Voices advanced students book key

Anne (‘I had made up my mind that if you
didn’t come for me tonight, I’d go down
the track to that big, wild cherry tree at
the bend, and climb up into it to stay all
night. I wouldn’t be a bit afraid, and it
would be lovely to sleep in a wild cherry
tree all white with bloom in the
moonshine, don’t you think?’)

UNIT 1
OPENER

1
Sample answers
1 The great-grandmother might want to say:
‘I love you. You are special and precious.
We will protect you and keep you safe.’

3 nervous M
Matthew (He worries about how to
introduce himself.)

2 The relationship might bring more
happiness and joy into her life.

4 responsible M

2

Matthew (‘She couldn’t be left at Bright
River anyhow, no matter what mistake

had been made …’)

1 He had a negative first impression of his
PhD advisor. Mike thought his advisor was
rude and that he enjoyed making students
feel stupid. Then Mike realized that he
had misinterpreted his advisor’s
intentions, and that his feedback actually
came from a place of love – he wanted
Mike to succeed as a scientist.

5 optimistic A
Anne (‘I was quite sure you would come
for me in the morning, if you didn’t
tonight.’ / ‘Oh, it seems so wonderful that
I’m going to live with you and belong to
you.’)

2 Mike thought the professor was magnetic,
inspiring, dedicated to his work and to
mentoring the next generation of
scientists. The professor’s enthusiasm and
genuine love for the process of scientific
discovery motivated Mike to pursue a
similar career.

6 talkative A
Anne (Anne does most of the talking.)
7 quiet M
Matthew (Matthew says very little.)

8 happy A

3

Anne (‘I’m very glad to see you.’ / ‘Oh, I
can carry it,’ the child responded
cheerfully.)

Students' own answers
1A

5

1
Students' own answers
2
1 shy and nervous
2 excited and happy
3 Anne
3
1 b iii 2 f 3 e a ii 4 d 6 c ii
4
1 confident A
Anne (‘the girl – eleven-year-old Anne
Shirley – takes control of the situation’.)
2 adventurous A

1 Matthew is sixty years old. He is kind and
considerate because, even though he
knows a mistake has been made, he’s not

willing to abandon Anne. He is also
courteous; he apologizes for being late
and offers to carry Anne’s bag. Anne is
eleven years old. She is thin: ‘grasping
with one thin brown hand’, ‘Matthew had
taken the scrawny little hand awkwardly
in his’. Anne is also poor; her old carpet
bag is shabby and, although it contains
everything she owns, it is very light.
2 Marilla is probably a strong, forceful and
practical person because Matthew feels
she will be better at explaining the
mistake to Anne. She might not react
positively to Anne’s arrival because her
focus is on getting help on the farm.


6

2 a infinitive (Citra: must have); b infinitive
(Károly: happened to have; Travis: to get
home); c gerund (Travis: after having said)

Students' own answers
1B

3 a you; b someone; c we
6

1

Sample answers

1 'd never said

1 It’s possible that something the younger
man was doing on his phone caught the
older man’s interest.

2 to have met
3 having insisted
4 have you been talking

A: Hi. Sorry to bother you, that game looks
very interesting.
B: Oh, yes. It’s really fun. Would you like
to see how it works?

5 having woken up
6 won't have arrived
7

A: I’d love to … but if you’re sure you don’t
mind?

1 I decided | I might as well go to the
supermarket | having woken up at four.

B: Not at all! Here, take a look. The idea is
that …

2 I’d been in Ohio | and was struggling to
get home, | it having snowed so much|
the previous few days.

2
a) good: struck up a conversation (also
unexpected), conversation flowed,
approachable, took me under their wing,
come across as (depends on the adjective
that follows);
b) poor: didn’t think much of, distant, come
across as (depends on the adjective that
follows)
c) unexpected: bump into, It turns out,
struck up a conversation (also a good
start), get thrown together, just happened
to

3 They are getting married| after having
insisted they would wait five years.
8–9
Students' own answers
1C

1–2
Students' own answers
3
Feelings it evokes: gratitude, tranquility

3

How he got the object: He and his wife found
in on the California coastline

Sample answers
Students’ own answers, but some
suggestions: Have you ever bumped into a
friend in a very unlikely place, like
somewhere far from home? / Has anything
ever turned out completely differently from
how you’d imagined it would? / Are you the
type of person who can easily strike up a
conversation with anyone?
4
a Károly b Citra c Travis
5
1 They’re all looking back from a point in
time, either present, future or past.

Physical description: unique, a mix of
iridescent emerald and silver
4
1 These objects can serve as powerful
symbols that evoke strong emotions in
people. They can also support us as we go
through life, creating a link with some of
the positive emotions that we like to feel.
For Mike, certain objects also inspire him
to think about the future.
2 It’s important to him because it’s

associated with memories of that time
and place, and the people from there. It’s
beautiful and unique, and it taught him
about the animal whose home it was. This


object also makes him feel calm and
grateful.

4
1 Quadrants D and i both feature active and
dynamic personalities; people who move
fast and are outspoken. Quadrants C and
S, on the other hand, feature calm and
cautious personalities that prioritize
reflection and reliability.

5
Students' own answers
6
1 have a vivid memory/a vivid
recollection/vivid memories

2 Quadrants i and S are both peoplefocused. They feature personalities that
like collaborating with people, are
generally agreeable and are empathetic
about how others feel. They don’t want to
offend anyone and want others to like
them. In contrast, quadrants D and C are
more task-focused. They are happy to

work independently. They prefer an
objective point of view and prioritize
organization and logic.

