STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGNER’S HANDBOOK docx

STRUCTURAL
STEEL
DESIGNER’S
HANDBOOK
Roger L. Brockenbrough Editor
R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Frederick S. Merritt Editor
Late Consulting Engineer, West Palm Beach, Florida
Third Edition
McGRAW-HILL, INC.
New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota´
Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore
Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Structural steel designer’s handbook / Roger L. Brockenbrough, editor,
Frederick S. Merritt, editor.—3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-07-008782-2
1. Building, Iron and steel. 2. Steel, Structural.
I. Brockenbrough, R. L. II. Merritt, Frederick S.
TA684.S79 1994
624.1
Ј821—dc20 93-38088
CIP
Copyright
᭧ 1999, 1994, 1972 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United
States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced

or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or
retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
1234567890 DOC/DOC 99876543
ISBN 0-07-008782-2
The sponsoring editor for this book was Larry S. Hager, the editing
supervisor was Steven Melvin, and the production supervisor was Sherri
Souffrance. It was set in Times Roman by Pro-Image Corporation.
Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Information contained in this work has been obtained by Mc-
Graw-Hill, Inc. from sources believed to be reliable. However,
neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantees the accuracy or
completeness of any information published herein and neither Mc-
Graw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors,
omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This
work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and
its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to
render engineering or other professional services. If such services
are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should
be sought.
Other McGraw-Hill Book Edited by Roger L. Brockenbrough
Brockenbrough & Boedecker •
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Other McGraw-Hill Books Edited by Frederick S. Merritt
Merritt •
STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
Merritt & Ricketts •
BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK
Other McGraw-Hill Books of Interest
Beall •

MASONRY DESIGN AND DETAILING
Breyer •
DESIGN OF WOOD STRUCTURES
Brown •
FOUNDATION BEHAVIOR AND REPAIR
Faherty & Williamson •
WOOD ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK
Gaylord & Gaylord •
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
Harris •
NOISE CONTROL IN BUILDINGS
Kubal •
WATERPROOFING THE BUILDING ENVELOPE
Newman •
STANDARD HANDBOOK OF STRUCTURAL DETAILS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Sharp •
BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF ALUMINUM STRUCTURES
Waddell & Dobrowolski •
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK
xv
CONTRIBUTORS
Boring, Delbert F., P.E. Senior Director, Construction Market, American Iron and Steel
Institute, Washington, D.C. (
SECTION 6 BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA
)
Brockenbrough, Roger L., P.E. R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc., Pittsburgh, Penn-
sylvania (
SECTION 1 PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND EFFECTS OF STEELMAKING AND
FABRICATION; SECTION 10 COLD-FORMED STEEL DESIGN
)

Cuoco, Daniel A., P.E. Principal, LZA Technology/Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers, New York,
New York (
SECTION 8 FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS
)
Cundiff, Harry B., P.E. HBC Consulting Service Corp., Atlanta, Georgia (
SECTION 11 DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES
)
Geschwindner, Louis F., P.E. Professor of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania (
SECTION 4 ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL STRUCTURES
)
Haris, Ali A. K., P.E. President, Haris Enggineering, Inc., Overland Park, Kansas (
SECTION
7 DESIGN OF BUILDING MEMBERS
)
Hedgren, Arthur W. Jr., P.E. Senior Vice President, HDR Engineering, Inc., Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania (
SECTION 14 ARCH BRIDGES
)
Hedefine, Alfred, P.E. Former President, Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc.,
New York, New York (
SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES
)
Kane, T., P.E. Cives Steel Company, Roswell, Georgia (
SECTION 5 CONNECTIONS
)
Kulicki, John M., P.E. President and Chief Engineer, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harris-
burg, Pennsylvania (
SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES

)
LaBoube, R. A., P.E. Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla,
Rolla, Missouri (
SECTION 6 BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA
)
LeRoy, David H., P.E. Vice President, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
(
SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES
)
Mertz, Dennis, P.E. Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Delaware, New-
ark, Delaware (
SECTION 11 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES
)
Nickerson, Robert L., P.E. Consultant-NBE, Ltd., Hempstead, Maryland (
SECTION 11 DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES
)
Podolny, Walter, Jr., P.E. Senior Structural Engineer Bridge Division, Office of Bridge
Technology, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washing-
ton, D. C. (
SECTION 15 CABLE-SUSPENDED BRIDGES
)
Prickett, Joseph E., P.E. Senior Associate, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harrisburg, Penn-
sylvania (
SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES
)
xvi CONTRIBUTORS
Roeder, Charles W., P.E. Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington (
SECTION 9 LATERAL-FORCE DESIGN

