Bài giảng ngữ pháp tiếng anh nâng cao (advanced english grammar)

Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh nâng cao

Advanced English Grammar


Danh mục tài liệu tham khảo của học phần
•  Giáo trình chính
1. Randolph Quirk & Sidney Greenbaum (2012), Ngữ pháp tiếng
Anh dành cho sinh viên (A University Grammar of English),
NXB Thời đại

•  Tài liệu tham khảo
2. Randolph Quirk & Sidney Greenbaum (2010), A University
Grammar of English _ Workbook, NXB Văn hóa thơng tin
3. />(Elly van Gelderen (2010). An Introduction to the Grammar of
English – Revised edition. John Benjamins Publishing
Company. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia.)


Lecture 1

Introduction


- Introduction to Grammar
- Morphemes and Words
- Parts of speech
- Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
- Parts of a sentence

Issues

1. What is Grammar?

•  Traditional concept:
Grammar is a study which consists of 2 groups: morphology and
syntax.
Grammar
Morphology
Parts of speech
(nouns, verbs, adjectives….)

Syntax
Sentences
(simple, complex, compound…)

•  New concept:
Grammar is a study of a set of rules.
morphological rules
(parts of speech)

syntactic rules
(phrases, clauses, sentences)


2

Morphemes and Words
discourse
sentence

phrase
word
morpheme


2

Morphemes and Words
discourse

I found
myself
useless.

sentence
I actually felt tired of
sitting doing nothing.
And I hated enjoying
the unemployment
benefit. I found myself
useless. Then I decided
to look or a job.

hated
enjoying

phrase

tired,
job,

myself

word

use,
-less,

morpheme


2
MORPHEME

Morphemes and Words
= A minimal meaningful unit
E.g.: re/try
boy/s
A morpheme can stand alone to make
a word (try, boy) or have to be
attached to another form (re, s).


2

Morphemes and Words
WORD

= An independent meaningful unit.
E.g.: try
boy

turn
return


2

Types of morphemes
Occurrence
Types

Free
(words)

Bound
(affixes)

Grammatical

Function words:
prepositions, pronouns,
conjunctions....

inflectional
(suffixes)

Lexical

Content words:
Nouns, verbs, adverbs,
adjectives

derivational
(prefixes, suffixes)


2. Parts of speech
Parts of speech
Closed system
prepositions,
conjunctions,
articles,
auxiliaries,
interjections,
pronouns

Open class
nouns, verbs,
adjectives,
adverbs


2. Parts of speech
• Number:
•  Combination:
•  Function:
•  Stress:
•  The way to
define:

Closed-system items

-  limited in number
-  exclusively used
-  don’t have clear functions
-  are often unstressed in
normal speech
-  have to compare with other
items or put in speech
-  Note: Closed system items=
Functional words

Open-class items (n, v, adj..)
-  uncountable in number
-  can be used in combination
-  have certain syntactic
functions
-  are often stressed

-  Open-class items = notional
words


Types of phrases, clauses, sentences
Syntax
Phrase

Clause

Sentence

3. Types of phrases
Noun
phrase

pre-modifiers + head noun
+ post-modifiers /
modification

eg: - a beautiful girl in the corner
pre-modifiers + head + post-modifiers
- computer hacker
pre-modifiers + head

Verb
phrase

prehead + head Verb + post
head

eg: is going to buy
prehead + head
- has been waiting for
prehead + head + post head

Adjective adjective + adjectival
phrase complementation

eg: I’m not sure about her condition
adjective + adj C

3. Types of phrases
Prepositional
phrase
Adverb
phrase

preposition +
prepositional
complementation

eg: on the table
preposition + pre C

adverbial
eg: very hard
complementation adverb
adv C + adverb


Practice
How many phrases can you find in the following
sentence?

•  She has been working very hard in this
small garden for two hours.


4. Types of clauses
A clause is a part of the sentence that contains a verb. A

typical clause consists of a subject and a predicate, the latter
typically a verb phrase, a verb with any objects and other
modifiers
=> Clauses are the principal structures of which sentences are
composed.
=> A sentence may consist of one, or more than one clause


4. Types of clauses
Syntax
Clause
In terms of Clause’s
elements & verb patterns

In terms of functions of
the clause

In terms of kinds of
verb phrases


4. Types of clauses
4.1. In terms of the verb phrase in the clause:
finite VP

finite clause

non-finite VP

non-finite clause

Verb phrase


4. Types of clauses
- Finite clause (S – V has concord with S in person + number,
Verbs has tense distinction)
- Non-finite clause (with or without Subject, without concord,
without tense distinction)
Practice: How many clauses can you find in the following sentences?
1. I want to become a film star.
2. What I want to say was that he tried to escape from poverty.
3. Indonesian government considered East Timor a mere pebble in the
government shoes.
4. I heard a child crying.


4. Types of clauses
4.2. In terms of the CLAUSE ELEMENTS and the VERB
PATTERNS which are formed from these elements.

u SVA
u SVCs
u  SVO
u SVOO
u SVOA
u SVOCo
u SV

4. Types of clauses
Practice:
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 

Identify the types of the following clauses
Mary felt tired.
Mary made him surprised.
Mary was reading a novel.
Mary smiled.
Mary gave him a postcard.
Mary was in the garden.
Mary put the book on the table.


4. Types of clauses
4.3. In terms of the relation with other clauses in a sentence
Clauses can be divided into MAIN CLAUSES and
SUBCLAUSES. Subclauses are those which are part of
another clause.

Subclause
E.g. I think

that you can do it.

Main clause


4. Types of clauses
-  Main Clauses = Superordinate CL = independent CL
-  Subclauses = Subordinate CL = dependent CL
Eg: Seeing
non-finite

is

believing.
non-finite

finite
What made him more surprised was her behavior.
S

V

C


5. Types of sentences

Syntax
Sentences
E.g.: All these books are mine.
E.g.: He likes singing but he can’t sing very

well.
E.g.: He didn’t want to talk to whoever he met in
the London workshop.
E.g.: Having seldom talked anyone before, the
child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes
and looked at the stranger.

Simple
Compound
Complex
Complex compound