luận văn thạc sĩ a critical discourse analysis of president trump speeches in the united nation general assembly

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
QUY NHON UNIVERSITY

TRẦN NGỌC ANH TRÂM

A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
OF PRESIDENT TRUMP’S SPEECHES
IN THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY

Field: English Linguistics
Code: 8.22.02.01

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyễn Văn Long

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BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN

TRẦN NGỌC ANH TRÂM

PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGƠN PHÊ PHÁN
TRONG CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU
CỦA TỔNG THỐNG TRUMP
TẠI ĐẠI HỘI ĐỒNG LIÊN HIỆP QUỐC

Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh
Mã số: 8.22.02.01

Người hướng dẫn: PGS. TS. Nguyễn Văn Long

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i

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis
contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from
a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or
diploma.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements
in the thesis.
This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or
diploma in any other tertiary institution.
Binh Dinh, 2020

Tran Ngoc Anh Tram

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ii

ABSTRACT
This study applied a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective to
investigate three political speeches of President Trump’s in the United
Nations Assembly General. The data for analysis in this thesis was taken from
the official website in the US, so the quality of the data is entirely reliable and
available. The study was based on the theory of Critical Discourse Analysis of

Norman Fairclough with three parts: Description, Interpretation, and
Explanation. It focused on the textual description. The research employed
qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results show that strategies of
grammatical structure use to reflect the surrounding world like transitivity
with two main processes material and relational; passive/ active structures,
positive/ negative sentences, and nominalization was used in political
speeches. The findings show that politicians employ linguistic features and
persuasive strategies to represent their power and ideology. Besides, this
thesis can be used as a reference for teachers, learners, or those who are
interested in political speeches and can provide them with a better
understanding of the different perspectives of critical discourse analysis.
Hopefully, the results of this thesis may be useful for those who are interested
in critical discourse analysis.

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iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ................................................................. i
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. iii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................ vi
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1
1.1. Rationale .............................................................................................. 1
1.2. Aims & Objectives ............................................................................... 3
1.2.1. Aims ............................................................................................... 3
1.2.2. Objectives ....................................................................................... 3

1.3. Research Questions .............................................................................. 4
1.4. Scope of the Study ................................................................................ 4
1.5. Significance of the Study ...................................................................... 5
1.6. Organization of the study ..................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 7
2.1. Theoretical background ........................................................................ 7
2.2.1. The concept of Discourse analysis .................................................. 7
2.2.2. Critical Discourse Analysis ............................................................ 9
2.2.3. Fairclough’s Analytical framework .............................................. 10
2.2.4. Systemic Functional Grammar’ role in CDA ................................ 16

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2.2. Previous studies .................................................................................. 17
2.3. Political speech................................................................................... 19
2.4. Summary ............................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODS ...................................................... 21
3.1. Research methods ............................................................................... 21
3.2. Research procedures ........................................................................... 21
3.3. Data collection ................................................................................... 22
3.4. Data analysis ...................................................................................... 23
3.5. Reliability and validity ....................................................................... 23
3.6. Summary ............................................................................................ 24
CHAPTER 4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ........................................... 25
4.1. Experiential values of grammatical features ....................................... 25
4.2. Transitivity ......................................................................................... 25

4.2.1. Material process ........................................................................... 26
4.2.2. Mental process.............................................................................. 32
4.2.3. Relational process ......................................................................... 37
4.2.4. Behavioral process........................................................................ 42
4.2.5. Verbal process .............................................................................. 44
4.2.6. Frequency of occurrence of process in the speeches of President
Trump in the UNGA ..................................................................... 49
4.3. The use of voice ................................................................................. 51
4.3.1. Active/Passive sentences .............................................................. 52
4.3.2. Positive/Negative sentences .......................................................... 55

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4.4. The use of nominalizations ................................................................. 57
4.5. Summary ............................................................................................ 58
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION .................................. 60
5.1. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 60
5.2. Implication ......................................................................................... 61
5.3. Limitations ......................................................................................... 62
5.4. Suggestions for further research ......................................................... 63
REFERENCES............................................................................................. 64
APPENDIX

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luan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assembly

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3. 1. President Trump’s speeches in the United Nation General
Assembly ..................................................................................................... 23
Table 4. 1. Material process in three President Trump’s political speeches .. 26
Table 4. 2. Mental process in three President Trump’s political speeches ..... 32
Table 4. 3. Mental process in three President Trump’s political speeches ..... 37
Table 4. 4. Mental process in three President Trump’s political speeches ..... 42
Table 4. 5. Verbal process in three President Trump’s political speeches ..... 44
Table 4. 6. Transitivity in three President Trump’s political speeches .......... 49
Table 4. 7. Distribution of Active/Passive sentences in three President
Trump’s political speeches ........................................................................... 52
Table 4. 8. Distribution of Positive/Negative sentences in three President
Trump’s political speeches ........................................................................... 55

