79
24

Graduate Level**

20.2
8.2

21.2
7.6

20.5
4.7

21.2
5.2

83
23

Undergraduate Level**

17.2
8.8

19.6
8.2

19.6
5.2

19.9
5.5

76
24

Other Students**

17.8
8.7

19.6
8.4

19.1

5.3

19.8
5.6

76
25

Applicants for
Professional License**

20.2
7.6

21.8
6.9

21.3
4.2

21.0
5.0

84
20

*Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership and also indicated a main reason for taking the TOEFL
test.

8

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


Tables 9 and 10 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL iBT of a particular student with that
of other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. It is
important to point out that the data do not permit the generalization that there are fundamental differences in the
ability of the various national and language groups to learn English or in the level of English proficiency they can
attain. The tables are based simply on the performance of those examinees native to particular countries and
languages who happened to take TOEFL iBT.

81
76
77
71
66
78
96
71

Bashkir
Basque
Belorussian
Bemba
Bengali
Berber
Bikol
Bosnian
Bulgarian

Burmese

*
24
20
13
22
17
20
17
21
18

*
25
23
15
23
17
21
20
24
18

*
21
23
21
22
18

22
21
21
19

*
22
22
17
24
18
22
19
22
21

*
92
88
67
91
71
85
77
89
76

Catalan
Cebuano
Chichewa ( Nyanja )

Chinese
Chuvash
Croatian
Czech

24
22
16
20
*
21
21

24
23
18
19
*
25
24

21
22
19
18
*
22
22

22

22
19
20
*
22
22

92
89
72
77
*
91
89

Danish
Dutch

24
25

27
27

26
25

24
25

101
102

Efik
English
Estonian
Ewe

20
20
23
16

19
22
26
17

20
22
23
19

21
22
24
19

79
86

97
71

Farsi
Fijian
Finnish
French
Fula (Peul)

18
*
23
22
12

19
*
27
22
13

20
*
23
21
18

19
*
24

21
17

76
*
97
85
60

Ga
Gallegan (Galician)
Ganda
Georgian
German
Greek
Guarani
Gujarati
Gwichin

19
*
17
18
23
21
*
16
*

20

*
19
21
26
23
*
17
*

20
*
21
21
24
20
*
19
*

21
*
22
20
24
22
*
19
*

80

*
79
79
97
87
*
71
*

Hausa
Hebrew
Hindi
Hungarian

16
22
23
21

17
26
24
24

19
24
23
22

19

23
24
22

71
95
93
89

Icelandic
Igbo
Iloko
Indonesian
Inupiaq
Italian

22
18
20
19
*
22

26
19
21
20
*
19

23
20
20
19
*
18

24
20
21
20
*
19

95
78
83
78
*
78

Japanese
Javanese

16
18

16
17

15
16

18
19

65
71

Kannada
Kanuri
Kashmiri
Kazakh
Khmer
Kikuyu
Konkani
Korean
Kurdish
Kurukh

24
*
21
17
13
16
25
20
16
*

25
*
23
19
15
19
26
20
20
*

23
*
23
20
17
20
24
18
19
*

25
*
23
19
18
20
26

20
19
*

96
*
90
76
63
74
101
77
74
*

2

9

Total

21
20
19
18
17
20
25
18

Writing

21
20
21
19
19
21
23
19

Speaking

Total

21
19
20
18
17
20
24
17

Listening

Writing

18
17

17
15
13
17
24
16

Reading

Speaking

Afrikaans
Akan
Albanian
Amharic
Arabic
Armenian
Assamese
Aymara

1

Listening

Native Language

Reading

Table 9. TOEFL iBT Total and Section Score Means1 — All Examinees Classified by Native Language2

Lao
Latvian
Lingala
Lithuanian
Luba-Lulua
Luo

12
19
*
19
*
18

14
23
*
23
*
20

18
22
*
22
*
21

18
22

*
21
*
21

63
86
*
85
*
80

Macedonian
Madurese
Malagasy
Malay
Malayalam
Maltese
Marathi
Marshallese
Mende
Mongolian
Mossi

