Skillful 2: Reading & Writing Student''s book / Louis Rogers, Series consultant: Dorothy E. Zemach

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Reading & WritingStudent'sBook

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>nd Edition

TP. HO CHI MINH

Author: Louis Rogers

Series Consultant: Dorothy E. Zemach

macmillaneducation

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SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

Article: What does polite meanto you?

2> Article: The toed of Indonesia

summarizingmain ideas youfind in texts

Practice and use■ words to givei opinions

; Read topicI sentences to; undeistand main: ideas

Read textsto identifyarguments andopinions

1 Look forJ synonyms in

texts to help you: identify repeatedi ideas and main

explanationsLook forsignposting tohelp you identifymain ideas andtext organization

A “handy” way toshop

Read texts tounderstanddifferent kinds ofdata

Identify primaryand secondaryresearch to helpyou understandacademic texts

Practice anduse words forcomparing andcontrasting

reference whenreading tounderstand how atext is organizedIdentify reasonsthat explain orsupport mainideas

Practice and usere- prefixes todescribe change

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SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

Use discourse markersof contrast andcomparison

Write paragraphs thatgive balanced opinionsBrainstorm, plan, andwrite a paragraphexplaining and justifyingyour opinion about howpolite young people aretoday

Start a reflectivelearning journal tohelp you assess yourprogress

Read topic sentences tounderstand the main ideas -in texts

Read texts to identifyarguments and opinions jCompose and edit aparagraph using discoursemarkers of contrastandtechniques for writingbalanced opinions

sentences to expressmore complex ideasPlan, write, and edit aparagraph describingfood production in yourcountry

Learn tricks to helpyou start writing

Practice summarizingmain ideas in textsUse synonyms to identifyrepeated ideas and maintopics

Compose and edit aparagraph using relativeclauses and compoundsentences

Usemodals ofobligation andnecessity

Practice writing essayintroductionsPrepare, write, and editan introduction to anessay on the importanceof customer service inbusiness

Identify the soft skillsthat recruiters arelooking for

Read texts to identifysupporting informationUse signposting to identifymain ideas and textorganization

Brainstorm and composean essay introductionusing modals of obligationand necessity

Use irregular verbs inthe simple past

Practice summarizingtrends in graphsBrainstorm, plan, andwrite a summary oftrends in a graph

Use headings, labels,and keys to help youunderstand data intables, charts, andgraphs

Read texts to understanddifferent kinds of dataRead texts to identifyprimary and secondary'research

Prepare and edit asummary of trends ina graph

Use determiners ofquantity

Practice describinglocations and changeson maps and diagramsBrainstorm, plan, andwrite a descriptionof changes andimprovements to anarea of farmland shownon two plans

Think about yourvision of success as astudent

Practice identifyingpronoun referenceRead texts to identifyreasons that explain orsupport main ideasPrepare and edit adescription of changes’ shown on two plans

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE 3

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SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

Scan texts forexamples listed ingroups of threeAn adventurer

Practiceidentifyingdefinitions in texts

Scan texts forexamples thatsupport the mainidea

Practiceidentifyingcause and effectrelationshipsIdentify tone in anarticle to help youunderstand theauthor's opinion

S- Article: Pressure on parents

> Magazine article: Rich and famous

Smart eye exams Practice takingnotes in yourown words whenreadingForm researchquestions to focusyour reading

between facts andassumptionsIdentify bridgej sentences to

better understandtext organizationArachnophobia Practice deducing

the meaning ofnew words fromcontext

Practice anduse verb andprepositioncollocations

Practice andI use adverbs and

adverbial phrasesof time

Practice and usewords to describe; environmental' issues

Practice anduse words todescribe medicalsymptoms

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SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

Use presentconditionals

Practice writingparagraphs on causesand effects

Plan, write, and edittwo cause and effectparagraphs on theeffects of pressure onchildren today

Identify triggers tohelp you deal withstress

Read texts to identifycause and effectPractice identifying toneBrainstorm and composetwo cause and effectparagraphs

Use present perfectsimple

Practice organizingyour notes into essayparagraphs

Compose, share, andedit two paragraphsabout the pros and consof fear

Practice giving andreceiving feedbackand criticism

Read texts to deducemeaning of new wordsfrom context

Practice identifyingdefinitions in textsCompose and edit twopros and cons paragraphsabout fear

Use past perfect andsimple past

Practice using topicsentences, bridgesentences, andconcluding sentences toimprove essay structurePlan, write, and sharetwo paragraphs on thestory of an importantinvention or discovery

Improve your coreresearch skills bynarrowing your searchcriteria

Read to distinguishbetween facts andassumptions

Practice identifying bridgesentences

Write and edit twonarrative paragraphsabout an invention ordiscovery

Use present and pastperfect passives

Practice summarizingarguments in an essayconclusion

Brainstorm, compose,and revise a conclusionto an essay about anenvironmental issue inyour country

Identify strategiesto solve problemscreatively

Practice scanning forexamples

Practice scanning forexamples listed in groupsPlan and compose anessay conclusion about anenvironmental issue

Use reported speechPractice proofreadingand editing your writingPlan, write, and edit anopinion essay on themerits of self-diagnosis

Think critically whenwriting

Practice note-taking whenreading

Form research questionsto inform how you readWrite and edit an opinionessay about self-diagnosis

1i________ ________________

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE 5

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Review yourwork.Look over the skills, grammar,and vocabulary from previous units. Study a little biteach day, not just before tests.