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Discourse as text, interaction and context (Fairclough, 1989) ..... 11
Figure 2.2. Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework for the analysis of
discourse ...................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2.3. Explanation (Fairclough, Language and Power) ......................... 15
Figure 4.1. Transitivity in English political speeches.................................... 50
Figure 4.2. Distribution of Active/Passive sentences in three President
Trump’s political speeches ........................................................................... 54
Figure 4.3. Distribution of Positive/Negative sentences in three President
Trump’s political speeches ........................................................................... 57

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Rationale
Nowadays, the world is changing rapidly day by day with the
development and enhancement of everything. Therefore, the interest in the
language field has been more and more increase, mastering a language helps
people approach with a lots of world news such as politics, society, business,
etc. The explosion of the mass media, information technology has created
conditions and opportunities for people to communicate, link and share.

Language plays an important role in all aspects of our lives. It can be used to
verbal or non-verbal communication such as gestures, body language and tone
of voice effectively. Moreover, language is also said to be a means to convey
inner thoughts and emotions and influence other's minds through ideology
and power embedded in language use. We can discover the relationship
between them when linguists investigate in the immense field of Critical
Discourse Analysis (CDA).
During the process of exploring new aspects in the language, we have to
confront with lots of obstacles in interpreting language which is not only at
such levels as phonology, syntax, lexical but also at the level of discourse.
CDA was developed by Roger Fowler and Gunther Kress in the late 1970s
and the early 1980s. It is considered as an interdisciplinary approach to the
study of discourse in the perspective that language is viewed as a form of
social practice. According to Fairclough (2001), CDA studies and analyses
any type of discourse (written text, speech, gesture, symbols, signs posters,
electronic and printed advertisement and any type of communication) that
systematically communicates with us.

CDA significantly expresses the

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ideology of the writer and the speaker and enables linguistic researchers to
analyze different kinds of discourse. Political discourse is one of the most
important and popular targets of CDA. It describes the dialectical relationship
between the use of language and the power to emphasize the theoretical value
and practical value. Theoretically, it provides a new approach to political
analysis to the text. The analysis of grammar and vocabulary in the examples
of the political speeches demonstrates a part of the analysis from the CDA
perspective. Moreover, the lexical analysis in a sentence can be carried out in
many aspects, such as relational value, expressive value of metaphors. Using
the values of vocabulary aims to enhance the interaction between writers and
readers. Meanwhile, the values of grammar (the experiential, relational, and
expressive value of grammar), as well as textual structure, were analyzed in
the same way.
CDA has been used to study many different aspects of linguistics by a
number of researchers and scholars studying. For example, Hanh (2016) did a
research “A critical discourse analysis of online game advertisements in
English”. Nhu (2016) studied the thesis about CDA abstract of education
journal articles in English and Vietnamese. In 2018, Duong researched about
CDA of the speeches of Margaret Thatcher and Theresa May. In fact, many
researchers have focused on certain linguistic features of the politicians'
speeches; however, it is interesting to explore the language the current
president of the United States Donald Trump.
Besides, critical thinking is seen as an integral element of education
development. CDA is very necessary for language teaching and learning.
Thus, with the recognition of the importance of CDA, I decide to carry out the
study entitled “A Critical Discourse Analysis of President Trump’s
Speeches in The United Nations General Assembly". In this study, I

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luan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assemblyluan.van.thac.si.a.critical.discourse.analysis.of.president.trump.speeches.in.the.united.nation.general.assembly

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attempt to investigate and analyze CDA in President Trump’s speeches in the
United Nations General Assembly with the hope that the result of the study
will provide some useful knowledge of CDA in politics field for language
learners. Moreover, I strongly hope to help language teachers and learners
find it is useful for them to understand and apply CDA in their teaching and
learning English.