18
13
*
22
23
*

24
*
*
14
11

22
17
*
23
24
*
24
*
*
16
13

21
18
*
20
23
*
23
*
*
18
17

21
18
*
23
24
*
24
*
*
17
17

82
66
*
88
95
*
95
*
*
65
58

Nepali
Norwegian

16
21

18
26

19
24

20
23

74
94

Oriya
Oromo

24
17

24
20

23
19

25
18

96
73

Palauan
Pohnapeian
Polish
Portuguese
Punjabi
Pushtu

*
*
20
22
20
16

*
*
23
23
21
19

*
*
22
21
22
21

*
*

21
21
22
20

*
*
86
86
84
77

Romanian
Russian

23
19

24
22

22
21

23
21

92
83

Samoan
Santali
Serbian
Shona
Sindhi
Sinhalese
Slovak
Slovene
Somali
Spanish
Sundanese
Swahili
Swedish

*
*
20
22
22
19
21
23
13
21
*
16
20

*
*

23
23
24
22
24
25
17
22
*
18
25

*
*
21
23
23
21
22
23
20
21
*
19
24

*
*
20
23

24
22
22
24
17
21
*
19
23

*
*
84
91
93
84
89
96
67
84
*
72
91

Tagalog
Tamil
Tatar
Telugu
Thai
Tibetan

Tigrinya
Tongan
Turkish
Turkmen
Twi

21
24
*
17
17
16
17
*
19
15
18

22
24
*
18
18
19
19
*
20
19
20

22
23
*
20
17
20
19
*
19
19
20

22
24
*
20
19
21
19
*
20
19
20

88
96
*
74
71
76

74
*
77
72
78

Uighur
Ukrainian
Urdu
Uzbek

15
19
19
16

16
22
21
18

18
22
22
19

17
21
22
18

66
84
86
71

Vietnamese

17

16

17

19

70

Wolof

12

14

17

16

59

*

*

*

*

*

Yapese
Yiddish
Yoruba

*
*
19

*
*
20

*
*
20

*
*
20

*
*
79

Zulu

18

21

23

23

84

Native Language

Xhosa

Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain languages may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


18
16
21
17

18
19
*
*
*
*
17
18
16
*
*
19
18
18
17
21
16
*
20
*
16
21
*
15
18
25
*
*
*
17

20
21
19
*
16
*
19
16
24
*
19
16
19
22
*
21
24

67
57
77
62
69
68
*
*
*
*
64
66

59
*
*
75
72
70
62
78
61
*
75
*
58
79
*
56
65
94
*
*
*
62
77
82
74
*
60
*
75
60

95
*
69
60
77
80
*
83
92

*
*
24
*
*
*
*
*
20
22
21
23
20
23
19
*
19
20
20
*

*
*
18
*
12
19
18
*
21
*

*
*
25
*
*
*
*
*
22
23
24
23
21
25
20
*
21
22
22

*
*
*
19
*
14
22
21
*
22
*

*
*
22
*
*
*
*
*
21
21
23
20
20
23
20
*
21
21

22
*
*
*
20
*
18
22
22
*
21
*

*
*
23
*
*
*
*
*
20
21
23
21
20
23
19
*
20

21
21
*
*
*
19
*
16
21
21
*
21
*

*
*
94
*
*
*
*
*
83
86
91
88
80
93
79
*

81
83
84
*
*
*
76
*
61
85
82
*
85
*

AMERICAN
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica

Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
French Guiana
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Martinique
Mexico
Montserrat

Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States

Uruguay
Venezuela
Virgin Islands (U.S.)

Total

19
16
21
17
19
18
*
*
*
*
19
19
16
*
*
19
19
19
20
20
18
*
20
*

19
20
*
16
19
21
*
*
*
18
20
20
20
*
17
*
22
19
25
*
20
18
20
21
*
24
23

Writing

Total

17
13
18
15
16
16
*
*
*
*
15
16
13
*
*
20
19
18
15
19
15
*
18
*
15
19
*
13

15
24
*
*
*
14
19
21
19
*
14
*
18
15
25
*
17
14
20
19
*
21
23

Speaking

Writing

Angola
Benin

Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Congo, The Democratic Republic of
Cote D’Ivoire
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mozambique

Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Reunion
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Listening

Speaking

13
12
16
13
15
15

*
*
*
*
13
13
13
*
*
17
16
15
10
18
12
*
17
*
9
20
*
11
13
24
*
*
*
13
18
21

16
*
13
*
16
10
22
*
14
12
18
17
*
17
22

AFRICA

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Reading

Listening

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Reading

Table 10. TOEFL iBT Total and Section Score Means1 —
Nonnative English-Speaking Examinees Classified by Geographic Region and Native Country2