Be an independent learner, too.Look foropportunities to study and practice English outsideof class, such as reading for pleasure and using theInternet in English. Remember that learning skills,like learning a language, takes time and practice. Bepatient with yourself, but do not forget to set goals.I hope you enjoy using Skillful'. Check your progress To successfully use this book, use these strategies:

Cometo class prepared to learn.This meansthat you should show up well fed, well rested, andprepared with the proper materials. Watch the videoonline and look at the discussion point before startingeach new unit.

Ask questionsand interact.Learning a language isnot passive. You need to actively participate. Help yourclassmates, and let them help you. It is easier to learna language with other people.

Practice! Memorize and use new language. Use the

Academic success requires so much more than memorizing facts. It takes skills. This means that a successfulstudent can both learn and think critically.

Skillful gives you:

o Skills you need to succeed when reading and listening to academic textso Skills you need to succeed when writing for and speaking to different audienceso Skills for critically examining the issues presented by a speaker or a writer

° Study skills for learning and remembering the English language and important information.

Skillful online practice to develop the skills presentedin the Student’s Book. Revise vocabulary on thereview page.

and be proud of your success!

Dorothy E. Zemach - Series Consultant

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2 What advice would youg\e someone aboutmeals in your country?

During meals it’simportant to...

3 What is a polite way togreet someone in yourcountry? What othergreetings do you know ifrom around the world?

Men and women greeteach other by...

It is OK to be alittle late.Arriving on time to meet

peop'.e isvery important.

•times people don’t make eye contact during a conversation.

’ shoes when you enter

—— welcome important guests.

someone’s home.

Work with a partner. Discuss the following situations. Are there any rules aboutpolite behavior in your culture?

1 Putting your arms on the table at dinner.2 Bringing a present for your host.

3 The way you eat your food.

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VOCABULARY Giving your opinion

GRAMMAR Discourse markers of contrast and comparisonWRITING Writing a balanced opinion

;a gumentsand opinions

While youwatch

Read the questions and then watch the video. Circlethe correct answers.

1 The students are attending classes ina manners.

b international business.

2 Which one of these is not a rule of the classes?a To not put your elbows on the tableb To move the chair for a guest3 The cost of the classes is

a $75 an hour.b $75 for 16 weeks.

Answer the questions with a partner.

1 Do you think it’s important to learn about othercultures?

SOCIETY UNITl 9

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READINGWhat does polite mean to you?

A Vocabulary preview

1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

behavior consider judge manners rude smiling social media tip

1 Some people think it is to speak loudly on your phonein public.

2 has changed the way people communicate. Some peoplethink connecting online has made people less polite.

3 Our, the way we act, affects people’s opinions of us.4 It is good to hold a door open for someone.

5 We people by how they act as much as by what they say.6 is a helpful way to show we are friendly, or to make others

B Beforeyou read

1 Look at these behaviors. Choose how acceptable the behavior is.

2 Compare your choices with a partner. Give reasons for your choice.Preparing to read

Speaking on your phone

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What does polite mean to you?

SOCIETY1 In many countries around the world, no matter what

generation you are, there are some key things that areconsidered polite behavior. Turning your phone offat dinner, turning it down on public transportation,not interrupting colleagues, saying please and thankyou, and offering seats to those less able to standthan you are all considered appropriate and politebehavior in many cultures. Although most people agreethese behaviors are polite, there is a big differencein politeness between the generations. It was onceconsidered polite to stand when someone left thedinner table, but this is no longer the case. Additionally,older generations are the most likely to judge

someone’s politeness, but what other factors influencepoliteness in society?

2 While languages change over time in terms of wordsbeing added or taken away, they also change in termsof their structure and use. Some phrases are not reallyused for their actual meaning but as polite socialphrases. For example, when someone says “thankyou,” how should we reply? Older people are morelikely to say “You’re welcome,” whereas younger peopleare more likely to say “No problem.” The concepts ofpolite behavior don’t just vary by age, they also vary bygeographic location. How we display polite behavior inone place is quite different in another.