2 sentimental value for
3 all shapes and sizes
4 evoke memories of
5 deeply/strongly/very attached to
7–8
Students' own answers
9

3 Answers will vary. Here are some
suggestions.

Sample answers
Students’ own answers but some possibilities
include: attached (to): fond of, devoted to;
come across: seem, appear; emotional:
touched, moved; evoke: bring about, call to
mind; vague: faint, slight

Dominance: good = clarity and strength,
bad = possibly too forceful, overbearing;
influence: good = overall positivity and
kindness, bad = perhaps tries too hard to
be a people-pleaser;

As students’ answers will vary, the specific
differences in meaning and use will also vary.

Steadiness: good = calm and laid-back,
bad = could be slightly dull due to not
being quirky (out of the ordinary) in any
way; Conscientiousness: good = solid and
consistent, bad = lacking in empathy,
possibly difficult to connect with

10
1a vague, 1b ambiguous (vague collocates
with memory to mean not very strong or
clear; ambiguous collocates with attitude to
mean not well-defined)

5

2a awoke, 2b evokes (awake often collocates
with feelings that are older and ‘asleep’, so
they need to be ‘woken up’; evoke means to
trigger or cause to remember something)

1 She says some of us might be more of a
‘D’ at work – results and task-oriented.
But when we are with our friends, we
might take on a more ‘i’ personality type
and be the life of the party. Or perhaps
when we are with our children, we might
take on a more ‘S’ personality type and
become more accommodating and more
patient.

3a sentimental, 3b emotional (if you are
sentimental you focus on feelings rather than
facts; emotional support is a frequent
collocation that means giving someone help
to deal with their feelings)

2 She suggests we switch our focus a little
depending on who we are talking to, and
communicate in a way that will help the
other person to be more open to us.

11
Students' own answers
1D

6

1–3
Students' own answers

Sample answers
Dominance types tend to value success,
achievement, results and challenges. They


tend to fear failure, being unproductive or
being vulnerable.

(he suggests a solution for any similar

situation in the future).

Influence types tend to value personal
interaction, relationships, being influential, as
well as praise and appreciation from others.
They tend to fear disapproval, rejection and
being ignored.

11–12

Steadiness types tend to value maintaining
harmony and peace, stability, security, loyalty
and kindness. They tend to fear change,
offending or disappointing others, and loss of
security and stability.

1

Conscientiousness types tend to value
accuracy, quality, well-organized systems and
objectivity. They tend to fear criticism
because they have exacting standards of
themselves and they try hard not to be
wrong, and they might avoid conflict for fear
of overly emotional scenes.

3

Students' own answers
1E

Students' own answers
2
1 and 4
1
A: It was lovely meeting you at Hana’s party
last weekend.
B: I really enjoyed meeting you at the
conference last week.

7

C: Great talking to you at the climbing gym
last Monday.

Min-woo seems to be a type S; Cara a type D;
Soha a type i; and Lev a type C.

2

8

A: I’d love to hear more about some of the
discoveries you mentioned.

Sample answers
1 Min-woo could try to get to the point
more quickly. Cara could try to empathize
with Min-woo, to respect him, listen to
him, and be more patient with him.

B: I’d be keen to take this discussion further,
if you agree.
C: You said you’d like to have a go at outdoor
climbing some time.

2 Soha should be more professional and
respectful. However, she means well, so
Min-woo might try to appreciate her
friendliness and perhaps share some
personal stories too. Together, they could
strike the right balance.
3 Lev shouldn’t challenge everything Soha
says. He might try showing some interest
in her point of view. And when Soha
shares an opinion with Lev, she should be
prepared to back up her ideas. She could
also listen to what he has to say without
feeling attacked.
9
Students' own answers
10
Min-woo adapts by being more direct, which
is Cara’s style of communicating. He is clear
and assertive in what he says. He’s also
results-oriented, which will appeal to Cara

3
A: Let me know if you’d like to get together.
B: Would you be interested in having a video

call to discuss some ideas?
C: Want to come along?
4
1 B is the most formal. Dear Mr Ong and
Best regards are both used in formal
writing. Longer sentences and use of
business-like expressions throughout the
message also make it more formal (could
beneficially collaborate / could be usefully
applied / to take this discussion further,
etc.)
C is the least formal. Abbreviated
sentences indicate an informal style, for
example, Great talking to you … and Want
to come along? Other informal
expressions include have a go, and the use


of an exclamation point in Let me know!
also points to informality.

1 Some possibilities: the spice turmeric for
inflammation or pain; ginger for an upset
stomach; cucumber for tired eyes; gargling
salt water for a sore throat; aloe for burns;
etc.

2 All three use language that is appropriate
to the context, and they are all equally
polite.

2

5
Most formal: I’d be really grateful if you could
…

2,3 and 5
3

Least formal: How about (-ing)?
6–8

1d 2c 3a 4f 5b 6e 7g
4

Students' own answers

1 In education, we still go to class or to
lectures, which is a traditional way of
teaching and learning, but now we do this
in tandem with modern technologies such
as online learning portals or interactive
whiteboards.

UNIT 2
OPENER

1

In farming and food growing, we still use

the same process that has been followed
for thousands of years: sowing, tending,
reaping/harvesting, but today we have
equipment that makes the process less
labour intensive, for example, tractors,
combine harvesters, refrigeration for
freezing fresh vegetables, and so on.

Sample answers
1 The photo shows how new/innovative
methods are being used in a traditional
area such as agriculture.
2 projections on buildings, light shows with
music, light displays in ‘light festivals’, light
in photography

For making music, people continue to
compose and play music on instruments
that have existed for centuries, such as
the piano or the violin. But nowadays we
also have electronic instruments and
recording equipment and computer
programs to compose music with different
instruments.

2
1 People reused and repaired things. He
admires this because it’s not wasteful and
is good for the planet.
2 They were very careful with water.