18
20
20
20
20
21
*
*
*
*
*
*
19
24
20
*

23
22
22
22
22
23
*
*
*
*

*
*
22
25
22
*

24
22
21
21
21
21
*
*
*
*
*
*
22
22
21
*

23
21
21
21
21
22

*
*
*
*
*
*
21
23
20
*

88
85
83
84
83
87
*
*
*
*
*
*
84
94
84
*

16
17

21
16
*
15
19
*
*
*
20
21
20
16
20
17
20
21
15
16
23
*
16
18
18
22
22
26
22
18
17
18

*
20
19
16

20
19
21
20
*
17
18
*
*
*
20
21
19
15
20
17
18
21
18
17
20
*
18
19
19

22
22
24
21
18
21
17
*
20
20
17

19
18
22
18
*
18
20
*
*
*
22
22
21
18
20
18
20
20

18
19
23
*
17
20
20
23
22
26
21
19
19
19
*
19
19
19

67
71
83
69
*
63
78
*
*
*
80

84
78
65
77
69
77
81
65
66
87
*
65
75
74
87
88
100
83
72
72
72
*
75
75
70

*
20
*
20

26
23
26
22
24
24
21
24
*
27
26
*
27
23
21
26
*
23
*
*
23
26
*
19

*
21
*
21
24

22
24
21
21
22
19
22
*
26
23
*
23
21
21
24
*
20
*
*
22
23
*
18

*
20
*
20
25
21

24
19
22
22
21
22
*
24
24
*
24
22
20
24
*
22
*
*
22
24
*
19

*
78
*
78
99
86
98

80
88
89
79
89
*
101
96
*
98
88
79
97
*
88
*
*
88
95
*
78

ASIA
Afghanistan
12
Azerbaijan
16
Bangladesh
19
Bhutan

14
Brunei Darussalam
*
Cambodia
13
China
21
Christmas Island
*
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
*
East Timor
*
Hong Kong
18
India
20
Indonesia
19
Japan
16
Kazakhstan
17
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of 16
Korea, Republic of
20
Kyrgyzstan
19
Lao, People’s Democratic Republic 13
Macau

15
Malaysia
21
Maldives
*
Mongolia
14
Myanmar
18
Nepal
16
Pakistan
20
Philippines
21
Singapore
25
Sri Lanka
19
Taiwan
17
Tajikistan
15
Thailand
17
Timor-Leste
*
Turkmenistan
16
Uzbekistan

17
Viet Nam
17

EUROPE
Aland Islands
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Czech and Slovakia
Denmark
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Holy See (Vatican City State)
Hungary

Iceland
Ireland
Italy

*
18
*
17
24
20
24
17
21
21
18
21
*
24
23
*
24
23
18
23
*
22
*
*
21
22

*
22

(continued)

10

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


19
22
*
21
25
21
*
21
22
19
25
*
23
21
23
23
21
*
*
20

20
22
23
22
23
24
20
21
24
*
*

71
87
*
85
100
82
*
86
88
81
103
*
94
86
95
93
84
*

*
83
84
89
96
88
91
97
77
84
95
*
*

18
19
21
*

19
20
21
*

18
19
20
*

69

73
80
*

MIDDLE EAST/NORTH AFRICA
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Gaza Strip

1
2

11

15
14
18
*

Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Occupied Palestinian Territory
Oman

Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
West Bank
Yemen

Total

20
22
*
22
24
21
*
22
22
21
25
*
24
22
23
22
21
*
*
21

21
22
23
21
24
23
19
22
24
*
*

Writing

Total

18
23
*
23
26
22
*
22
22
22
27
*
26
23

25
25
22
*
*
22
23
24
26
23
25
26
20
22
25
*
*

Speaking

Writing

Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of
Malta
Moldova, Republic of

Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
San Marino
Scotland
Serbia
Serbia and Montenegro
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Wales
Yugoslavia

Listening

Speaking

15
20

*
19
25
18
*
20
22
19
25
*
21
20
24
23
20
*
*
20
19
21
24
23
20
24
19
20
23
*
*

EUROPE (cont’d)

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Reading

Listening

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Reading

Table 10 (continued)