3 From tipping, to smiling, and how you eat, there aredifferent ways to show politeness across the world.Take tipping for instance, which is polite and expectedin countries such as the U.S.A. However, in Japantipping is not expected in any situation and may evencreate a difficult situation by offending someone. Thehand you use to do different things is not important inmost European cultures, but in India the left hand isconsidered unclean and shouldn’t be used to eat, greet,or exchange money. Some people now even argue thatasking for directions is rude. People have phones forthat and should not need to interrupt other people.

offend (v) to make someone upset and angry bydoing or saying something

UNIT1 11

4 This is not the only influence technology is havingon what is considered polite behavior. Cell phones havechanged what is considered polite behavior in manysituations. To some people even just having your phoneat the dinner table is thought to be impolite. An evengreater number are likely to consider speaking on thephone during dinner as rude. However, some peopleargue that there are differences in this depending onpeople’s age. Take sending e-mails in a meeting fromyour phone. Many younger people are likely to considerthis as acceptable whereas older people are muchmore likely to have a negative reaction and find thisrude. Overall those under 30 are arguably much moretolerant of people using cell devices at a meal, during ameeting, or in a class. Younger generations simply havea different perspective on what is socially acceptablebehavior when it comes to using technology. Digitaldevices are not only changing how we behave but alsowhat we consider polite behavior.

5 The concept of politeness varies greatly across culturesand generations. What is acceptable in one context maycause great offence in another. Adapting our behaviorto suit other people and the situation is a skill we allneed to learn.

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Using topic sentences tounderstand main ideas

C Global reading

Topic sentences are usually one of the first two sentences of each

paragraph. They contain the main idea of the paragraph and everything inthat paragraph should support the main idea. Reading topic sentences is agood way to scan a text quickly.

1 Read What does polite mean to you? and underline the topic sentences inparagraphs 2-4.

2 Match the main ideas below with paragraphs 2-4.A People use different phrases for politeness

B Technology has changed what is thought of as politeC Politeness varies across cultures

D Close reading

Scanning Read What does polite mean to you? again and complete the paragraph.

The attitudes to polite behavior change depending on age, but also on

geography. For example, in response to “thank you,” older people are likely to say1 and younger generations would say2

In other countries, customs change too:3 is not commonin Japan, and in India you shouldn’t use your4 for eatingor greeting. Recently, technology has also changed our polite behavior norms.A few people think5 with you while you eat is rude, and6 often do not think it’s OK to send e-mails during a meeting.

E Criticalthinking

1 What behavior do you find rude in other people? Do you think other peoplewould find any of your behavior rude?

I really dislike it when...

2 Do you think younger people are less polite than older people?

Why/why not?

I do / don’t think so because...

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Study skillsReflectivelearning journals

In a strong notebook, or using your computer, start a reflective learningjournal.

Writing things down helps you to clarify your thoughts and emotions,to work out strategies, and to focus on your development and progress.A written record will help you see how you are progressing from weekto week, and from semester to semester.

3 Read about Reflective learning journals. How could a reflective learning

journal help with two of the problems in Exercise 1?

4 Read the questions below. Select the ones you think you would find mostinteresting to write about in a journal. Compare your choices with a partner.1 How do you feel about your course?

Excited, worried, determined1 How can you assess your progress?

Grades, teacher feedback, finding tasks easier3 What things do you find difficult?

Math, essays, presentations

4 How do you learn best?

At home, in class, with friends, alone

SOCIETY UNIT1 13

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READINGSocial media society

A Vocabulary preview

1 Match the words in bold with the correct definitions.1 anxious (adj)

2 cruel (adj)3 get attention

(phrase)4 hurt (v)5 opinion (n)6 page(n)7 post (v)8 site (n)

a extremely unkind, or causing someone to beunhappy or upset

b the writing or pictures on a computer screen thatyou can see at one time, for example as part of awebsite

c to get someone’s interest or to make someonenotice something

d worried because you think something bad mighthappen

e a place on the Internet where information isavailable about a particular subject, organization,etc.

f to cause someone pain or injury

g to put writing or images online where otherpeople can see them

h the attitude that you have towards something,especially your thoughts about how good it is

2 Choose the correct word to complete the questions.

1 Which social media sites / opinions are most popular in your country?2 How many times a day do you get attention / post something online?3 Do you click on advertising on different web pages / opinions?

4 Do you worry your comments might hurt / post someone’s feelings?5 When you put things on social media do you care about other people’s

anxious from other people?

3 Discuss the questions from Exercise 2 with a partner.

B Beforeyou read

Predicting Read the first sentence of Social media society. Work with a partner and predictthe topics the text might cover.

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Social media is changing everything

Social media is changing how we communicate, howwe do business, and how we live in society. Peopleuse it to stay in touch with others, to get people’sattention and to check the news. People can

connect with celebrities and even communicate withmembers of the government through their socialmedia profile. When we consider this is only 20 or30 years after the start of the Web it is not surprisingthat it is considered one of the biggest ever changesin modern society. So, has social media been apositive or negative development for society?

People are less connected

Many people argue that social media makes young

people antisocial. In 1998 psychiatrist Tamaki Saito

invented the term "hikikomori” which translatesinto English as avoiding social contact. It describesa growing number of young men who shut

themselves away in their bedrooms from societyand use technology more and more. Some peoplethink there are between a quarter and one millionpeople like this in Japan. Research around the worldsuggests this is not only a Japanese problem butone that exists around the world.