)
Schflaly, Thomas, Director, Fabricating & Standards, American Institute of Steel Construc-
tion, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (
SECTION 2 FABRICATION AND ERECTION
)
Sen, Mahir, P.E. Professional Associate, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey
(
SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES
)
Swindlehurst, John, P.E. Former Senior Professional Associate, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc.,
West Trenton, New Jersey (
SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES
)
Thornton, William A., P.E. Chief Engineer, Cives Steel Company, Roswell, Georgia (
SEC-
TION 5 CONNECTIONS
)
Ziemian, Ronald D., Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Bucknell University, Lew-
isburg, Pennsylvania (
SECTION 3 GENERAL STRUCTURAL THEORY
)
xxi
FACTORS FOR
CONVERSION TO
SI UNITS OF
MEASUREMENT
QUANTITY
TO CONVERT FROM
CUSTOMARY U.S. UNIT
TO

METRIC UNIT
MULTIPLY BY
Length inch
foot
mm
mm
25.4
304.8
Mass lb kg 0.45359
Mass/unit length plf kg/m 1.488 16
Mass/unit area psf kg/m
2
4.882 43
Mass density pcf kg/m
3
16.018 5
Force pound
kip
kip
N
N
kN
4.448 22
4448.22
4.448 22
Force/unit length klf
klf
N/mm
kN/m
14.593 9

14.593 9
Stress ksi
psi
MPa
kPa
6.894 76
6.894 76
Bending Moment foot-kips
foot-kips
N-mm
kN-m
1 355 817
1.355 817
Moment of inertia in
4
mm
4
416 231
Section modulus in
3
mm
3
16 387.064
Index terms Links


AASHTO
11.1
11.2
11.78

Abutments
11.72
Acceleration
3.10
Aging
1.33
Aging, strain
1.18
1.22
Allowable stress design (see ASD)
Allowable stresses:
bearing:
on concrete
5.60
11.64
11.168
on masonry
5.60
11.64
11.168
on steel
6.48
11.25
11.166
(See also Bolts; Pins; Rockers;
Rollers)
bending:
bridge loading combinations
11.13
11.162

in bridges
11.25
11.164
11.165
12.159
in buildings
6.31
6.47
6.48
compression with
6.49
6.50
13.27
14.61
14.64
shear with
14.57
tension with
6.50
6.51
13.28
block shear
6.41
compression:
in bridges
11.25
11.164
13.26
13.45
in buildings

6.31
6.43
6.62
9.29
fatigue
6.51
11.30
11.68
seismic
6.51
shear:
in beam webs
6.34
6.35
11.25
11.166
in bolts
6.28
11.26
1.166
in rivets
6.28
11.166
in threaded parts
6.28
tension
6.30
11.25
11.164
welds

6.38
11.24
11.164
11.167
wind
6.51
(See also ASD; Plastic design; and
specific materials)
Aluminum
1.33
American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials
11.1
11.2
11.78
13.2
American Institute of Steel Construction
6.1
6.2
6.29
6.30
American Railway Engineering and
Maintenance-of-Way Association
11.153
Anchors, government
5.62
Angles:
maximum width-thickness ratios for
9.30
net width of

6.64
11.45
11.172
11.173
strut
6.63
7.8
Annealing
1.19
1.32
Arches:
applications of
8.31
bridge:
bending in
14.8
buckling of
14.46
14.47
constant-depth versus tapered ribs
14.10
Index terms Links


Arches: bridge: (Cont.)
cost comparisons for
14.6
14.10
curved versus segmental axis
14.9

14.10
dead-load / total-load ratios for
14.9
deck
14.2
deflection of
14.8
depth / span ratios for
14.7
design example for
14.47
erection of
14.6
1
4.7
esthetics of
14.5
14.7
14.8
hanger design example for
14.63
14.64
Hell-Gate type
14.2
history of
14.1
inclined rib
14.1
lateral bracing for
14.47

14.64
(See also Bracing, bridge)
preliminary design procedure for
14.44
rise / span ratios for
14.7
spans for
14.4
14.5
steels for
14.9
through
14.2
weight estimating for
14.44
weight / total-load ratios for
14.9
14.44
(See also Bridge, arch)
defined 4.
1
fixed
4.5
14.2
14.4
14.7
flange thickness limits for
10.46
forms of
14.2

14.3
foundations for
8.32
14.2
14.3
half-through
14.2
rigid-frame
14.3
roof
8.30
8.31
solid-rib:
depths for
14.7
14.8
esthetics of
14.5
hinges for
14.4
panel lengths for
14.7
rib design example
14.59
sections for
14.2
14.8
stiffeners for
11.47
stress in

4.7
4.8
14.2
14.3
temperature effects on
14.8
three-hinged 4
.1
14.2
14.4
14.7
tied
14.2
14.7
14.8
14.44
ties
14.3
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.62
true
14.2
14.44
truss-rib
14.2
14.4
14.8

two-hinged
4.3
14.2
14.4
14.7
Vierendeel-truss-rib
14.8
wind forces on
14.8
AREMA
11.153
Areas
3.30
3.31


Index terms Links


ASD:
allowable stress in (see Allowable
stresses)
for bridges:
load combinations in
11.13
11.14
specificiations for
11.1
11.2
for buildings:

load combinations in
6.23
specifications for
6.1
6.2
6.29
6.30
principles of
6.29
6.30
versus LRFD
8.25
11.13
11.17
(See also Beams; Cold-formed
members; Columns; Composite
beams; Trusses)
ASTM
1.1
6.1
6.2
Austenite
1.30