18
15
22
15
11
17
17
16
12
11
8
10
13
14

10
15
12

19
19
26
18
16
20
21
18
16
14
13
15
18
19
14
18
16

20
20
24
20
19
21
20
19

19
18
17
18
20
20
17
19
19

19
18
22
18
16
21
19
19
18
16
14
15
18
19
16
19
17

76
72

94
71
61
79
78
72
65
59
51
57
69
72
58
70
64

*
21
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*

*
23
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
23
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
23
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*

*
91
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

PACIFIC REGION
American Samoa
Australia
Fiji

French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Federated States of
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Pitcairn
Samoa
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu

Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain countries may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


The TOEFL Paper-Based Test (TOEFL PBT)
The paper-based version of
the TOEFL test (TOEFL
PBT) continues to be administered on specific dates in
some countries, particularly
in areas where accessibility
to the Internet-based test

(TOEFL iBT) is a concern.
Each form of TOEFL PBT
consists of three separately
timed sections; the questions
in each section are multiplechoice, with four possible answers or options per question. All responses are gridded on answer sheets that are
scored by computer. There is also a 30-minute essay, The
Test of Written English (TWE), given at each administration.
• Section 1 of the test, Listening Comprehension,
measures the ability to understand English as it is
spoken in North America. The oral features of the
language are stressed, and the problems tested
include vocabulary and idiomatic expression as well
as special grammatical constructions frequently used
in spoken English. The stimulus material and oral
questions are recorded in standard North American
English; the response options are printed in the
test books.
• Section 2, Structure and Written Expression, measures recognition of selected structural and grammatical points in standard written English. The
language tested is formal, rather than conversational. The topics of the sentences are of a general
academic nature so that individuals in specific fields
of study or from specific national or linguistic groups
have no particular advantage.

The total test time is approximately two and one-half
hours; however, approximately three and one-half hours
are needed for a test administration to admit examinees
to the testing room, to allow them to enter identifying
information on their answer sheets, and to distribute
and collect the test materials.
Language specialists prepare the material for the

TOEFL test. The TOEFL Committee of Examiners
establishes overall guidelines for the test content and
specifications. All item specifications, questions, and
final test forms are reviewed for cultural and racial bias
and content appropriateness, according to established
ETS procedures.
For test date information, see
the Information and Registration
Bulletin for TOEFL PBT and TSE
testing, or visit the TOEFL website
at www.ets.org/toefl.
Test Preparation — Examinees
registered to take TOEFL PBT receive TOEFL Practice Tests, Volume 1, which includes two complete PBT tests. In addition,
sample questions are downloadable from the TOEFL
website. There is no fee for these practice materials.
Other TOEFL test preparation products are
available for purchase. For more information about
these products and ordering information, go to the
Test Takers section of the TOEFL website at
www.ets.org/toefl.

• Section 3, Reading Comprehension, measures the
ability to read and understand short passages that are
similar in topic and style to those that students are
likely to encounter in North American colleges and
universities. Examinees read a variety of short passages
on academic subjects and answer several questions
about each passage. The questions test information
that is stated in or implied by the passage, as well as
knowledge of some of the specific words as they are

used in the passage.

12

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


Paper-Based Test Data for 2007

In 2007 TOEFL PBT was administered six times at
preestablished testing centers throughout the world.
The data presented below are based on candidates who
took the paper-based TOEFL test between January and
December 2007.

Table 11 gives actual ranges of observed scores for
the period from January 2007 through December 2007.
The percentile ranks for section and total scale scores
are shown in Table 12 for the total group. In Tables
13–16, examinees are classified by their reason for
taking the test (information supplied by them at the
test center).

Table 11. Observed Minimum and Maximum Paper-Based
TOEFL Section and Total Scores
Min.

Max.

1. Listening Comprehension

Section

31

68

2. Structure and Written Expression

31

68

3. Reading Comprehension

31

67

Total

313

677

Section 3 Reading
Comprehension

Total Scale Score

Percentile Rank

Section 2 Structure and
Written Expression

99
98
95
89
82
73
64
52
41
30
20
12
7
3
2
1
1

98
94
89
84
77
67
58

48
38
29
22
15
10
6
4
2
1
1
1

99
95
89
81
70
58
45
32
22
15
9
6
4
3
2
1
1

1

660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320

99
96
90
83
73
61
48
36
25

16
10
6
3
2
1

68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32

99
98
95

90
84
74
64
52
39
28
18
11
6
3
1
1

98
94
88
82
74
63
52
41
31
23
17
11
7
4
3
2

1
1

98
94
86
76
64
50
36
24
16
10
6
4
2
1
1
1

660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480

460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320

99
96
90
81
69
56
42
30
19
12
7
4
2
1

Mean
S.D.