The only way to socialize

However, other people believe that social media isnot more popular because young people are moreantisocial. In comparison to the past, many childrenare not allowed out as much to play. As a result,many use social media to stay in touch with friendsbecause they are not allowed to see them as often.Teenagers want to spend time together and socialmedia is allowing them more contact than theycould normally have. It also allows them to feel partof a wider group.

Not just for young people

Some think the Internet is just for young people,but this trend is slowly changing. One of the fastestgrowing groups of social media users is nowgrandparents who are using it to keep in touch withother people. Since people now move around a lotfor work, many grandparents use it to keep in touchwith their own children or grandchildren. It alsoprovides the opportunity to socialize when peoplecannot move around as much as they once did.From reconnecting with old friends to adding newones, social media has a big positive effect on howwe communicate.

SOCIETY UNIT 1 15

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2 READINGOnline profile

Though social media helps us tocommunicate with other people, it canalso change how we see ourselves.Some argue that social media makesus compare ourselves more to otherpeople because we often just postthe highlights of our lives. This makesus feel anxious about what otherpeople think of us and can makepeople depressed. When we see thelives of celebrities and profiles ofcompanies, many people forget that itis carefully created and not real. Boththe companies and people use socialmedia to create an image and a versionof themselves. Like these people, evenmost normal people only show the

interesting parts of their lives. Selfiesare rarely the first photo someone took.People take hundreds until they get theright photo that gets the attention andcomments they want.

Being popular

Equally, social media is now oftenconsidered a popularity contest. From

how many people follow us to how many

“likes” we get, it can have a big effecton how we feel about ourselves. People

often feel anxious about how many“tikes” they get on a picture or comment.

Many people feel hurt if people don’t liketheir pictures or posts. People are often

so worried about displaying their life in

a way that makes them look interestingthat they spend less time actually doinghealthy activities with other people. Thisis connected to our human need to feelpart of a group. Unfortunately, manyconnections and friendships online arenot real friendships. Of course, manypeople do have good friends online, butat the same time we can have many falseconnections just to make ourselves feelmore popular.

Wanting everything now

Social media also makes us wanteverything now. The idea of wantingsomething immediately is connectedto another basic human need for food,water, and shelter. However, this needmeans we now want the latest phone,tablet, or car straight away. Social mediaincreases this feeling. We can uploadvideos, photos, and updates and getquick feedback from our network. Wereply almost immediately to e-mails andposts. There are many instances wherecertain things in life are better. We nolonger have to send letters and wait daysor weeks for a reply. Smartphones meanwe don’t need to wait for a cab or atable at a restaurant. Movies and TV playimmediately. Unfortunately, we are nowbecoming much worse at waiting forthings and social media is in part makingthis issue worse.

Time to stop?

On the one hand, social media makesour world more connected than ever.On the other hand, it also makes manypeople feel more anxious about theirown image, creates false friendshipgroups, and many people are lesspatient. People can be so focused ontheir online lives that they lose timeand sleep and ignore the world aroundthem. People who give up social mediacan feel more connected to their work,their relationships, their family, theirfriends, and themselves. Perhaps we allneed to take a break.

popularity contest (n) an attemptto be more popular and liked thanother people

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1 Read Social media society quickly and check your predictions.

Arguments can be in the same paragraph, or a positive paragraph can befollowed by a negative paragraph. You can identify an argument with keywords and phrases such as: some people believe, many people argue, however.

2 Read the text and highlight the phrases that show that an argument oropinion is being presented.

3 Match each argument with a paragraph in the text.A Social media is good for younger and older people

B Social media means people spend more time on their ownC Social media lets younger people socialize

D Social media makes people feel bad when they compare themselvesto other people

E Social media makes us want everything nowF Social media makes us have false friendships---

Identifying argumentsand opinions

D Close reading

Read the text again. Do these statements agree or disagree with the opinions inthe text or is no information given? Write Y (Yes), N (No), or NG (Not Given).1 Social media is one of the main changes in modern society

2 Hikikomori is just a Japanese problem 3 Teenagers are not addicted to social media 4 Celebrity profiles show stars’ real lives 5 People post photos to get attention

6 Social media does not affect other parts of our life 7 Social media has caused people to lose their jobs 8 Technology has made us less able to wait

Analyzing opinions

E Critical thinking

1 Decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements.1 Social media makes people feel anxious and depressed.2 Social media makes people want everything now.2 Compare your opinions in groups and give your reasons.

SOCIETY UNIT1 17

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VOCABULARYVocabulary developmentPhrasesforgiving opinions

1 Which words below are used to:a mean “I think”

b emphasize how strongly you believe somethingc show which side of the argument you are on?

agree with completely disagree I feel I findin my experience in my opinion to some extent

2 Choose the best way to complete the sentences.

1 Sorry, but I disagree I agree with you. I think it’s rude to arrive late.

2 I find / agree with it strange to eat out so late, but it’s normal here.3 I completely I feel agree with you. It’s fine to use your phone on the train.4 I think you’re right completely / to some extent, but perhaps the

language has changed.