3 Francisco: eating very spicy food; Andrej:
eating while seated on the floor

Students’ own ideas might include
cooking, washing clothes, reading, writing,
travelling, etc.

3
Sample answers
1 Some ideas: reusable cups; avoid items
wrapped in plastic; turn off the tap while
brushing teeth
2 Students’ own answers but some
possibilities: some restaurants are now
supplying ‘make at home’ meal kits; more
people are becoming vegetarian and
vegan these days; ‘zero waste’ restaurants
are on the rise

2B

1
Students' own answers
2
1 market 2 infrastructure 3 emerging
4 affordable 5 adaptation 6 reverse
7 luxuries 8 cutting-edge 9 corporations
3

2A

Students' own answers

1

4
Sample answers

1 come up against


2 getting out

6 while I am solving completely different
issues

3 Getting around; coping with
4 wears out

6
1 F – He does it every day morning and
evening

5
1 wears out

2 T

2 come up against, coping with, wears out

3 F – He has no time to be bored as he
always has a lot of things to do or take
care of

6
Incorrect phrases: 1 her chair on; 2 it without;
5 most shops with; 6 picks up it

4 F – Most of his ideas come at night when
he isn’t actively thinking

7

5 T

1 The engineers want to do away with
expensive features.
2 I’m looking forward to trying it.
3 People with disabilities come up against
regular challenges.

6 T
7
Students' own answers
8

4 They have to put up with a lot of
inconvenience.

1 tried and tested

2 peace and quiet

5 This material cuts down on extra weight.

3 day in, day out

8–11

4 back and forth

Students' own answers

5 rain or shine

2C

6 first and foremost

1

9–11
Students' own answers

2
1 probability 2 collaboration 3 partnership
4 involvement 5 likelihood 6 awareness
7 commitment 8 boredom 9 freedom
3

Students' own answers

2D

1–2
Students' own answers
3

Students' own answers
4
awareness of when ideas come;
collaboration; partnership
5
1 another tried and tested activity
2 it works for me to be driving
3 when I try to solve problems or develop
complex ideas
4 when I’m not actively thinking
5 over time, I’ve learned

1 This puzzle is tricky because we normally
tend to look at the page the right way up.
We assume that there is only one thing we
can do – move the matchsticks. It is
therefore difficult to think of a solution
that involves turning the page upside
down. Another reason why some people
might find this puzzle tricky is because we
are presented with a three-digit number,
and assume the solution is to create a
bigger three digit number, rather than
actually increase the number of digits to

make the number bigger.
2 This puzzle tells us that when we try to
solve problems, we sometimes can only


see only what we are used to seeing. But
in order to solve problems, sometimes we
need to go beyond what we are used to
seeing/doing. We need to ‘think outside
the box’.

those other causes instead. By reframing
the problem, Yury might even realize that
it isn’t his inability to sleep that is causing
his lateness, but his lateness that is
causing his inability to sleep.

3 The clue encourages us to think outside
the box by first showing us that we are
thinking inside the box. And then it gets us
to go beyond that ‘box’.

5 What if? questions have the potential to
free Yury’s mind of its usual constraints.
They can help him to see things from
different perspectives and allow him to
explore different alternatives.

4
Sample answers

6
Sample answers

1 No, not very. Yury had already tried some
of the things Marcia suggested. And
another suggestion wasn’t relevant to his
situation because his flat doesn’t have a
bath.

Student A:
1 focus, distractions, phone, break,
deadlines
2 alone, cooking, takeaways, health,
expensive

2 Advantages: You might provide the person
with a helpful suggestion or idea that they
hadn’t thought of before. You might offer
them a different and useful perspective on
their problem.

3 Tuan’s friends, outsider, bored, exclusion,
arguments
4 want/need, responsibility, overspending,
cashflow, payday

Disadvantages: The person might already
have tried the things you suggest. You
don’t know their circumstances as well as

they do, so your advice might not be
appropriate. They might feel like you’re
intruding. You’re not helping them to
think for themselves.

Student B:
1 How can I stay focused so that I can meet
my deadlines?
2 How can I avoid ordering takeaways every
day?

5
1 We try to solve different problems in the
same way because our brain tends to see
things in the same way. We often
attribute the same causes to those issues,
and then try to apply familiar solutions to
them.
2 It’s not always a good idea because we
may not fully understand the complexities
of the situation, so our advice might not
help and might even leave the other
person feeling more frustrated. Our advice
might also disrupt the other person’s
creative thinking and prevent them from
solving the problem in their own way.
3 Mediators don’t give suggestions or
advice. Instead, they encourage others to
think outside the box. They help to shine a
light on different ways the situation could

be viewed.
4 Yury might find other causes for his
lateness and try to find explanations for

3 What can I do to avoid feeling unhappy
when I’m out with Tuan and his friends?
4 How can I manage my money better so I
don’t run out of money before the end of
the month?
7–9
Students' own answers
2E

1
Sample answers
Students might say that this type of situation
is responsible for travel delays; angry
residents; pollution; a higher likelihood of
accidents. For solutions, they might suggest
that the local authorities provide alternative
routes; improve public transport options;
pedestrianize some areas.


2

wishes she was more flexible and could
touch her toes.

a2 b4 c1 d– e5 3f

3

3
Underlined sentences: As a result, there are
frequent traffic jams.; The congestion has led
to increased noise and air pollution in the
area and also to slow bus journeys.
Consequently, the area has become
unpleasant for drivers, pedestrians, cyclists
and public transport users alike.; This would
make cycling safer and more enjoyable and
would therefore encourage people to cycle
rather than drive into town.; This would
provide an incentive for people not to drive
into the town centre and instead to walk,
cycle or take the bus, thus reducing the
number cars coming into and out of the
area.; The reduction in car traffic would in
turn lower the amount of noise and air
pollution, resulting in a better experience for
all users of the town centre.