53.6
6.5

54.1
7.7

54.4
6.4

Mean
S.D.

540
61

Mean
S.D.

53.7
6.2

55.2
7.2

55.6
5.9

Mean
S.D.

548
57

Scale Score

Percentile Rank

68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32

Scale Score

Total Scale Score

Section 1 Listening
Comprehension

Table 13. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores—
Graduate Level Students*

Section 3 Reading
Comprehension

Section 2 Structure and
Written Expression

Section 1 Listening
Comprehension

Table 12. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores—
Total Group

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to colleges or
universities as graduate students.

13

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


Section 3 Reading
Comprehension

Total Scale Score

Percentile Rank

99
97
94
87
79
71
62
52
41
30
20
12
7
4
2
1
1

98
94
89
84
78
70
63
53
44
35
27

19
13
8
5
3
2
1
1

99
97
92
86
78
67
55
41
29
20
13
8
6
3
2
1
1
1

660
640

620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320

99
95
90
83
75
65
54
42
30
20
13
8
4

2
1

68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32

99
98
95
89
82
73
64

55
45
35
26
18
11
7
4
2
1
1

99
98
94
90
84
77
69
60
50
41
34
27
20
13
9
6
3
3

2

99
97
93
86
78
67
55
43
32
24
17
12
9
6
4
3
2
2

660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500

480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320

100
98
93
87
78
68
57
46
36
27
19
13
8
5
2
1

Mean
S.D.

53.8
6.8

53.2
8.1

53.0
6.5

Mean
S.D.

534
64

Mean
S.D.

52.9
7.2

51.4
8.2

52.4
7.2

Mean
S.D.

522
68

Scale Score

Percentile Rank

68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32

Scale Score

Total Scale Score

Section 1 Listening
Comprehension

Section 2 Structure and
Written Expression

Table 15. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores
—Other Students*

Section 3 Reading
Comprehension

Section 2 Structure and
Written Expression

Section 1 Listening
Comprehension

Table 14. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores
—Undergraduate Level Students*

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to colleges or
universities as undergraduate students.

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to schools other
than colleges or universities, e.g., secondary schools.

Section 3 Reading
Comprehension

Total Scale Score

Percentile Rank

99
98
96
92
85
77
66
52
39
29
19
11
7
4
2
1
1

99
97
94
91
86
78
69

60
50
40
31
21
14
9
6
3
2
1

99
98
94
89
80
69
56
40
26
16
10
7
5
3
2
1
1
1

660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320

99
98
94
89
81
71
58
44
30
19

12
6
4
2
1
1

Mean
S.D.

53.4
6.2

52.0
7.5

53.0
6.0

Mean
S.D.

528
58

14

Section 1 Listening
Comprehension

68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32

Scale Score

Section 2 Structure and
Written Expression

Table 16. Percentile Ranks for Paper-Based TOEFL Scores
—Applicants for Professional License*

*Based on examinees who indicated that they were taking TOEFL to become licensed to
practice their professions in the United States or Canada

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


Tables 17 and 18 present means and standard deviations of section and total scores
separately for male and female examinees tested between January and December 2007;

Table 17. Means and Standard Deviations for Paper-Based TOEFL Section and Total Scores, Males*

Group

Section 2
Section 1
Structure and
Section 3
Listening
Written
Reading
Comprehension Expression Comprehension

Total Scale
Score

Total Group*

53.3
6.5

54.5
7.6

54.8
6.4

542
61

Graduate Level**

53.4
6.1

55.6
7.1

56.1
5.8

550
56

Undergraduate Level**

53.5
7.0

53.4
8.2

53.1

6.6

534
65

Other Students**

52.8
7.0

52.1
8.1

52.7
7.2

525
67

Applicants for
Professional License**

52.8
6.2

51.6
7.5

53.0
6.4

525
59

*Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership and also indicated a main reason for taking the
TOEFL test.