Bainite
1.31
Bars
15.36
15.37
15.41

Beam-columns:
ASD interaction equations for
6.49
6.50
defined
3.23
3.61
design example for
7.34
LRFD interaction equations for
6.48
6.49
6.84
7.32
7.33
plastic capacity of
3.106
3.107
Beams:
allowable bending stresses for
6.31
6.47
6.48
12.159
alternative to plate girders
10.54
anchorage to walls
5.61
5.62
bearing plates for

5.60
10.63
bearing pressure on
5.60
5.61
6.48
bearings for (see bearing plates for)
(See also Rockers; Rollers)
bending and compression (see
Beam-columns)
bending axis of
3.47
3.49
bending slope of
3.37
(See also design example for: end
rotations of below)
bending strength of:
in bridges
11.15
in buildings
6.31
6.45
6.46
6.82
7.10 7.18
bending stresses in
3.27
11.48
11.49

bridge:
floorbeam (see Floorbeams)
girder (see Plate girders)
stringer (see Stringers)
buckling of (see Buckling)
camber of
2.8
2.9
8.9
8.17
cantilever (see Cantilevers)
castellated
8.21
8.23
8.24
combined forces on
3.47
3.50
compact
6.45
6.62
6.63
6.78
6.80
6.81
composite (see Composite beams)
Index terms Links


Beams: (Cont.)

concentrated loads on
6.43
6.44
concrete encased
6.72
6.73
8.9
8.10
conjugate
3.69
continuous:
advantages of
12.153
analysis of (see Structural analysis)
carry-over factors for
3.84
3.85
defined
3.63
maximum moments in
12.153
12.154
span defined for
11.48
spans for
12.154
costs of
1.8
cover-plated
2.13

6.63
6.65
11.49
curvature of
3.36
3.37
curved, rolled 12
.55
(See also Curved girders)
defined
3.21
3.25
7.1
deflections of:
bending moment
3.36
conjugate-beam method for
3.69
limits on
3.42
6.74
8.25
moment-area method for
3.69
3.72
3.73
shear
3.46
3.47
unit-load method for

3.69
3.72
3.73
design example for:
building beam with overhang
7.16
simple-span building floorbeam
7.11
unbraced building floorbeam
7.14
(See also Composite beams;
Floorbeams)
design section for
6.65
eccentric loads on
3.46
5.96
elastic curve of
3.36
end connections for (see Connections)
end rotations of
3.73
3.75
fixed-end:
elastic curves for
3.38
end moments in
3.38
3.78
moment diagrams for

3.38
shear diagrams for
3.38
slope diagrams for
3.38
flanges of:
effective area of
6.65
11.176
hole deductions for
6.65
11.25
11.176
width-thickness limits for
6.63
6.81
9.23
11.38
11.65
11.174
flexural formula for
3.28
11.48
11.49
hollow structural section
6.82
6.83
lateral support for
5.95
5.96

6.64
8.7
8.9

11.55
11.175
limit states for
11.14
11.15
link
9.12
9.23
9.31
minimum depth for
6.75
11.49
moment diagrams for
3.37
Index terms Links


Beams: (Cont.)
neutral axis in
3.28
noncompact
6.62
6.63
6.80
6.81
openings in

8.15
8.16
plastic-range bending in
3.29
3.32
propped
3.42
3.43
reactions of
3.38
residual stresses in
1.26
resisting moments in
3.28
rigid-frame
3.60
3.62
roof, ponding on
6.75
shear capacity of
6.34
6.35
6.65
6.66
7.10
shear center of
3.48
3.49
shear diagrams for
3.38

simple:
concentrated loads on
3.38
end moments on
3.38
3.39
influence lines for
3.89
shear deflection of
3.45
3.46
triangular loads on
3.40
uniformly loaded
3.25
3.37
3.39
3.43
3.45
slender-element
6.62
span of
6.64
11.48
12.1
spandrel
8.14
statically determinate
3.68
stiffeners for

6.34
6.35
6.65
strains in
3.25
stress distribution in
3.25
torsion of (see twisting below)
twisting of
3.48
(See also Buckling, beam)
unsymmetrical bending of
3.48
web crippling in
5.61
6.44
web yielding in
5.61
6.43
6.44
(See also Cold-formed members;
Floorbeams; Framing: Girders;
Joists; Moments; Purlins; Sections;
Shear; Stringers; Structures)
Bearing bar
12.100

12.101
Bearings:
anchor bolts required for

11.66
beam
5.60
11.63
11.178
12.3
12.4
elastomeric:
advantages of
11.55
composition of
11.65
design of
11.65
pedestals for
11.66
(See also shoes below)
pot
11.65
11.66
PTFE
11.65
requirements for
11.63
shoes:
design basis for
11.66
design examples for
12.97
Index terms Links