5 In my experience / Completely older people really aren’t any more politethan younger people.

6 I to some extent / agree with you. I think people should always removetheir shoes before they go into someone’s house.

7 Disagree / In my opinion, polite behavior is always changing and peopleneed to change.

8 I feel / agree with it is fine to e-mail during meetings.

3 Discuss these opinions with a partner. Try to use the phrases and words fromExercise 1.

1 Polite behavior is the same throughout the world.

2 You should judge someone who is late for a job interview.3 Technology has made people ruder.

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Academic wordsVOCABULARY

1 Match the words in bold with the correct definitions.

a one of the things that influence whether an eventhappens or the way that it happens

b someone’s opinions orfeelings about somethingc a large system with many connected parts

d to not listen to someone or to not give somethingattention

e a gradual change or development

f suitable or right for the situation or purposeg the way that you feel or behave as a result of

something that happens

h a form of something, such as a computerprogram, that is different to other ones

2 Complete the paragraph with words from Exercise 1.

When you create an online profile it’s important to check that the content is1 for work. This is because there is a growing2

for people outside of your3 to check your profile. One■’employers consider before interviewing someone is theironline profile. An employer’s5 to your profile can decidewhether you get an interview or not. Despite having good qualifications,you might not get an interview if your online profile suggests you don’t havea good6 to work. Your social media image cannot just bea7 of yourself for your friends. Other people will check itcarefully. If you8 this fact you might not get the job you want.3 Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 What type of social media do you use?

2 Do you think about how appropriate your social profile is for futureemployers?

3 Are there any social media trends that you think are not polite?1 appropriate (adj)

2 attitude (n)3 factor(n)4 ignore (v)5 network (n)6 reaction (n)7 trend (n)8 version (n)

SOCIETY UNIT 1 19

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WRITINGWriting model

You are going to study discourse markers of contrast and comparison andtechniques for writing balanced opinions. You are then going to use these towrite a paragraph to answer the question:

“Young people today are not polite. To what extent do you agree or disagree?"

Complete the table with arguments from the model that answers the question:

“Some people think that social media has had a negative effect on youngpeople’s behavior. To what extent do you agree?”

1 Read the model answer and answer the questions.1 What phrases are used to introduce opinions?

2 Is the agree or disagree side of the argument presented first?2 Which side does the writer agree with?

3 Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 Do you agree with the opinions in the paragraph? Why / why not?2 What other new things have affected young people in society?3 Have these changes made young people more or less polite?

i;»

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In the past, we shared photos with a few peoplewhereas today we shore them with hundreds.Although social media has some benefits, there arealso many negatives.

Discourse markers of comparison

We use discourse markers of comparison to show how two things are similar. Equally and like usually go

between the points being compared. Both goes before the points being compared.

Social media can make people feel positive. Equally,it can make them feel stressed.

Comments, like photos, presentan image of ourselves.

1 Read the sentences. Decide if they show S (Similarities) or D (Differences).

1 However, in Japan tipping is not expected in any situation and may evencreate a difficult situation by offending someone

2 Although most people agree these behaviors are polite, there is a bigdifference in politeness between the generations

3 While most children learn to read easily, some need extra help

4 Many younger people are likely to consider this as acceptable whereasolder people are much more likely to find this rude

5 Equally, social media is now a popularity contest

6 Though social media helps us to communicate with other people, it canalso change how we see ourselves

7 Both companies and people use social media to create an image8 Normal people, like celebrities, often share photos on social media9 On the one hand, social media makes our world more connected than

ever. On the other hand, it also makes many people feel less sociable

SOCIETY UNITl 21

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2 Circle the best word to complete each sentence.

1 older and younger generations are affected by social media.a Though b Like c Both

2 Some people believe younger people are not as polite , it is simplybecause polite behavior changes overtime.

a Likewise b However c Though

3 e-mail is an efficient way to communicate, some companies are usingother messaging services.

a However b Although c Both

4 social media sites have some advantages, there are also manynegatives.

a While b Similarly c Both

5 giving a business card with two hands is polite in some cultures, this isnot the case in all.

a However b Like c Although

6 Social media started only a few years ago , nearly a third of the worlduses it today.

a Equally b Though c However

7 In southern Europe, meetings are likely to start with a long conversationnot related to work---in Latin America, it is common to speak about yourprivate life first, before discussing business.

a Both b Equally c However

3 Rewrite the sentences using the discourse markers in parentheses.

1 Students find cell phones in the classroom rude. Teachers find cell phonesin the classroom rude, (both)

2 Talking loudly on the train is rude. It is often necessary, (however)

3 People should not worry about “likes" and negative comments on theirsocial media, (similarly)

4 People need to stay connected through social media. They should limittheir use. (on the one hand/on the other hand)

4 Discuss with a partner whether you agree or disagree with the sentences

from Exercise 3. Give reasons for your opinions.