Students' own answers
3A

1
Students' own answers
2
The problem is that many things are designed
and decided without taking women into

consideration. Snow clearing is related to the
theme because, surprisingly, even this is not a
‘gender neutral’ issue.
3
a data b disparity c commutes d genderneutral e councillors f re-evaluate
4

4

Students' own answers
1c 2a 3e 4b 5d

5

5–10

‘led to’ and ‘had a negative impact on’
introduce effects; ‘stems from’ and 'owing to'
introduce a cause

Students' own answers
UNIT 3

6

OPENER

1 this was affecting men and women
differently

1
Sample answers

2 this affects their travel needs – ‘tripchaining’

1 Strong legs, balance, coordination,
stamina; courage, confidence

3 what these differences meant was that
the snow clearing wasn’t gender neutral
4 it would actually end up saving them
money

2
1 Anusha loves dancing and Rebecca finds
rock climbing makes her happy. Anusha
started dancing when she was 23. For her
it’s about creating something beautiful
and connecting with strangers in new
places. Rebecca has been climbing for two
years. She says it is ‘empowering’ and she
likes the accomplishment of getting to the
top. She also wants to encourage more
women to take up climbing. Climbing is
also important to her as it challenges her
to overcome fear.
2 Anusha wishes she could ice skate and ski
(but it’s risky for her knees). Rebecca

7

The environmental perspective (climate and
the planet) is not discussed.
Pedestrians, public transport users, women;
healthcare costs from accidents are
mentioned.
8
Students' own answers


3B

3 been able to listen – ability, opportunity.

1

4 might have had – past possibility.
1 A journey on foot

5 might be – speculation about the present.

2 from Africa to South America

6 ought to – future speculation, less certain
6

2
be in no rush, take your time, trek through
the mountains, walk at an unhurried pace

1 permission = not supposed to

1 wandering around, stroll

3 speculation about the past = couldn’t have
made

2 possibility or ability = been able to (note
that this is also the present perfect)

3
2 unhurried
3 creep
4 take your time
5 trekked
6 rush

4 suggestions or advice = had better
7–8
Students' own answers
9
is may/might be; helps can help; reduces

7 flying visit

may/might reduce; must should/ought

8 against the clock
9 dashing around
4
a the route is 21,000 miles, seven years long

(but now expected to be eleven years in
total), following the route of the first
humans who migrated out of Africa, all
the way to Patagonia.
b the reasons for doing it are to experiment
in ‘slow journalism’ which means he can
get to know places and people more
closely and listen to their stories. People
like ‘villagers, traders, farmers and soldiers
rarely make the news’, but are involved in
the ‘major stories such as climate change,
technological innovation, mass migration,
cultural survival’.

to; will should/ought to; will may/might
10
Students own answers
3C

1–2
Students' own answers
3
a at a crossroads, bright future
b embark on, stumble into, get away,
further
c settle down, stay put
d feel stuck, a backward step, an uphill
struggle, fall through

c Paul has learned about people’s

‘goodness’ – ‘strangers … have been
prepared to help over and over again.’
5

e follow the crowd
f do your own thing, stand out
4

The meaning changes because the sentences
on the page express factual information, but
the original audio expresses attitudes about
the information as follows:
1 would have taken – attitude of (certain)
speculation about the past.
2 couldn’t have made … could – attitude
that a past event was impossible.

Sample answers
Don’t follow the crowd by posting on social
media; stand out by NOT doing the same as
everyone else. It’s OK to stumble into a
career as long as you enjoy it and can see a
bright future there for yourself. When life’s
an uphill struggle, stop to look at the view


and remind yourself how high you’ve
climbed.

but Hem stayed in Station C still angry at

the person who moved the cheese.

5
Both speakers seem more like ‘anywhere’
people than ‘somewhere’ people. They have
both moved a lot, and lived in different
countries.
Anusha says she ‘adapts to new places easily’
and says that moving is ‘exciting’. Having said
that, she ‘feels the pull’ of India, where she
feels the most comfortable.

2 Haw motivated himself by imagining
himself finding and enjoying new cheese.
3
Students' own answers
4
Stage 1: shock; Stage 2: anger, fear; Stage 3:
experiment; Stage 4: committment
1 Change can be difficult because it can
threaten our feelings of security.

Rebecca says she has ‘never felt attached to
any particular place’ and that home is where
her family is.

2 If we don’t handle stage 2 well, there
might be risk of damaged relationships
and chaos.

6
1 T (father’s job)

3 By celebrating people’s response to
change in stage 4, we can encourage them
to be flexible and embrace change in the
future.

2 F (she settles quickly into new jobs
socially)
3 F (‘among my cousins, we’ve almost all
travelled abroad’)

5
1 Stage 4

4 F (it’s a place she had never heard of)

2 Stage 1

5 F (‘Is home Canada, England or America? It
took me time to realize, but for me, home
is where my family is’)
7

3 Stage 2
4 Stage 3
6

a rarely live, except maybe

Samira sounds like she’s in stage 2 (upset),
Dwayne is probably still in stage 1 (denial),
and Winek might still be in stage 1
(overwhelmed) or stage 2 (annoyed).

b I don't know if I can say, both
c super
d to me

7

8

Students' own answers
Students' own answers

8

3D

1 Would you 2 Could I 3 How do
9–10

1

Students' own answers

Students' own answers
2

3E

1 The mice expected the change to happen
and so when it did happen, they
immediately started looking for cheese
elsewhere. Hem and Haw reacted with
disbelief and shock and came back the
next day hoping that the cheese would
reappear. When it didn’t, they got angry.
Haw eventually left to find new cheese,

1
gaining life experience, appreciating other
cultures, making new friends
2
1 to offer Lukács the job, to confirm start
date, to offer to sort out accommodation
and to pick him up from the station, to


send the terms and conditions and to ask
him to sign them.
2 c (Note that ‘a’ is incorrect because
Lukács, not Deepa, is making the travel
arrangements; ‘b’ is incorrect because the
email is about a six month work contract,
not a visit)
3
Thank Deepa for the job offer and accept;

confirm whether he can start on Monday
12th September; introduce himself to
Gurpreet and accept his help with
accommodation (or politely decline) and
state any special requirements; accept offer
of pick up at station (or politely decline);
attach and return signed terms and
conditions.