Bearing: shoes: (Cont.)
materials for
11.66
seismic evaluation of
12.102
thicknesses for
11.66
sliding plate
11.64
(See also Rockers; Rollers)
Bendability
1.32
Bending:
of beams (see Beam-columns; Beams;
Moments)
strain energy of
3.56
(See also Allowable stresses, bending
Strength design, bending)
Bents
3.62
Betti’s theorem
3.59
Blooms
1.37
Bolts:
A307 (see ordinary below)
allowable shear in

6.35
11.26
11.166
allowable tension in
5.42
5.43
6.27
anchor
5.55
11.12
11.66
bracket connections with
5.67
common (see ordinary below)
design area of
6.36
11.26
design strength of
6.35
diameters of:
commonly used
5.10
5.11
11.26
11.168
maximum
5.11
minimum
5.10
fatigue of

11.29
for hangers
5.40
high-strength:
application of
6.36
6.37
6.76
11.26
11.168
costs of
5.3
5.5
length required for
5.4
minimum pretension for
6.36
6.37
permissible types of
5.1
5.2
thread lengths for
5.4
tightening of
2.5
5.1
5.17
6.36
hole for:
diameters of

5.11
6.64
11.26
11.45
11.168
11.173
fabrication of
2.4
2.5
2.14
5.11
5.12
reaming of
2.9
5.11
5.12
machine (see ordinary below)
ordinary:
application of
6.36
6.37
11.26
tightening of
2.5
prevention of loosening
5.5
prying forces from
5.43
5.103
5.105

5.106
11.28
sealing
5.13
5.14
6.77
shear and tension on
5.72
6.40
6.41
11.28
specifications for
2.5
5.1
5.5
5
.18
standard-size
5.3
stitch
5.13
11.46
11.48
Index terms Links


Bolts: (Cont.)
tension on
6.33
6.34

11.27
11.28
twist-off
5.5
5.18
5.19
(See also Connections; Joints; Splices)
Boron
1.33
Box girders:
advantages of
11.56
12.114
12.115
13.19
allowable stresses in
11.56
bracing of
11.56
bridge cross sections with
12.115
continuous
12.115
corner welds for
11.67
11.68
13.19
13.20
curved
12.49

(See also Curved girders)
design example for:
composite concrete
12.117
orthotropic-plate
12.130
drainage of
11.56
flange to web welds for
11.60
flanges of
11.38
11.56
12.116
load distribution to:
from concrete
11.22
12.115
12.119
1
2.120
from steel plate
12.130
12.132
12.134
sealing of
11.76
shapes of
12.115
12.116

shipping limitations for
12.116
single versus multiple
11.56
spacing of
11.56
12.118
spans for
12.114
stiffeners for 11
.56
(See also Stiffeners)
webs of
11.38
11.57
width of
11.56
12.115
12.118
width / thickness limits for
11.38
(See also Orthotropic plates)
Bracing:
angle
5.39
beam
5.95
5.96
bridge:
arch

11.42
11.43
14.64
box girder
11.57
cross-frame
11.43
11.44
11.175
11.176
12.22
diaphragm
11.43
11.175
11.176
knee
12.113
12.114
lateral
11.42
11.43
11.175
12.22
12.93
location of
11.42
1.43
11.175
11.176
methods of

11.42
11.175
objectives of
11.42
11.175
for plate-girders
11.55
12.22
12.45
12.46
portal
11.42
11.44
slenderness limitations on
11.37
sway
11.42
11.44
through-girder
5.96

Index terms Links


Bracing: bridge: (Cont.)
truss (see Trusses, bridge, lateral
bracing; portal bracing;
sway bracing)
wind loads on
11.43

11.161
11.162
building:
chevron
9.22
9.29
cross-frame
5.96
cross sections for
9.30
diagonal
9.29
diaphragm
5.89
K
9.22
9.29
slenderness limitations on
9.30
X
9.22
9.29
connections for
5.98
erection
2.20
maximum allowable compression in
9.29
rigid-connection (see Rigid frames)
shear wall (see Walls, shear)

(See also Frames, concentric braced
and eccentric braced)
Brackets
5.67
12.81
12.82
Bridge:
arch:
Bayonne
14.14
14.15
Burro Creek
14.32
14.33
Cold Spring Canyon
14.30
14.31
Colorado River
14.34
14.35
Fort Pitt
14.26
14.27
Fremont
14.16
14.17
Glenfield
14.28
14.29
14.47

Leavenworth Centennial
14.38
14.39
Lewiston-Queenston
14.20
14.21
New River Gorge
14.12
14.13
North Fork Stillaguamish River
14.40
14.41
Port Mann
14.11
Roosevelt Lake
14.18
14.19
Sherman Minton
14.22
14.23
Smith Avenue High
14.36
14.37
South Street over I-84
14.42
14.43
West End-North Side
14.24
14.25
box girder:

Abstrasse
12.117
Chester
12.117
Frankfurt
12.117
Fremont River
12.116
King County
12.116
Kirchweyhe
12.117
Klamath River
12.116
Stillaguamish River
12.116
cable-stayed:
Batman
15.17
15.2
0
Bonn
15.21
Bratislava
15.20
Index terms Links


Bridge: cable-swayed: (Cont.)
Büchenauer

15.18
chain
15.2
15.3
Cologne
15.20
Dryburgh Abbey
15.2
15.3
Duisburg
15.21
15.31
Düsseldorf-North
15.21
Düsseldorf-Oberkassel
15.20
Ebro River
15.17
15.19
Ganga
15.22
Gischlard-Arnodin
15.2
15.4
Hatley chain
15.2
15.4
Jülicherstrasse
15.18
Karlsruhe

15.20
King’s Meadow
15.2
15.3
Kniebrucke
15.18
15.20
Leverkusen
15.18
15.21
Loscher type
15.2
15.4
Lower Yarra
15.18
Ludwigshafen
15.20
Luling
15.17
15.51
Manheim
15.20
Maracaibo
15.22
Maxau
15.18
Meridian
15.17
Nienburg
15.2

15.3
Norderelbe 1
5.21
15.22
Normandy
15.25
15.30
15.31
Onomichi
15.21
Papineau
15.21
Pasco-Kennewick
15.26
15.51
Poyet type
15.2
15.4
Schillerstrasse
15.51
Strömsund
15.2
15.21
15.99
Sunshine Skyway
15.17
Talmadge
15.17
Tatara
15.25

15.31
Yang Pu
15.25
15.30
15.31
Zarate-Brazo Largo
15.26
15.32
(See also Cable-stayed bridges,
major, details of)
orthotropic plate:
Fremont
12.129
Poplar Street
12.129
San Diego-Coronado
12.129
San Mateo-Heyward
12.129
Severin River
12.129
Wye River
12.129
(See also Orthotropic plates)
suspension:
Akashi Kaikyo
15.13
15.30
Bidwell Bar
15.14

15.45
15.46
15.50
Bosporus
15.10
15.13
15.50
bridal-chord
15.9
Index terms Links


Bridge: suspension: (Cont.)
Brighton Chain Pier
15.86
Bronx-Whitestone
15.50
15.69
15.86
Brooklyn
15.1
15.14
15.45
15.47
15.48
15.50
Chesapeake Bay (second)
15.46
Cincinnati
15.2

Cologne-Mulheim
15.9
Deer Isle
15.14
15.86
Delaware Memorial I
15.13
15.69
Dryburgh Abbey
15.2
15.86
First Tacoma Narrows
15.12
Forth Road
15.13
15.69
15.88
Fykesesund
15.86
Galashiels
15.1
General U. S. Grant
15.15
15.45
15.46
15.50
George Washington
15.8
15.13
15.50

15.69
15.91
Gilbraltar Straits
15.30
15.31
Golden Gate
15.12
15.13
15.30
15.31
15.48

15.69
15.86
15.91
Hennepin Avenue
15.47
15.50
Humber
15.13
15.31
15.50
Jacob’s Creek
15.1
Klamath River
11.118
Long’s Creek
15.86
Mackinac
15.10

15.50
15.69
15.88
Manhattan
15.14
15.31
15.32
15.48
15.50
Menai Straits
15.1
15.86
Messina Straits
15.30
15.31
Montrose
15.86
Nassau
15.86
Newport
15.14
15.45
15.46
15.50
Niagara Falls
15.2
15.5
15.14
Niagara-Clifton
15.86

Niagara-Lewiston
15.86
Oder River
15.1
Ohio River
15.1
15.14
15.15
Old St. Clair
15.5
Paseo
15.9
Roche-Bernard
15.86
Ruhrort-Hamburg
15.9
Salazar Bridge
15.7
15.69
San Francsico–Oakland Bay
15.8
15.9
15.12
15.13
15.69
Schuylkill River
15.1
Severn
15.10
15.18

15.88
15.97
Storebelt
15.13
15.30
15.31
Tacoma Narrows I
15.13
15.86
15.91
Tacoma Narrows II
15.13
15.69
15.88
Thousand Island
15.15
15.86
Throgs Neck
15.13
15.50
Triborough
15.10
15.11
15.14
Union
15.86
Verrazano Narrows 1
5.10
15.11
15.13

15.31

15.44
15.50
15.69
15.91
Walt Whitman
15.12
15.13
15.50
15.69
Index terms Links


Bridge: suspension: (Cont.)
Wheeling
15.86
Williamsburg
15.10
15.14
15.31
15.34
15.48
15.50
Zügelgurtbrücke
15.9
(See also Suspension bridges, major)

Bridges:
allowable stresses for (see Allowable

stresses)
abutments for
11.72
approach slabs for
11.72
11.73
arch (see Arches; Bridge; arch)
bearings for
11.63
(See also Bearings)
box girder (see Box girders; Bridge,
box-girder)
cable-stayed (see Bridge,
cable-stayed; Cable-stayed bridges)
cable-suspended (see Bridge, cable-
stayed and suspension; Cable-
stayed bridges; Suspension bridges)

cantilever
2.25
2.26
constructability of
11.77
continuous-beam
2.24
12.154
12.169
(See also Beams; continuous)
curved-girder
2.24

deck:
advantages of
12.69
12.104
floorbeam/ girder design example for
12.70
(See also Arches; Box girders;
Girders; Plate girders: Stringers;