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Writing skill

A paragraph that gives a balanced opinion is usually structured like this:• Present one viewpoint (the opposite of the writer’s opinion).

• Give supporting reason(s).

• Introduce an alternative viewpoint (matches the writer’s opinion).• Give supporting reason(s).

• Conclude with own viewpoint.

Writing a balancedopinion

1 Put the phrases for giving opinions into the correct column in the table.

Another argument is I feel that In my experience In my opinionOne argument is Others feel that Some people believe

Stating the firstviewpoint

Stating an alternativeviewpoint

Giving the author’sviewpoint

h Firstly, this behavior is only considered rude by a few people3 Label the function of each sentence.

a viewpoint a reason personal opinion

4 Which view do you agree with? Why? Discuss with a partner.

SOCIETY UNITl 23

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WRITINGWriting task

You are going to study discourse markers of contrast and comparison andtechniques for writing balanced opinions. You are then going to write aparagraph to answer the question:

"Young people today are not polite. To what extent do you agree or disagree?"

Using your answers to the questions above, write a paragraph answering theessay question. Use some comparison and contrast phrases to connect yourideas. Pay attention to the organization of your arguments. Your text should beabout 100 words long.

Exchange paragraphs with a partner. Look at the checklist on page 189 andprovide feedback to your partner.

Rewrite and edit

Read your partner’s comments. What could you change to make your writingbetter? Revise your text, then check it for errors. Think about:

• discourse markers of contrast and comparison» giving a balanced opinion.

Write the final draft.

»>

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Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

appropriate ignore network trends version

I can use topic sentences to understand the main ideas.I can identify arguments and opinions in a text.

I can use reflective learning journals to support my studying.I can use words and phrases for giving my opinion.

I can use discourse markers of contrast and comparison.I can write a balanced opinion paragraph.

Unit review

Reading 1Reading 2Study skillVocabularyGrammarWriting

_______ _ ______ _—_ ____Vocabulary preview

anxious (adj) “ get attention (phrase) *“ opinion (n) “* site(n)“behavior (n) “* hurt (v)**‘ page(n)“*

appropriate (adj) ** factor (n) network (n) trend (n) *“

attitude (n) *“ ignore (v) “ reaction (n) *** version (n) *“

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What foods grow in yourcountry during differenttimes of year?

Do you think it isimportant to eat foodsthat are in season? Why? jg

Before youwatch

Work with a partner. Which of the following opinions matches yoursthe best? Why?

1 I prefer to eat food from my own culture.2 I prefer to eat food from other cultures.

3 I like to eat food that is a mix of different cultures.

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While you watch

Read the questions and then watch the video.Check (/) the correct answers.

1 What flavor does the food have?Chinese JapaneseMiddle Eastern Italian2 What happens when Western people try

the food?

They try more They try moreArabic food. Japanese food.3 What do the customers think?

They like it. They are confused by it

Answer the questions with a partner.

1 Do you think this restaurant idea would be popularin your country?

Yes, because... No, because...

2 Is the food from your country popular aroundthe world?

Yes, my country’s food...No, my country's food...

3 What international food do you think would mixwell with your culture’s food?

/ think it would mix well with... because...

FOOD UNIT 2 27

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1 reading

---Previewing a text

Completing a summaryof main ideas

The food of Indonesia

A Vocabulary preview

Find the words in the text and match them with the definitions.1 farming (n)

2 food stall (n)3 groceries (n)

4 herbs and spices (n)5 industry (n)

6 plant (v)

7 processed food (n)8 soil(n)

a the substance on the surface of the Earth inwhich plants grow

b food changed from its natural state

c growing crops or producing animal productsd things used to add flavor to food

e to put trees, seeds, etc. in the ground to growf the food you regularly buy in a store

g a large table or a small building that is openat the front, used for selling food

h the people and organizations involved inproducing goods

B Beforeyou read

Look at the picture and heading. What is the text’s purpose?a To give an overview of the Indonesian food industry

b To compare the Indonesian food industry with food in the rest of the world

Summaries give an overview of the main ideas in a text. Read the topicsentences and identify the supporting information and important words tohelp you summarize the main ideas.

1 Skim The food of Indonesia and check (/) the things that are mentionedin the text.

challenges in the past challenges today changes to diet and shoppingchanges to jobs local dishes money for farmers plants and crops

2 Use your answers from Exercise 1 to complete a summary of the text.Indonesia has a lot of rain and sunshine and produces different1

These traditionally influence the food and a lot of herbs and spices are used in

changing. Today people eat more processed foods. People often buy groceries inlocal stores, but they also use supermarkets. One of the main5---for the food industryG. is the increasing population. It meansmore foods have to be imported.

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Thefood ofIndonesia

group in the region of Jakarta, are responsible for many ofthe street foods. Kerak Telor, which is possibly their mostfamous dish, is made of rice, coconut, onions, shrimp, andegg and fried into a cake. With thousands of street foodstalls selling dishes for under one U.S. dollar they form animportant part of the economy.