7–9
Students' own answers
UNIT 4
OPENER

1
Sample answers
1 Prosthetic limbs are usually thought of as
functional, but as the photo shows, this
doesn’t have to be the case. A definition
of art could be a unique, creative
expression of a message.
2
1 Films give Alyea images which help her
paint pictures with words, music evokes
feelings and helps her express them, and
reading novels helps improve her
storytelling techniques.

4
He’ll need to ask if he can finish a week early

to attend the wedding.
He can tell them the arrival time of his train
for the pick up.

2 Imogen tries to learn how to play the
songs she likes on the guitar; she also
renovates old items in her new house and
is making furniture.

Sample answers

3 Neither of them could live without art; for
Alyea art is present in everything she does
and she needs it to breathe; for Imogen
art is very important because it helps
express feelings and thoughts through
other, often non-verbal means.

5
Vocabulary: inform, commencing, arrange,
draw up, forthcoming; Expressions: Further to
our phone conversation, Can I suggest, Please
find attached, Should you have, please do not
hesitate, I wish you all the best; Punctuation: I
am writing, we would, you would, He is, You
will; Grammar: You will need to return it to us
digitally signed, after which we can draw up
your contract.
6
1 Further to our phone conversation;

2 I am writing to inform you that we would
like to offer you a front-desk position; 3 I
wonder whether you might be able to
start work the following Monday; 4 We
would be willing to arrange suitable
accommodation; 5 He is copied in to this
email; 6 Can I suggest that you arrive a day
or two earlier; 7 We can arrange a car to
collect you; 8 Please find attached the
terms and conditions; 9 Should you have
any other questions regarding the
company; 10 Please do not hesitate to get
in touch; 11 I look forward to meeting you
in person

3
Students' own answers
4A

1
1 Students' own answers
2 2 a) The Old Pond (written by Basho,
famous Japanese haiku writer), b) Sun
Rays.
2
litfan1987, ana234 and Almaniac: yes,
metacritic: no
3
Students' own answers
4

Almaniac’s opinions and comments are the
most valid.


ana234: doesn’t use only personal examples
(e.g. quotes from a literary critic); the
arguments are one-sided as they all support
the writer’s position metacritic: the
arguments are very subjective and one-sided
(This is utter nonsense); the writer makes
very broad generalizations (Soon anyone will
be able to call anything literature.)

3
1 matter 2 Come 3 name 4 literally
5 honest 6 thing
4
Students' own answers
5

Almaniac: the arguments are balanced; the
writer tries to avoid broad generalizations (I
think we have to take a step back); the
arguments are supported (training with
datasets of tens of thousands of actual
poems)

1 you name it
2 Come to think of it
3 Mind you

4 so to speak
6–12

5

Students' own answers

1 not important
2 what is not literature

4C

3 cannot yet be creative

1

6

Students' own answers
Ad hominem: You’re not thinking straight (in
metacritic)
Appeal to ignorance: After all, there are no
objective criteria for evaluating
literatureness, if I can coin a new word. (in
ana234)
Slippery slope: Soon anyone will be able to
call anything literature. (in metacritic)

2
1 t is not pronounced

2 /z/ is attached to of
3 n sounds like /m/
3
These stories are important records of a
distant past.

7–9

They hold important lessons and details of
our ancestor’s experiences.

Students' own answers

They pass down traditions, beliefs and
customs from generation to generation.

4B

1

They help future generations understand
where they come from and who they are.

Students' own answers
2

They are a reminder of the connection to
ancestors and the way language has
transformed.

Sample answers
Music plays a huge role in her life.
She did a Beatles holiday in Liverpool and
went to lots of the different locations where
their songs were based.
Her mood defines what she listens to.
Her house is always filled with upbeat music.
Music transports her to another place.

They educate the young of the community.
4
1 F (They have survived for hundreds of
years, changing, adapting, evolving.)
2 F (Stories are also told on beaches, in
kitchens, at family events, etc.)
3 F (Not more important: they depend on
the speaker. The speaker is crucial.
However the connection between speaker
and listener is important.)


4 T (Not all of these stories are historically
accurate or even based on facts / true
events. Truth is less important than
providing cultural cohesion.)

4
1 We might use humour to break the ice,
build rapport, entertain our friends, hide
our nerves or embarrassment, or disguise

criticism.

5
Alyea used: based on facts / true events;
historically accurate; records of the distant
past; share stories; storytelling traditions;
transcend time

2 Not always. Behaving in a silly manner
might make some people relax, but it
might create confusion in others because
some might think that only comedians or
entertainers should use this sort of
humour.

6
1 historically, based

3 Self-deprecating humour, especially if
used a lot, can come across as a lack of
confidence and cause confusion. Irony,
especially when delivered with a dead-pan
face, might lead some people to think that
the speaker is being serious. Some people
might interpret it as sarcasm and that they
are being mocked.

2 ancestors, passed on
3 indigenous
4 passed

5 sharing, storytelling
7
The story is mainly told using the present
tense. It gives the events more impact and
makes the listener feel more involved.