Trusses)
decks for
3.60
11.69
11.162
11.163
12.3

13.5
13.8
13.9
(See also Composite beams; Concrete
slabs; Orthotropic plates; Steel-grid

floors)
deflection limits for
11.3
11.63
design method for:
ASD
11.2

11.5
11.13
11.30
11.153
LFD
11.2
11.5
11.13
11.30
LRFD
11.2
11.5
11.13
11.32
11.78
design of:
effects of traffic volume on
11.2
11.3
highway loads in
11.4
(See also Loads)
load distribution for
11.20
service-life considerations in
11.3
seismic
11.9
design traffic lanes for
11.20

11.21
dimensional changes of
11.63
11.64
erection of
2.23
expansion joints in
11.72
11.76
floorbeams in (see Floorbeams)
inspectability of
11.77
Index terms Links


Bridges: (Cont.)
jointless
11.72
maintenance of
11.76
11.77
orthotropic plate (see Bridge, ortho-
tropic plate; Orthotropic plates)
paints for (see Paint)
primary purpose of
11.2
railings for
11.8
11.9
simple-beam

2.22
skewed
13.5
13.49
13.50
spans for:
classification of
15.23
15.24
cost effective
11.63
defined
11.48
specifications for:
fatigue design of
11.30
fracture control
11.29
railings
11.8
11.9
seismic design
11.9
11.35
11.36
11.162
standard design
11.1
11.2
steels for

1.6
11.29
11.30
11.74
stringer (see Stringers)
suspension (see Bridge, suspension;
Suspension bridges)
temperature zones for
1.6
1.7
through:
advantages of
12.69
12.104
design example for
12.105
main girder spacing in
11.48
12.104
(See also Arches; Plate girders;
Trusses)
truss
2.24
2.25
(See also Trusses)
unpainted
11.75
11.76
uplift on
11.12

Brinell hardness
1.17
Brittle fracture:
characteristics of
1.23
Charpy test for
1.23
design against
1.23
mechanics of
1.25
1.26
thickness effect on
1.25
1.26
trnsition curves for
1.24
Buckling:
beam, lateral
3.96
11.36
11.42
(See also Beams, twisting of)
bracing against
9.29
9.30
column
3.93
6.34
11.36

effect of residual stresses on
1.26
1.27
frame
3.98
3.99
local
3.99
3.100
6.49
10.7
10.9
10.10
plate
3.99
3.100
5.98
11.36
Building codes
6.1
6.2
6.85
6.86

Index terms Links


Buildings:
erection of
2.20

fire protected (see Fire protection)
fireproof
6.88
6.89
importance factors for
6.10
6.12
6.15
9.5
9.6
9.12
influence areas for live load
6.3
seismic coefficients for
6.21
9.11
9.12
9.17
size limitations for
6.86
special approvals for
6.2
standard specifications for
6.2
terrain exposure types for
6.10
6.11
6.13
9.5
9.6

(See also Frames; Framing; Loads;
Structures)

Cable-stayed bridges:
aerodynamics of
15.93
allowable cable stresses for
15.81
analysis of:
deflection theory for
15.78
15.79
first-order elastic theory for
15.76
15.78
seismic
15.96
15.97
anchorages for
15.16
cable forces in
15.16
15.81
cable prestressing effects on
15.76
cable stays for
15.17
15.41
cables for (see Cables)
characteristics of

15.5
15.16
15.75
15.76
classification of
15.23
15.24
composite
15.17
15.19
concrete 15.1
7
cost comparison for
14.6
cross sections of
15.18
15.23
deflection limits for
15.79
design of:
criteria for
15.79
preliminary
15.79
drop-in lengths for
15.17
girder depths for
15.16
15.79
girder types for

15.80
15.81
history of
15.2
loads on
15.35
major, details of
15.25
pylons for
15.22
15.23
15.79
saddles for
15.41
side span / main span ratios
15.80
spans of
15.16
15.17
15.20
specifications for
15.32
15.34
15.35
stability during erection
15.93
steel
15.17
15.18
wind-effect studies for

15.93
(See also Cables; Suspension bridges)
Cable systems:
advantages of
4.27
8.33
comparative costs of
8.33
8.3
5
Index terms Links


Cable systems: (Cont.)
fire protection of
8.35
limitations on deformations of
8.33
8.35
network
4.29
4.34
stabilization of
8.33
8.35
supports for
8.33
8.35
truss
4.29

types of
8.33
(See also Cables, suspension)
Cables:
applications of
6.85
cable condition equation for
15.63
15.64
configurations of
1.14
6.85
15.35
corrosion protection for
15.45
creep of
15.38
defined
1.13
1.14
15.35
15.36
erection of:
for cable-stayed bridges
15.41
15.99
15.100
for suspension bridges
15.39
15.97