As Indonesia has become richer and more urban thelocal diets have gradually changed. In particular, theamount of dairy, meat, and sugar people eat has grown.Many of these products and other processed foods anddrink are often imported. A lot of people still prefer toshop in traditional local stores for their groceries, butsupermarkets are selling an increasing amount of food tourban people. These stores mostly sell processed foodsand often have better refrigerators to keep the dairy andmeat products people demand.

As lifestyles and diets change there are many challengesfacing the Indonesian food industry. In the past, thecountry produced enough rice and sugar for everyone,but now it needs to import these foods. An increasingpopulation, more land being used for crops people do noteat, and growing industries are all placing pressure on thefuture of food in Indonesia.

Situated in a warm, tropical region, Indonesia has a lot ofrain and sunshine and therefore has the perfect climatefor a long growing season. The country also has largeareas of good-quality soil. Both factors make Indonesiaan excellent region for a successful farming economy.A large percentage of the population works in the farmingindustry and the country gets a lot of income from this.There is a large range of farms, but most belong to threetypes: small farms growing rice for domestic use, smallfarms growing crops for export, and large, foreign-ownedor privately-owned farms that also mostly export food.Indonesia’s climate makes it ideal for planting andgrowing most popular crops. Indonesia is one of theworld’s largest producers of many different kinds of food.It is a known producer of palm oil and spices like clovesand cinnamon. It is also one of the biggest producersof other key foods consumers frequently buy such ascocoa, coffee, and tea. Growing plants to eat is obviouslyimportant, yet many farmers also plant other crops of highvalue such as natural rubber.

The farming industry is clearly important for the country’seconomy, however, it has also influenced the local foodculture and customs. Indonesia has a long history ofcooking with herbs and spices. The Betawi, who are a local

imported (adj) brought into yourcountry from another countryrubber (n) a strong material madefrom a tree and that bends easily

Man frying Kerak Telor.

UNIT 2

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5 Indonesia can produce all of the rice and sugar it needs

today---E Criticalthinking

Discuss these questions in a group.

1 What changes in diet have there been in Indonesia? Have you had similar

changes in diet in your country?

The diet in Indonesia has changed to...The diet in my country...

2 Why do you think people eat more processed foods today? What healthproblems might it cause?

People’s diets have changed because...Eating more processed foods can cause...

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Study skillsTricksforgetting started

Write down everything you know and think about the topic.Free writing

° Give yourself three minutes

• Write as fast as you can - all your ideas - as they arrive

o Don't bother about sentences or punctuation - it's only a draft toget going

Free association

. write/ words '

or any ideas \if you wantredraft /editkeep useful bits reorder sections

chop up your notes \

food production healthy eating and diets junkfood popular snacks

2 Find another student who chose the same topic as you. Compare yournotes. Add any ideas you like from your partner’s list to your list.

3 Choose one of the other topics from Exercise 1. This time complete the freeassociation task from the box.

4 Find another student who chose the same topic as you. Compare yournotes. Add any ideas you like from your partner’s list to your notes.

FOOD UNIT 2 31

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2 READINGFarming in extremes

1 Complete the questions with the words in the box.

artificial claim cost crops environmental human locally pollute

1 What foods are grown in your region?

2 Do you believe it when people that climate change is nothappening?

3 Do you think behavior needs to change to protect theenvironment?

4 Would you eat different to protect the environment?5 What damage is caused when food is imported?

6 What foods are grown using light or heat in your country?7 Does local food or imported food more in your country?8 What things about your diet the environment the most?2 Discuss the questions from Exercise 1 with a partner.

Preparing to read

b Before youread

Discuss these questions with a partner.1 What foods do you eat regularly?

I often have... I eat... regularly...

2 How much of your food is grown locally?

A lot of my food is grown locally because...Not much of it is grown locally because...

3 What makes it difficult to grow some foods in your country?

It is difficult to grow... because...

C Global reading

Skimming Read the text quickly and choose the best alternative title.1 The food we eat

2 Farming today3 Farming solutions

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1 Harder times

It is thought that the world's population will reach about ninebillion in 2050. That’s around two billion more than now.When you consider that there are around one billion peoplein the world already living in difficult times due to a lack offood, then the future is worrying. Also, with the increasingdifficulty facing the world due to human numbers andclimate change, many wonder how we will feed this largerpopulation without destroying the planet.

2 The damage farming does

Surprisingly, agriculture is one of the biggest causes ofglobal warming. This comes from some of the crops andanimals we farm, such as cows and rice farms. It alsocomes from the chemicals we use to fight diseases and toencourage plants to grow more quickly. Farming also usesa lot of water. This water and the chemicals we use to growour crops means farming causes a lot of pollution to lakes,rivers, and seas. As our population grows we also cut downmore trees. Clearly, how we farm and use the food weproduce cannot continue in this way, but what can be doneto make farming better and more environmentally friendly?