Table 18. Means and Standard Deviations for Paper-Based TOEFL Section and Total Scores, Females*

Group

Section 2
Section 1
Structure
Section 3
Listening
and Written
Reading
Comprehension Expression Comprehension

Total Scale
Score

Total Group*

54.0
6.5

53.6

7.8

53.9
6.3

538
62

Graduate Level**

54.3
6.4

54.5
7.4

55.0
6.0

546
59

Undergraduate Level**

54.1
6.6

53.1
8.0

52.9
6.4

534
63

Other Students**

52.9
7.4

50.8
8.1

52.1
7.2

519
69

Applicants for
Professional License**

53.9
6.2

52.2
7.4

53.1

5.8

531
57

*Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Based on examinees who responded to a question about gender group membership and also indicated a main reason for taking the
TOEFL test.

15

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


Tables 19 and 20 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL PBT test of a particular student with
that of other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. It
is important to point out that the data do not permit the generalization that there are fundamental differences
in the ability of the various national and language groups to learn English or in the level of English proficiency they
can attain. The tables are based simply on the performance of those examinees native to particular countries and
languages who happened to take the paper-based TOEFL test.

1
2

16

541
*
534
549

524
*
*
545
*
*
*
577
*
577
*
*
565
*
533
*
*
552
543
*
*
574
611
583
*
*
571
*
493
537

*
605
552
507
*
*
*
*
601
535
*
536
*
*
603
*
573
*
*
527
*
535
*
588
522
516
586
*
*
521

*
551
505
*
545
509
*
*

Native Language
Lao
Latvian
Lingala
Lithuanian
Luba-Lulua
Luo
Macedonian
Madurese
Malagasy
Malay
Malayalam
Maltese
Mandingo
Marathi
Marshallese
Mende
Minangkabau
Mongolian
Mossi
Nepali

Norwegian
Nyanja
Oriya
Oromo
Palauan
Pohnpeian
Polish
Portuguese
Punjabi
Pushto
Romanian
Russian
Samoan
Santali
Serbian
Shona
Sindhi
Sinhalese
Slovak
Slovenian
Somali
Spanish
Sundanese
Swahili
Swedish
Tagalog
Tajik
Tamil
Tatar
Telugu

Thai
Tibetan
Tigrinya
Tongan
Turkish
Turkmen
Twi
Uighur
Ukrainian
Urdu
Uzbek
Vietnamese
Wolof
Xhosa
Yapese
Yiddish
Yoruba
Yupik
Zhuang
Zulu

Total Score Mean

53
*
50
54
51
*
*

54
*
*
*
57
*
57
*
*
56
*
53
*
*
53
54
*
*
57
59
56
*
*
55
*
49
54
*
59
55

50
*
*
*
*
59
52
*
53
*
*
59
*
56
*
*
52
*
54
*
59
53
52
58
*
*
52
*
54
51

*
56
51
*
*

Section 3 Reading
Comprehension

56
*
55
55
52
*
*
56
*
*
*
58
*
57
*
*
56
*
54
*
*

58
55
*
*
58
62
59
*
*
59
*
51
53
*
60
55
53
*
*
*
*
60
53
*
51
*
*
59
*
57

*
*
55
*
52
*
59
52
51
59
*
*
52
*
58
52
*
55
50
*
*

Section 2 Structure
and Written
Expression

Total Score Mean

54
*

55
55
54
*
*
53
*
*
*
58
*
58
*
*
58
*
53
*
*
55
54
*
*
57
63
60
*
*
57
*

49
54
*
63
55
49
*
*
*
*
61
55
*
56
*
*
63
*
58
*
*
51
*
54
*
58
52
51
59
*

*
53
*
54
48
*
53
51
*
*

Section 1 Listening
Comprehension

Section 3 Reading
Comprehension

Afrikaans
Akan
Albanian
Amharic
Arabic
Armenian
Assamese
Azerbaijani
Bambara
Bashkir
Basque
Belarusian
Bemba

Bengali
Berber
Bikol
Bosnian
Bulgarian
Burmese
Catalan
Cebuano
Chichewa
Chinese
Chuvash
Croatian
Czech
Danish
Dutch
Dyula
Efik
English
Estonian
Ewe
Farsi
Fijian
Finnish
French
Fula (Peul)
Ga
Gallegan (Galicien)
Ganda
Georgian
German