15.98
15.100
history of
15.35
mechanical properties of
1.14
modulus of elasticity of
15.37
15.38
sheathing for
15.41
specifications for
1.14
spinning of
15.39
15.97
15.98
15.100
structural behavior of
6.85
suspension:
allowable stresses for
15.68
asymmetrical
15.53
catenary
4.25
4.26
15.53
defined

4.23
differential equation for
4.24
15.52
15.53
15.61
geometric properties of
15.54
Melan equation for
15.64
15.65
parabolic
4.26
15.53
pylon movement effects on
15.73
15.74
sag change effects on
15.73
15.74
stresses in
4.25
14.49
14.53
14.54
15.55
15.57
(See also Suspension bridges,
design of)
stretch in

15.15
15.16
thermal effects on
15.58
15.59
15.74
Timoshenko equations for
15.64
(See also Cable systems)
types of
1.13
1.14
(See also Bridges; Rope; Strand;
Wire)
vibration of
15.94
Camber:
beam
2.8
2.9
8.9
8.17
12.5
12.19
defined
2.8
6.76
plate girder
2.9
11.50

12.22
12.23
truss
2.10
8.21
Cantilever method
9.36
Index terms Links


Cantilevers:
bending deflection of
3.70
3.71
concentrated loads on
3.41
end moments on
3.41
influence lines for
3.90
shear deflection of
3.45
3.46
triangular loads on
3.41
uniformly loaded
3.41
Carbon
1.33
1.35

Carbon equivalent
1.4
1.5
1.35
Carry-over factors
3.83
Castigliano’s theorems
3.56
3.57
Catenary (see Cables, suspension)
Cementite
1.30
1.31
Centroid
3.12
3.28
3.30
3.31
Charpy tests
1.6
1.7
1.24
1.26
5.2
11.29
Checkers
2.2
Chromium
1.34
1.35

Cold-formed members:
ASD design of
10.3
bolted connections for
10.34
combined loading strength of
10.21
10.23
10.27

connections for:
limit states of
10.41
screwed
10.37
welded
10.30
cross sections of
10.1
10.2
cylindrical
10.30
design examples for
10.42
design methods for
10.5
10.6
effective widths for
10.11
10.42

loadings for
10.4
local buckling of
10.7
10.9
10.1
0
LRFD design of
10.3
10.4
10.6
manufacture of
10.2
10.4
materials for
10.1
10.2
resistance factors for
10.3
10.4
10.6
residential construction with
10.41
10.42
safety factors for
10.3
10.4
10.5
strength of:
bending

10.16
10.23
10.30
10.45
10.46
compression
10.25
10.30
shear
10.20
10.21
tension
10.16
web crippling
10.21
section properties of
10.7
10.8
10.42
specifications for
10.1
10.2
wall studs of
10.41
10.4
2
Cold forming
1.18
1.19
Columbium

1.34
Columns:
allowable stresses for (see Allowable
stresses, compression)
angle
7.8
Index terms Links


Columns: (Cont.)
base leveling of
5.60
base plates for
5.54
beam connections to (see Connections)
buckling of
3.93
6.42
6.43
13.23
built-up
2.13
2.14
6.76
6.77
butt plates for
5.51
composite
6.73
6.74

concrete-filled:
pipe
6.73
6.74
tubing
6.73
6.74
costs of
1.10
1.11
defined
3.21
7.1
design example for:
ASD of truss chord
13.26
13.27
LFD of truss chord
13.23
LRFD of pipe
7.6
design strength of
6.42
6.43
6.80
7.5
displacement effects on
3.101
effective length of
3.95

3.96
6.42
6.43
6.80
6.81

7.34
7.35
erection of
2.25
5.51
Euler’s formula for
3.93
flange width / thickness limits for
11.37
11.38
grillages for
5.55
hollow structural section
6.80
lifting lugs for
5.52
5.53
limit state for
5.87
orientation of
8.18
8.19
8.21

8.22
panel-zone shear in
5.89
9.27
rigid-grame
3.61
3.62
seismic loads for
9.24
9.25
shapes commonly used for
7.1
7.5
slenderness ratios of
3.95
6.42
6.76
6.7
7
7.5
7.6

7.8
7.9
11.36
11.37
11.172
splices for (see Splices; column)
stiffeners for:
at anchor bolts

5.55
5.56
at beam connections
5.86
9.25
9.26
torsional buckling loads for
3.96
web doubler plates for
5.89
wide-flange:
ASD of
7.7
7.8
LRFD of
7.7
(See also Cold-formed members;
Compression members; Framing;
Sections; Structures)
Composite beams:
action of
6.67
11.50
box girder (see Box girders)
components of
7.18
8.15
8.16
11.50
concrete encased