4 ‘Taking the mickey’ and ‘winding someone
up’.
5 Some people might not have the cultural
knowledge or the language ability to
understand the cultural references or
wordplay that is used. And they might end
up feeling insecure and excluded if they
fail to understand the joke.

8
Students' own answers
9
1 rained, never
2 hungry, tricked

5
Students' own answers

3 big, beautiful
6

10

Ada: Tip number 5; Kit: Tip number 2;

Students' own answers

Matteo: Tip number 4; Rosa: Tip number 2

4D

Tips number 1 and 6 can apply to all four of
them.

1
Students' own answers
2
1 irony
2 self-deprecating humour
3 teasing
4 putdown
5 witty wordplay / pun
3
Students' own answers

7
Thuy: I’m sorry but you lost me. Why was
that funny?
Kit: Sorry, I was only joking. I didn’t mean to
cause offence.; I only tease people I’m close
to. And I think of you as a close friend.
Matteo: Where I come from, we use humour
when (we feel nervous).
Rose: I only tease people I'm close to.

8–9
Students' own answers


4E

3
Students' own answers

1–3
Students' own answers
4

5A

1
protagonist's, compelling, action-packed
Hollywood blockbusters, the edge of your
seat, shots, gripping
Other phrases that could be useful include:
slow-moving, debut, portrayal, wellsupported, members of the cast, emotionally
charged

Students' own answers
2
a3 b1 c4 d2 e5
3
1 F (‘both require skill and creativity’; ‘art
and science have more in common…’; ‘art
and science continue to go hand-inhand’)

5
Students' own answers

2 F (She wanted to be a sculptor. ‘I was
attracted to making sculptures of the
human form right from the start.’)

6
Sample answers

3 T (‘as a sculptor I love to see a face full of
character’)

The title: strong adjectives (strange, surreal,
suspenseful); noun phrases (Strange, surreal
and suspenseful story of childhood trauma)
Opening lines: a compelling opinion (breathtaking landscapes, superior acting)

4 T (‘Just as drawing is about “seeing” more
than about execution, so surgery is as
much about “listening” as carrying out a
“technical exercise”.)

Rhetorical devices: words starting with the
same letter (strange, surreal, suspenseful)
repeating structures (seemingly dull character
/ a vividly real person)

5 F (It is part of his own ‘records of the

surgery’.)
6 F (The writer suggests architects should be
more like the surgeons in their approach
to art and science.)

7
Students' own answers
4

8

1 Art and science have a lot in common.

1 glides

2 Objectively

2 surprisingly, thoroughly
3 breathtaking

5
Sample answers

4 musically, narratively

Art: self-expression, exaggeration is OK, often
subjective

9–12
Students' own answers

Both: skill, experimentation, creativity,
practice, description

UNIT 5

Science: discovery of facts, generally
objective

OPENER

6

1

Students' own answers

Students' own answers
2

5B

1B 2P 3T 4B

1
Students' own answers


2

combination of eating chocolate and drinking
coffee that I enjoy the most.

1h 2e 3d 4c 5a 6b 7g 8f
3–4
1 system 2 infectious 3 insomnia 4 happy
5 mood 6 feelings 7 open-minded
8 inappropriate

11
Students' own answers
5C

1–3

5

Students' own answers

Students' own answers
4

6

1 Because they help people to relate to
scientific ideas.

Speaker 1 b; Speaker 2 c; Speaker 3 a;
Speaker 4 e; Speaker 5 d

2 It catches people’s attention and
persuades them to care.

7
1 omitted: what, is; no change of order
2 omitted: It’s, that; no change of order: His
enjoyment gets everyone else laughing.

5
-ive: informative, manipulative, persuasive
-ity: availability, humanity, individuality

3 omitted: the reason, is; changed order:
usually is now before main verb. not
changes place and so the main verb uses
the present simple negative form don’t
laugh. We don’t usually laugh because
someone’s made a joke.

6

1 such a fresh view of the world.

7

-al: analytical, personal, statistical
1 humanity 2 personal 3 persuasive
4 statistical 5 analytical 6 availability
7 informative 8 manipulative

8

Students' own answers

2 his enjoyment
3 because someone's made a joke.

8
1d 2b 3a 4c

9
1 What happened was I slipped and fell and
then started to laugh.
2 It’s my friend’s social media posts that
make me laugh.

9–12
Students' own answers
5D

3 The thing that makes a party fun is
laughter.

1

4 What’s important in humour is timing.

2

5 It’s the eyes that show when laughter is

real.
6 The person who tells the best jokes is
Khaled.
10
Sample answer
What I like about chocolate is it improves my
mood. The reason it’s good for me is that it
gives me energy. The time I tend to eat
chocolate is after lunch with coffee. It’s the

Students' own answers
Sample answers
1 Unlike Eng, Liying (pronounced: /laɪ/)
doesn’t believe that the
world/neighbourhood is more dangerous
today than it was in the past.
2 Liying tries to use statistics about the
falling rate of crime, and she tries to use
logical reasoning by talking about how it is
the media that gives us the impression
that streets are a lot less safe these days.
She is not successful because the more


facts she provides, the less Eng believes
her.
3
1 Confirmation bias is our tendency to
search for information that confirms and
justifies what we already believe in.