Greek
Guarani
Gujarati
Gwichin
Hausa
Hebrew
Hiligaynon
Hindi
Hungarian
Icelandic
Igbo
Iloko
Indonesian
Inupiaq
Italian
Japanese
Javanese
Kannada
Kanuri
Kashmiri
Kazakh
Khmer
Kikuyu
Kinyarwanda
Konkani
Korean
Kurdish
Kurukh
Kusaiean

Section 2 Structure
and Written
Expression

Native Language

Section 1 Listening
Comprehension

Table 19. TOEFL PBT Total and Section Score Means1 — All Examinees Classified by Native Language2

*
*
*
*
*
55
*
*
51
60
58
*
*
*
54
*
*
*
47

53
62
*
*
49
56
*
59
58
*
52
59
56
*
*
55
55
*
56
*
61
*
58
*
53
62
59
53
55
*

56
49
*
55
*
52
55
*
*
57
57
*
51
*
*
*
*
54
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
59
*
*

50
57
59
*
*
*
50
*
*
*
53
53
61
*
*
54
54
*
56
56
*
51
59
55
*
*
52
60
*
52

*
59
*
56
*
56
59
59
52
53
*
54
50
*
58
*
51
52
*
*
55
57
*
55
*
*
*
*
57
*

*
*

*
*
*
*
*
55
*
*
52
58
59
*
*
*
47
*
*
*
50
53
58
*
*
53
51
*
56

57
*
50
58
55
*
*
51
56
*
53
*
59
*
57
*
53
58
56
51
53
*
54
51
*
56
*
52
51
*

*
55
55
*
53
*
*
*
*
54
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
563
*
*
511
582
586
*
*
*
507
*

*
*
498
529
602
*
*
521
538
*
571
572
*
511
588
555
*
*
527
570
*
537
*
593
*
571
*
542
596
579

522
536
*
546
500
*
565
*
516
524
*
*
555
563
*
530
*
*
*
*
548
*
*
*

Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain languages may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳

AFRICA
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo, The Democratic Republic of
Congo
Cote d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali

Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Reunion
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe

*
*
*
48
*
51
*
*

*
*
48
*
*
*
*
55
55
*
50
56
47
*
55
*
49
51
55
42
*
60
48
*
*
52
*
48
*
*

*
*
*
62
*
54
48
51
*
56
57

*
*
*
53
*
55
*
*
*
*
50
*
*
*
*
59
55
*

51
57
50
*
58
*
52
50
58
42
*
65
51
*
*
56
*
53
*
*
*
*
*
64
*
55
50
54
*
59

61

*
*
*
51
*
52
*
*
*
*
49
*
*
*
*
56
54
*
47
53
47
*
55
*
48
52
53
43

*
61
50
*
*
53
*
51
*
*
*
*
*
59
*
52
49
53
*
53
57

*
*
*
505
*
524
*
*

*
*
491
*
*
*
*
569
547
*
494
555
481
*
559
*
497
510
554
424
*
616
497
*
*
539
*
506
*
*

*
*
*
614
*
538
488
526
*
560
579

*
*
59
59
*
*
*
*
*
59
*
60
*
*
55
60
*
*

60
56
*
*
*
*
*
*
51
*
*
*
59
*
*
*
*
*
55
*

*
*
58
57
*
*
*
*
*

57
*
59
*
*
52
58
*
*
58
54
*
*
*
*
*
*
50
*
*
*
56
*
*
*
*
*
52
*

*
*
59
54
*
*
*
*
*
57
*
58
*
*
54
59
*
*
57
56
*
*
*
*
*
*
50
*
*
*

57
*
*
*
*
*
54
*

*
*
587
565
*
*
*
*
*
577
*
592
*
*
538
590
*
*
584
553
*

*
*
*
*
*
505
*
*
*
575
*
*
*
*
*
535
*

AMERICA
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
Virgin Islands (British)

Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
French Guiana
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Martinique
Mexico
Montserrat
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico

St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States of America
Uruguay
Virgin Islands (U.S.)
Venezuela

Total Score Mean

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Section 1 Listening
Comprehension

Total Score Mean

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Section 1 Listening
Comprehension

Table 20. Paper-Based TOEFL Total and Section Score Means1—
All Examinees Classified by Geographic Region and Native Country2

*
*
*
58
*
*
59
61
*
59

*
*
*
57
*

*
56
61
*
57

*
*
*
54
*
*
56
60
*
57

*
*
*
566
*
*
571
605
*
575

51
54

*
58
*
*
54
56
58
54
52
54
52
53
54
*
*
59
*
*
53
53
57
59
62
56
54
53
49
54
*
51