6.72
6.73


Index terms Links


Composite beams: (Cont.)
continuous:
advantages of
12.153
negative steel for
11.51
11.52
12.154
(See also design example for below)

deflection of
12.19
12.20
design example for:
ASD of bridge stringers
12.5
12.23
building beam with overhang
7.28
continuous bridge beams
12.154
curved bridge
12.56

LFD of bridge stringer
12.34
LRFD of bridge stringer
11.78
12.169
simple building beams
7.2
effective concrete flange width for
6.54
11.50
11.51
flange area estimating for
12.10
12.11
12.26
12.27
future reinforcement of
8.17
metal deck and concrete
8.2
8.16
8
.17
minimum depths for
11.51
neutral axis location in
7.19
11.50
partly composite
7.21

plastic design stresses in
7.19
shear-connectors:
design with for bridges
11.50
design with for buildings
6.67
7.18
strength of
6.71
6.72
11.52
shoring of
6.67
8.4
8.6
8.17
8.25
11.51
spans for
12.4
12.5
transformed section for
6.67
6.68
7.25
11.50
types of
6.69
vibration design of

7.26
web shear in
11.51
(See also Beams; Plate girders)
(See also Concrete slabs composite;
Shear connectors)
Composite open-web joists
8.17
8.18
Composite trusses
8.18
8.19
Compression:
flexibility in
3.23
local buckling effects from
3.99
6.62
6.63
6.80
6.81
stiffness in
3.23
uniform
3.22
6.42
(See also Columns)
Compression members:
building
7.5

built-up bridge
11.46
shear in
11.48
truss
13.21
(See also Arches; Columns;
Compression)
Concrete:
allowable compressive stress for
6.69
6.73
11.50
11.7
bearing strength of
7.38
7.39
creep of
11.50
11.51
12.7
12.11
12.27
Index terms Links


Concrete: (Cont.)
lightweight
8.6
8.7

12.3
modular ratio of
6.68
6.73
11.50
precast plank
8.8
8.9
8.11
8.12
12.3
prestressed plank
8.8
8.9
steel reinforcement for
11.50
11.70
11.71
strength of
7.18
weight of
11.69
(See also Columns, concrete-filled;
Composite beams; Composite
joists; Composite trusses)
Concrete slabs:
composite:
construction with
6.67
8.2

8.16
8.17
11.50
design example for
12.5
12.37
edge beams required for
11.70
11.71
effective span of
11.70
forms for
12.4
noncomposite; design example for
14.47
14.48
spanning directions of
13.9
toppings for
8.8
8.9
11.69
truck-load moments in
11.70
11.71
Conjugate-beam method
3.70
Connections:
angel
5.40

bearing-type:
allowable stresses for
6.35
applications for
2.5
5.1
cost of
5.4
5.10
defined
5.3
design strength of
6.35
block shear failure of
6.41
bolted:
clearances for
5.13
5.14
contact surfaces in
5.18
edge distances in
5.14
gage in
5.13
5.14
6.64
hole alignment in
5.17
maximum bolt spacing in

5.13
5.14
minimum bolt spacing in
5.13
minimum bolts for
5.12
5.39
pitch in
5.13
5.14
6.76
6.77
(See also Bolts, holes for;
Compression members, built-up;

Tension members, built-up)
bolted and welded
5.2
5.3
5.19
for bracing
5.98
9.30
9.41
9.42
bracket
5.67
bridge floorbeam
11.3
11.4

bridge stringer
11.3
11.4
column end 6
.76
design procedure for
5.38
drawings of
2.2
6.29
for earthquake loads
9.25
9.30
9.39
Index terms Links


Connections: (Cont.)
economic considerations for
5.1
5.4
5.39
fatigue-prone
5.1
5.48
(See also Hangers)
fully restrained (see rigid below)
girder cover plate to flange
6.65
girder flange to web

6.65
11.50
gusset-plate
5.40
5.98
hanger end (see Hangers)
knee (see moment below)
minimum design load for
5.12
5.39
moment:
application of
5.86
forces on
5.39
weak-column
9.28
(See also rigid and semirigid below)

partially restrained (see semirigid
below)
pin (see Pins)
prying forces on
5.43
5.103
5.105
5.106
11.29
rigid:
drawings of

2.2
forces on
5.77
purpose of
5.77
5.86
seismic design of
9.25
9.39
9.40
(See also moment above)
riveted and welded
5.2
screwed
10.37
semirigid
5.77
9.39
9.40
simple-beam:
drawings of
2.2
5.77
end rotations of
5.77
framed
5.77
seated
5.77
shear on

5.77
slip-critical:
allowable slip load for
6.36
6.38
allowable stresses for
5.3
applications of
2.5
5.1
6.29
bolts for 6.3
7
11.26
cost of
5.3
5.10
5.11
defined
5.3
design strength for
6.36
maximum load on
11.28
slip coefficients for
11.27
11.28
surface classes for
11.27
11.28

snug tight:
applications of
2.5
welded:
advantages of
5.19
5.20
5.41
for box girder components
11.60
11.67
11.68
in cold-formed members
10.30
contact surfaces in
5.33
design of
5.19