1.2. Aims & Objectives
4.2.2. Aims
This research aims to discover the textual description in terms of
grammar analysis within the framework of CDA in the speeches of President
Donald Trump. It also aims at clarifying his speeches in the grammar analysis
of the language of CDA. It provides learners of English with practical
information and to raise their awareness of critical discourse analysis in
political speeches in English. Moreover, this thesis is to investigate the
significant contribution of the experiential values of grammatical features
have in Trump’ speeches. It also identified the nominalization, active/ passive
sentences, and positive/ negative sentences were used in the speeches of
President Donald Trump’s in United Nations General Assembly.
4.2.3. Objectives
To achieve the aims of the study, the following objectives are intended
to:

-

Investigate the textual description in terms of grammar analysis in
political speeches by America‘s 45th President in United Nations
General Assembly.

-

Highlight the significant contribution of the experiential values
employed in Trump’s speeches.

-

Identify the nominalizations, active/ passive sentences, and positive/

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negative sentences were used in Trump’s speeches.

1.3. Research Questions
The following questions are posed, based on the aims and objectives
mentioned above, to guide the research process:

1. What are the discourse features of President Trump’s speeches in
United Nations General Assembly in terms of grammar analysis
in CDA?
2. What are the nominalizations, active/ passive sentences, and
positive/ negative sentences that were used in President Trump’s
speeches in United Nations General Assembly?

1.4. Scope of the Study
In this thesis, the scope of study is limited to the CDA in three President
Trump’s speeches in United Nations General Assembly and their respective
functions. It focuses on the textual description in terms of grammar analysis
of political speeches basing on CDA.
This study followed the description stage according to Fairclough‘s
framework. It investigates the process of the experiential values of
grammatical features have in Trump’ speeches. This study also identifies the
nominalization, active/ passive sentences, and positive/ negative sentences
were used in the speeches of President Donald Trump in United Nations
General Assembly. The interpretation and explanation stages will not be
included because the substance of “analysis” changes from stage to stage. In
the description, analysis is generally seen as a matter of identifying and
'labelling' formal features of a text in terms of the categories of a descriptive
framework. In the interpretation, it is the cognitive process of participants,
and in the explanation, it is relationships in transitory social events
(interactions).

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1.5. Significance of the Study
Political discourse is regarded as one of the most primary targets in the
field of CDA’s research. This study will be useful and meaningful to the
discourse analysis study. Besides, it can be a foundation for further studies on
speech’s analysis in light of CDA.
The findings of this study will firstly contribute to the benefit of English
learners in the teaching and learning in general and in political speeches in
particular. This study also discovered how effective language is used to
transfer ideas, affect people’s perception about things in education in
particular and affect society in general. Furthermore, it will not only help
them get special styles but also provide them with some necessary strategies
and techniques in using words in speeches.

1.6. Organization of the study
The study was organized in five chapters as follow:
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter covers the rationale, aims, and objectives, research
questions, the significance of the study, the scope of the study and the
organization of the study.
Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theoretical Background
This chapter is subdivided into two parts: Literature review and
Theoretical background. Literature review will review some relevant research
related to the topic of this study. Theoretical background will present the
necessary theoretical concepts for the main contents of the study, covering
concepts of Critical Discourse Analysis with specific features. Besides,

previous studies related to the research area were also summarized to indicate
a gap for the study.

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Chapter 3: Methodology and Procedure
This chapter consists of research methods, the procedure of the study, a
description of samples, data analysis.
Chapter 4: Finding and Discussion
This chapter demonstrates the results of analyzing data to find out of
critical element used in President Trump’s speeches in United Nations
Assembly.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Implications
This chapter summarized the major findings, points out the limitations as
well as provides implications for teaching and learning, and puts forward
suggestions for future research.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
BACKGROUND
2.1. Theoretical background
2.2.1. The concept of Discourse analysis
Discourse is the form of communication in both verbal and text which
has an important role in providing a body of text for various types of analysis.
The discourse was being researched by many linguists, and, it is defined with
many different definitions.
According to Crystal (1992) that, discourse is a continuous stretch of
(especially spoken) language larger than a sentence, often constituting a
coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or narrative."
Nuan (1993) said that, discourse can be defined as a stretch of language
consisting of several sentences which are perceived as being related in some
way.
Besides, some linguists who emphasize the function of discourse view
discourse as language in use. As Cook (1989) defined that, “language in use,
for communication is called discourse”.
Salkie (1995) remarked that “discourse” is “a stretch of language that
may be longer than a sentence”.
In addition, others say that discourse is beyond language in use,
discourse is more than language itself, reflecting non-linguistic phenomena.
Jaworski Adam and Nikolas Coupland (1999), maintains, discourse is
language use relative to social, political, and cultural formations – it is
language reflecting social order but also language shaping social order and

shaping individuals.
Moreover, Widdowson (1994) said that discourse as “a communicative

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