50
57
*
57
*
*
55
55
56
52
52
54
52
55
55
*
*
57
*
*
54
53
57
59
62
52
53
53
50

52
*
55

49
54
*
55
*
*
54
56
56
54
53
53
53
56
54
*
*
58
*
*
53
53
55
56
61
53

53
51
51
51
*
53

499
552
*
570
*
*
543
558
566
535
522
539
526
545
542
*
*
579
*
*
533
529
563

580
617
535
532
524
500
525
*
531

*
*
*
*
57
60
57
*
*
54
57
63
*
*
63
57
*
62
58
*

*
*
*
*
58
54
*
*
*
*
*
*
57
*
*
*
*
62
59
61
60
56
*
*

*
*
*
*
57

59
54
*
*
52
58
61
*
*
60
58
*
61
57
*
*
*
*
*
59
54
*
*
*
*
*
*
57
*
*

*
*
61
56
59
60
55
*
*

*
*
*
*
56
60
54
*
*
51
57
59
*
*
60
58
*
59
56
*

*
*
*
*
59
49
*
*
*
*
*
*
56
*
*
*
*
58
56
60
58
55
*
*

*
*
*
*
566

599
553
*
*
523
574
611
*
*
607
577
*
605
569
*
*
*
*
*
590
527
*
*
*
*
*
*
568
*
*

*
*
602
569
600
595
554
*
*

ASIA
Afghanistan
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, People’s Republic of
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kazakhstan
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic
Korea, Republic of
Kyrgyzstan
Lao, People’s Democratic Republic
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives

Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Viet Nam

EUROPE
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland

France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Greenland
Holy See (Vatican City State)
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic
Malta
Moldova, Republic of
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
San Marino
Scotland

(continued)

17

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Wales

*
*
61
57
62
60
52
57
*
*

*

*
59
56
59
59
51
55
*
*

*
*
59
57
58
58
52
55
*
*

*
*
593
568
596
590
515
559
*

*

55
*
53
53
54
53
62
53
*
58
50
57
*
*
*
51
52
55
*
*
55

55
*
52
52
54
51

59
50
*
57
49
56
*
*
*
45
52
54
*
*
52

53
*
52
51
55
52
59
52
*
55
50
56
*
*

*
46
53
53
*
*
50

543
*
524
518
545
522
597
517
*
567
500
563
*
*
*
474
525
537
*
*
524

MIDDLE EAST
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Gaza Strip
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Oman
Palestinian Territory
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
West Bank
Yemen

1
2

Total Score Mean

Section 3
Reading

Comprehension

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Section 1 Listening
Comprehension

Total Score Mean

Section 3
Reading
Comprehension

Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression

Geographic Region
and Native Country

Section 1 Listening
Comprehension

Table 20 (continued)

PACIFIC ISLANDS
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Federated States of
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

54
49
*
*
*
*
*
56
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
50
45
*
*
*
*
*
54

*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
47
46
*
*
*
*
*
52
*
*
*
*
*
*

*

*
*
*
*
*
*
505
465
*
*
*
*
*
540
*
*
*
*
*
*

Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain countries may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.

Table 21 presents the overall percentile ranks of TWE® (Test of Written English™) scores. In 2007, the TWE test
was administered with TOEFL PBT on all test dates. The TWE test is holistically scored using a criterion-referenced
6-point score scale. Further information can be found in the Test of Written English Guide.

Table 21. Percentile Ranks for TWE Scores

18

TWE Score

Percentile Rank

6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.0

99
98
92
83
60
35
20
8
4
1

Mean
S.D.

3.7
0.9

䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳


The TOEFL test is the BEST measure
of academic English proficiency.
®

Using a high-quality test means more accurate decisions. ETS’s in-depth, rigorous test
design process ensures that the TOEFL® test is the highest-quality English-language
proficiency assessment available.
The test is supported by 135+ TOEFL research reports and monographs, multiple pilot
tests and our commitment to ongoing research.

For more information visit www.ets.org/toefl/research.

Copyright © 2008 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved. ETS, the ETS logo, LISTENING. LEARNING. LEADING. and TOEFL
are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) in the United States of America and other countries throughout the world.
TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE is a trademark of ETS. 8411

71943-10496 • WEBPDF48