2 They might sometimes react defensively
and this can lead them to more extreme
beliefs.

7–9
Students' own answers
5E

1
1d 2a 3b 4c
2
1 Students' own answers

3 Because our beliefs are tied to our identity
and our sense of belonging.
4
We should not do 1, 2, and 4.
5
Students' own answers
6
Sample answers
1 Taiba believes that branded clothes and
branded products are better and are of a
higher quality. Her identity seems very
tied to branded clothes and products and
she doesn’t want to be seen wearing or
associating with non-branded items and
she therefore finds evidence to prove that
her decision is the right one.
2 Siong believes that women are born

preferring talking and men are born
preferring thinking. This is probably based
on a wider belief that men and women
have different brains and different ways of
thinking and behaving. These beliefs might
be tied to the way Siong sees himself and
they might be common beliefs he shares
with his friends and the community
around him.
3 Marcin believes that climate change is a
hoax and only chooses to believe evidence
that he thinks supports his belief, while
dismissing all other evidence as fake. In
this scenario, we see that Marcin is
unwilling to change his behaviour and
habits as the freedom to carry on with
these habits may be important to him.
There is a possibility that Marcin’s beliefs
about climate change are tied in with his
other beliefs about modern society and
the environment and these might be
common beliefs that he shares with his
friends.

2 the greenhouse effect
3 Students' own answers
3
Students' own answers
4
1b 2a 3c 4f 5d 6e

5–9
Students' own answers
UNIT 6
OPENER

1
1 It helps promote a richer marine
environment.
2 hotels, floating restaurants, living
accommodation
2
1 Rebecca used to use pillows to make forts
to play in when she was a child.
2 Rebecca uses socks to make ropes longer
when she’s camping.
3 Alec uses a fisherman’s bag to carry his
camera equipment in when he’s working.
4 Alec uses scraps of paper to write things
down when he’s working and doesn’t have
a notebook with him.
3
Students' own answers
6A

1
Students' own answers


6B

2
The following aspects are discussed: 4 (the
origins of maps) – briefly in para 1; 3 (the
future of maps) – in the final para; 6 (the
purposes of maps): e.g. navigation, view the
world from new perspectives; 7 (types of
map) – many types, e.g. street maps, sound
maps, smell maps, etc.; 8 (what maps can
teach us) – e.g. smell maps can tell us which
routes are more enjoyable, cartograms can
show us interesting things about the world

1
Sample answers
1 A Women. Seen in print media. B
Wheelchair users. Seen in car parks, toilet
doors, etc. because it is the international
symbol of accessibility for people with a
disability. C Elderly people. Seen near to
care homes, etc. for the elderly, because it
is a warning to drivers to drive more
carefully. D babies. The baby emoji is a
symbol used in messaging on
smartphones, etc.

3–4
Students' own answers
5

2 A The advert is offensive to women as it

suggests lack of physical strength. B The
wheelchair fails to represent the fact that
93% of people who have a disability are
not wheelchair users. C The elderly people
sign stereotypes older people as fragile
and dependent. It also shows the man
leading the way with the woman behind.
D The baby is blond so could be seen to
exclude non-white babies if it is the only
one available, or used in a way that is
meant to represent all babies.

Maps in general – line 21 The limits of form
are also being explored in exciting and playful
ways = positive adjectives used to describe
maps in general suggest that the writer thinks
maps are interesting
Google maps – line 13 The word ‘dominance’
suggests the writer is not happy with Google
maps’ presence in people’s lives.
Toby Lester’s maps – The writer describes
Lester’s maps as maps being ‘explored in
exciting and playful ways’, which suggests a
positive attitude towards them.
Likewise, Daniele Quercia’s research – is
described as light-hearted (line 34) and an
example of how maps explore the world
around us in more creative ways (line 38).

3 Advert: use a non-sexist example;

wheelchair and elderly people sign: make
the people more active/dynamic; baby
sign: use a range of skin tones and hair
colour for the baby.
2–3

creative maps – The writer states that the
freedom of maps to be whatever they want
quite strongly: maps need not be limited to
the geographical sphere (line 39), so he’s in
favour of these maps.

4

cartograms – the writer uses them as an
example of maps that show things we can’t
normally see: is not normally visible (line 50),
suggesting they are useful.

5

the future – Line 53 says that maps have
helped us in the past and asks if they could
help us in the future, so sees a positive role
for maps with creativity and imagination.

Students' own answers
1 inclusive 2 unrepresentative 3 highlighted
4 prominent 5 makeover 6 emphasize
7 resembles 8 perceptions

1c 2b 3a 4d
6
1 1 and 3
2 2 (all times) and 4 (imaginary past)
3 provided (1c), supposing (2b), as long as
(3a), unless (4d)

Any other aspect of maps – lines 45–50, the
writer considers that maps can be tools to
raise awareness of different world issues.
6–7
Students' own answers

4 a 3a, b 2b, c 4d, d 1c
7
Students' own answers


8

5
1 Zero conditional but using the past tense
instead of the present, i.e. the condition
and result are both true.

Sample answers
It’s a terrible design flaw.
... products that are designed, you know,
poorly. They don’t last.

2 First conditional but includes the present
perfect and an imperative, i.e. the
condition and result still refer to present
and future possibilities.

... it’s not sustainable, but it’s also bad design.
... something that will last forever.

3 Second conditional but would is replaced
by might, i.e. the condition and result still
refer to the present/future, but the result
is less certain.

It just works in any condition.
The camera is a very practical design.
The bike bag is impractical and doesn’t work
and is very flawed.

4 Starts as third conditional but ends as
second, i.e. the condition is still a
hypothetical past event, but the result is
in present time.

It’s made to trick you.
It’s not particularly user friendly.

9

It’s stylish, it’s practical.
1 redesigned, were to redesign

It does three things in one.

2 is

If you drop them, that’s it.

3 was, were

... find the point where form meets function.

4 hadn't happened

It can pass the break test.

