Lecture Communication research: Asking questions, finding answers (4e) Chapter 16: Qualitative methods of data collection
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68
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Chapter 16
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QUALITATIVE METHODS
OF DATA COLLECTION
nư
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2 sư
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90
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Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
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14
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f 37
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48
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34
lư
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x1
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m
7b
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rn
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42
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OBSERVATION STRATEGIES
09
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dg
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82
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64
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m
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m
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ej
k4
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cq
bs
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0l
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jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
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yn
2p
1w
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cq
73
49
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to
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b4
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6 pn
5 klư
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0q
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by
n2
hi
p4
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0jm
91
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02
tn
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1w
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d9
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re
rv
ss
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wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
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u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
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8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
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cr
14
67
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a2
62
85
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83
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1w
pd
31
yo
z6
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3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
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ư5
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ru
Ask yourself questions about
Seamless container
Visually work around the room
Describe what you see and hear
How do people enter and leave the setting?
68
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lm
1ư
ba
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k8
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ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
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4w
88
2m
k7
1q
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wo
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d7
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gư
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66
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55
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49
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90
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in
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jz0
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75
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eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
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The context
hi
q8
The setting
hk
ep
The people
rb
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81
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hl
9o
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tx
e0
c5
5 16
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cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
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uw
cb
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91
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xz
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4jj
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18
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g5
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u2
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62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
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cr
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rv
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oa
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TAKING NOTES
09
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1u
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k4
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9z
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2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
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q0
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wj
4o
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6d
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v yz
m
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pm
lc2
m
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nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
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0jm
91
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02
tn
z8
1w
yi
Created on the spot; a sequential record of what was
observed
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rv
ss
c4
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wd
a4
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il tsư
w3
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u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
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u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
Take more notes than you believe are necessary
Read through and reflect immediately after leaving the
scene
Field notes
Jot down additional detail or questions
Number and date each page
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
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t vi1
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8g
l1
bp
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1f
bb
n
l0i
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rt1
j5
k 6h
af
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0n
e7
f3
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st
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sv
no
6y
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gt
8p
l3
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0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
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18
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g5
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nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
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98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
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i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
MORE ON TAKING NOTES
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
Who are these people?
What their roles and relationships?
What activity are they performing?
What artifacts are involved?
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
More detail is best
se
Capture participants’ words, phrases, and comments
Your notes should help you answer:
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
ej
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
0x
ex
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
TWO TYPES OF NOTES
31
Where?
k4
•
m
When?
jau
•
t0
How?
Who?
tu
•
•
m
Why?
What?
i4a
•
•
ANALYZING
DESCRIBING
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
DIGITAL NOTE TAKING
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
Using audio or video
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
Depends on the situation and researcher role
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
Some people are uncomfortable with recording
Must turn off recording if requested
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
Ethically maintain the recordings
Even the best recordings cannot capture the full spectrum
of nonverbal behavior
Recording devices can fail
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
TRANSCRIBING FIELDNOTES
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
Distinguish what you added
ow
9c
Create written records from recordings
Two methods
Word for word transcription
Add additional reflection and questions as you transcribe
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
Do not tidy up what people say
Make notes about nonverbal behaviors
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
IF YOU CAN’T TAKE NOTES
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
Retreat to a setting away from the interaction
scene
Take frequent breaks so you don’t overload
your memory
After leaving the interaction setting, review the
notes you made
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
detail and ask questions
add
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
FIELD INTERVIEWING
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
Interviews can be formal, informal, or both
Semidirected conversation
Method for discovering how people
Think and feel about their communication practices
Order and assess their world
Goal is to uncover participant's point of view
More than just asking questions to get answers
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
2u
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
Some techniques can
provide some privacy in
discussing sensitive issues
c4
Easy to collect data from
people who are
geographically distant
xc
yz
Low cost
ư7
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
Can give participant
opportunity to develop
fictional social reality
jau
t0
Hard to know when
participant is confused by
your questions
tu
m
More difficult to develop
rapport
i4a
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
1q
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
qk
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
Can take longer
k7
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS
OF ONLINE INTERVIEWING
LIMITATIONS
STRENGTHS
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
THE INTERVIEW AS RESEARCH
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
Develop written report
in
7.
r1
Verify data and analysis
w8
6.
ws
Analyze data
qư
5.
h
Transcribe any recordings
i6q
4.
2w
Conduct the interview
r pd
3.
m
Design the interview
t5
2.
w
m
Develop research questions
hi
1.
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
Define situation, explain purpose, ask about taping the
interview, ask if participant has any questions
One to interview; one to take notes
qa
Establish context and frame for interview
se
Select locations and times comfortable and accessible
for respondents
Best done in pairs
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
ASKING QUESTIONS
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
Carefully construct questions to get the information you need or
to prompt discussion
Prepare and use an interview guide
Ask relevant biographical questions to contextualize
information
Some questions should allow respondent to tell his or her own
story
Open questions are better than closed questions
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUE
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
Listen, listen, listen
Ask question when you don’t understand
Don’t interrupt
Be careful of sharing your opinion or experience
Monitor your nonverbal behaviors
It’s okay for silence to occur
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
CONCLUDING THE INTERVIEW
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
Debrief the participant
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
Transcribe the interview
rq
ư5
Thank the participant
dw
dn
if participant has any questions
Ask
4h
e2
any information that was withheld from
participant before interview
Provide
main points and new information
Summarize
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
09
zh
dg
rx
LIMITATIONS
STRENGTHS
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
Can collect data on
behavior/events you cannot
observe
9d
db
2.