5 Assuming

6

10

Sample answers
Stress on the third syllable from the end:
complexity, disparity, diversity, grammatical,
impossible, inclusivity, invisible, professional,
simplicity, technological, uncomfortable

1 smart watch or other mobile tech
accessory
2 small domestic appliances – kettle, teapot,

jug

Stress on the second syllable from the end:
independence, performance, population,
representation

3 flowers
4 some sort of computer program like an
operating system or business program

11–12

5 a piece of furniture, a door/box with a
handle

Students' own answers
6C

6 a bag/bowl
7

1
1B 2C 3D 4A

1 brightly lit
2 user-friendly

2
Students' own answers

3 eye-catching
4 full-length

3
1 pockets 2 bike bag 3 camera 4 chips
5 espresso machine 6 plates
4

5 ice-cold
6 long-lasting
7 modern-looking

Students' own answers

8 sugar-free


9 two-week

anything about the topic. And where
necessary, he could explain the terms and
concepts he was using. Lorenzo could
have asked for clarification.

10 up-to-date
8
1 impractical / pointless

4

2 fragile

1 People might not follow a conversation
because they don’t know much about the
subject, because they are unfamiliar with
the jargon or the words used, because
they’re unfamiliar with the variety of
English they’re hearing or because their
level of English is much lower.

3 up-to-date
4 looks
5 long-lasting
6 ice-cold
7 user-friendly

2 By accommodating others, we can make
ourselves understood, but we can also
build rapport with our conversation
partners.

8 everyday
9
Students' own answers

3 Stefan might have remembered that
Lorenzo has never talked about doing DIY
and doesn’t own a home. He might also
have noticed that Lorenzo doesn’t appear
to be particularly interested in home

improvement.

6D

1
Use of jargon or local idiomatic expressions
or slang; discussions about topics that we
know little about; use of unfamiliar
dialect/accent.

4 a) We should avoid talking too much,
jumping from topic to topic, and using
complex words, acronyms or jargon. b)
We should not assume that they
understand everything we say and can
read our minds.

2
Students' own answers
3

5
Sample answers:

Sample answers

1 Jameela seems to understand and is
interested in what Stefan is saying.
Lorenzo, however, says a lot less and
seems to feel lost, confused, bored or

even annoyed. For most of the
conversation, he tries to be polite and let
it pass when he doesn’t understand
something but when he says ‘MDF?’, it
was clear that he was trying to signal that
he didn’t understand, but neither Stefan
nor Jameela seemed to have noticed this.

Avoid using jargon, slang or specialist terms;
watch the other person to monitor their
understanding; say the same idea in more
than one way

2 Stefan and Jameela could have noticed
that Lorenzo didn’t understand most of
what they were saying and they could
have tried to include him in the
conversation more. For example, instead
of assuming that everyone knows the
difficult terms and unfamiliar concepts,
Stefan could have asked Lorenzo and
Jameela questions to check if they were
following the conversation or if they knew

6
1 He explains unfamiliar words, for example
his use of the word ‘chippie’. He says a lot
less and is clearly thinking about what
message he wants to convey to Lorenzo
and Jameela. He is also aware of the

complex language or jargon he uses and
either chooses not to use them or to
explain them, for example when he
explains ‘prepping the walls’. He also uses
fewer technical terms, explains them
where necessary, and tries to engage
Lorenzo and Jameela more. He doesn’t
assume his listeners know everything he’s
saying and he asks questions to check.


2 By saying ‘I don’t know how interested
you are in ...’, Stefan doesn’t assume his
listeners’ lack of knowledge because doing
so might be seen as insulting or offensive.
Instead, Stefan signals that the
information he’s about to give them might
be boring and in doing so, gives them the
permission to not engage or continue
talking about the subject.

gestures, pointing to the map, simplifying
what he says and stressing the key words
to get his message across.
4 Accommodation is needed because Tania
and Windson both speak very different
varieties of English and are having trouble
understanding each other. In this case,
both Tania and Windson have the
responsibility of accommodating each

other. They could start by not assuming
that the other party will understand what
they’re saying, being careful to stress key
words and using more frequent pauses in
between groups of words in order to
make what they’re saying clearer for the
other person.

7–8
Students' own answers
9
1 In my opinion,|| the red||looks
better||than the blue.
2 This lamp||is beautiful,||but, to be
honest, ||it’s too big||for this room.
3 A mood board||is a collection||of
pictures,||colours and materials||and it
gives you a feeling, ||an idea of how you
would like||the room||to look.

11
Students' own answers
12
1 They don’t notice the other person’s lack
of understanding, they don’t have the
additional language needed, they are not
confident or expert speakers, they are
focused on themselves.

10

1 Accommodation is needed because Jay is
using language that his client doesn’t
understand and so Jay needs to take
responsibility for accommodating his
client. He could do this by defining and
explaining the difficult terms and jargon,
or choosing to use simpler language, and
thinking carefully about the key points he
wants the client to know.
2 Accommodation is needed because Vera
and Ani are having a conversation about a
topic that Vera knows very little about. So,
Ani needs to accommodate Vera’s lack of
knowledge and patiently guide her. She
could do this by not assuming that Vera
will know what she’s saying and by
thinking carefully about the key points
that she wants Vera to know. Ani should
also be careful with the use of technical
jargon and language related to social
media like ‘post on their wall’ or
‘username’ or ‘to friend someone’ and
define these terms where necessary.
3 Accommodation is needed because the
person Darius has stopped speaks a much
lower level of English than Darius himself.
So, it’s important that Darius
accommodates by not assuming that the
person knows what he’s saying, using

2 These things can express or explain things
when we don’t have the language to do
so.
6E

1
Students' own answers
2
A search icon B shopping basket
C scroll button D shipping icon
3
It's a charity.
4
1F 2T 3F 4T 5T
5
Problems included: extra cost for postage;
lack of photos and information about the
product; difficulty navigating the site; poor
language use.
Problems solved: better navigation (except
on mobile devices); language errors have
been corrected.