3d
Face-to-face setting allows
you to probe and follow up
yy
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
bn
7j
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
Participant may be hesitant
to talk
jau
3.
t0
Participant can stray off
course
tu
2.
m
Interviews produce an
enormous amount of data
i4a
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS
OF INTERVIEWING
1.
1.
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
FOCUS GROUP
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
d8
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
a decision-making group
Not
t ym
another
encouraged to interact with one
Respondents
ol0
to 90 minute group discussion
60
5 to 10 participants
Usually
4h
e2
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
Not a marketing focus group
Facilitator-led group discussion
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
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ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
FOCUS GROUP SCHEDULE
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
Standardized list of questions or topics to cover in
each focus group
Usually a funnel from general to more specific
Opening questions should be broad
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
To encourage free discussion
Allow each participant to respond
Allow moderator to identify other issues
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
SELECTING FOCUS GROUP PARTICIPANTS
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
un
ua
9k
d1
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
Based upon research question
Select strangers who possess similar
characteristics
Use screening questions to qualify participation
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
those selected to participate
Overrecruit by 20%
Motivate
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
xz
6 7r
pe
4jj
ư
18
4m
g5
z7
nd
u2
an
62
5k
w4
an
zq
ou
cy
sf
14
nz
o4
ly
f 37
icg
48
p7
34
lư
2y
5b
cr
y8
rv
4q
3d
oa
x1
hq
k 1x
m
7b
b
fj ti6
w4
gt
tz
rn
vs
ap
n9
42
em
k1
tz
9ư
os
hm
s2
ưf
98
0v
n4
02
rs
pr
6t
r qn
i8i
24
db
n
zfk
de
i ư2
m
ưm
qw
f ư0
fc1
7p
n0
us
r rx
civ
CONDUCTING FOCUS GROUP RESERACH
09
zh
dg
rx
82
6f
d6
r5
3e
ve
su
64
ia
1u
xv
nl
yy
ưy
m
i4a
t0
tu
m
jau
ej
k4
e1
cq
bs
oq
0l
ư2
jr
iu
ư5
8z
9z
o7
yn
2p
1w
se
cq
73
49
hz
sz
e9
ki
q0
z7
wj
4o
o3
6d
t4
ki
v yz
m
n1
zs
pm
lc2
m
6x
nk
yv
0n
ex
0x
jq
3 sư
t ls6
isư
pi
y6
i1
y3
ts
db
ow
9c
in
0t
5y
j2
4h
e2
d8
t ym
ol0
v2
to
yj
b4
ox
6 pn
5 klư
vf3
yz
ư7
2u
xc
oy
0q
d
ki8
hs
qi
by
n2
hi
p4
ưh
qa
z 9y
e fcg
0jm
91
ra
02
tn
z8
1w
yi
d9
oe
re
rv
ss
c4
ưj
wd
a4
e rb
il tsư
w3
z7
u5
2j
pc
x7
8 zr
jkl
tz
65
pm
pl
0w
4o
9k
yy
3d
9d
db
oc
yn
g5
hn
p9
8d
by
2d
j1
zv
8b
7d
ư0
ul
7j
bn
w
0i7
lq
cr
14
67
vk
a2
62
85
gm
83
q
4r
fm
9j3
cp
1w
pd
31
yo
z6
et
3c
m
tvy
ft
hl
1o
pu
dn
dw
rq
ư5
ưm
ru
68
bb
bt
79
7t
xt
tlư
h
wp
1r
b4
25
rb
ep
hk
q8
hi
w
m
r pd
m
t5
2w
i6q
h
ws
qư
r1
w8
in
ưp
bd
lm
1ư
ba
tv
k8
9c
n0
hz
ye
6j
ju
wj
26
hs
4e
28
sư
r2
p3
ga
gu
ec
6g
dz
k2
fv
qy
4w
88
2m
k7
1q
qk
8a
3 ce
fcc
tn
wo
nz
d7
rjd
n
qb
zx
u
l80
gư
t5
hr
7e
7ư
66
nb
ưy
7t
0e
2c
55
ox
49
m
gp
q
us
90
we
dc
in
oy
n
jz0
oj
75
q9
su
eư
6e
ga
bj
nư
ew
4u
q0
m
ajg
wo
2 sư
m
r7
ưl
ng
90
8 bm
m
bv
hd
fk
lep
q
t vi1
ưy
z qs
it1
8g
l1
bp
pe
1f
bb
n
l0i
l5
x q8
rt1
j5
k 6h
af
m
is
yp
0n
e7
f3
u8
what was said as feedback to
participants
Summarize
d1
discussion
Conduct
un
refreshments
Serve
participants
Introduce
ua
Researcher decides level of structure and how
conversation will be encouraged
In 90 minutes or less
st
ay
sv
no
6y
ưy
gt
8p
l3
ye
oi
a5
8f
0r
jyf
g
rp
3q
rz
qc
l2
6 wx
0jy
1e
nư
i0
x8
z3
39
kv
81
8v
q9
7g
iq
n0
w9
4o
hl
9o
ew
tx
e0
c5
5 16
ijo
cg
56
8w
u2
eg
c9
10
xr
jo
8g
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill
Education. All rights reserved. No
reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
m
2jư
ư
l6g
uw
cb
sg
q8
91
6 4f
ioy
cg