3 Grow and use food with less waste

Many farms around the world do not produce thevolume of crops that they could. Of course, they shouldnot be farmed too much so that the soil is damaged,but they can be grown in a better way. For example,traditional farming often plants different crops next toeach other. The amount grown of each is then reduced.Many traditional farms also waste water. Finally, localfarmers do not always have access to the best seeds.The best seeds are not affected by diseases andproduce higher amounts of crops. Also, much of thefood farmed now is wasted rather than used. TheUnited Nations claims that about one third of the foodproduced for people to eat is not eaten. The cost of thisis about one trillion dollars of food wasted each year.People in rich countries waste nearly the same amountof food as the whole of sub-Saharan Africa produces.

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2 READING

4Change diets

One way to reduce environmental effects of the food

we produce is to change our diets and what we grow.

Changing the food we eat to more fruit and vegetables

and less meat could be one way to make certain

that we can produce enough food to feed the planet.

Much of the food we grow is fed to animals, used asfuel, or used in other products. Farming animals alsouses much more water. By changing our eating habitsthrough eating less meat we could actually make betteruse of the land available to us for farming.

5Unusual solutions—seawater and sun

Since many people do not want to change their diet,or have not considered changing it, farmers are lookingfor unusual solutions to produce the food we need.Tnis is especially true in places where they already

have problems with a lack of water or poor soil quality.

Artificial conditions are created to grow the food. For

example, at one farm in Australia, they are producingtomatoes by using solar power to remove salt from theseawater. The tomatoes then grow in greenhouses keptcoci by seawater m the summer and made hotter bysolar power in the 'winter.

6Farming the desert

Many countries are facing the challenges of high birthrates increasing the population and land being coveredin desert. This means much of the food is bought abroadand transporting it adds to the problem of global warming.Countries have tried different solutions to this problem. InEgypt, people have tried to develop the desert into farmland.This involves using underground water or taking water fromthe river Nile. In Qatar, they hope to grow a large amountof their own fruit and vegetables within the next few years.Computer technology means temperatures, water levels,and light can all now be changed to create a range ofperfect growing conditions. While an expensive solution,it is one that reduces the damage to the environment andproduces more local food.

7Can we meet the challenges?

Each country faces different challenges to produce food.Some need to think about developing the technology to

grow crops in difficult conditions. Others, perhaps, need to

look at trying to change people’s diets to reduce the amountof meat eaten. The whole world also needs to grow cropsin a way that reduces the damage to the environment.Otherwise we may have even less good-quality soil and awarmer climate in which to try to feed everyone.

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DClose reading

We use synonyms to avoid repeating a noun to make our language morevaried and interesting. It is important to understand what these synonymsrefer to in order to fully understand a text. Looking for synonyms can helpyou identify repeated ideas and the main topic of a section.

2 Replace the words in bold using synonyms from paragraphs 5-7.

1 In hot areas farmers now take away the salt from seawater.2 A lot of the food comes from foreign countries.

3 Some people think it is a good idea to lower the amount of meat we eat.3 Read Farming in extremes again. Match each sentence (1-5) with a group

(A-C) below. You can use any letter more than once.1 They traditionally waste space and water

2 They say that one third of the food we grow iswasted

3 There will be much more of them by 2050

4 They are now thinking of using computers to helpthem work in Qatar

5 They will need to change what they eat in thefuture

A FarmersB Scientistsand

official groupsC The general

Nowadays we usually import most of our... from...

2 Do you think you could reduce the amount of processed foods you eat?Why/why not?

/could stop eating a lot of processed foods like...

FOOD UNIT 2 35

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Cl.. • • *

VOCABULARYVocabulary development

Adjectivesfor describing food

1 Match the words in bold with the correct definitions.

1 bitter (adj) a tasting strong and sharp, not sweet2 creamy (adj) b containing salt or tasting like salt3 frozen (adj) c with a strong hot flavor

4 juicy (adj) d with a flavor you enjoy

5 salty (adj) e thick, soft, often containing a dairy product

6 smelly iadj) f unpleasant when you breathe in through your nose7 spicy ^adj) g extremely cold and stored at a very low temperature8 tasty iadj) h containing a lot of liquid

2 Complete the sentences with words from Exercise 1.

1 yoghurt is a popular alternative to icecream.2 A: What do these chilies on the menu mean?

B: They show you how a dish is. Three is the strongest.3 This apple is really sweet and

4 food can be bad for people trying to lose weight becauseofthe amount of fat.

5 I always try the food first. Sometimes it’s really so you donot need to add any more seasoning.

6 I really like this cheese, but it’s so > the room stinks!7 This food isn’t very You need to add something to give it

some flavor.

8 I always add sugar and milk to my coffee otherwise it’s too3 Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 Do you prefer sweet or salty snacks?

2 Which adjectives best describe your favorite food?

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Academic words

1 Match the words in bold with the correct definitions.1 approach (n)

2 chemical (n)3 consumer (n)4 contribution (n)5 domestic (adj)6 export (v)7 global (adj)8 income (n)

a relating to the country being talked about and notanother country

b a way or method of doing somethingc to sell something to another country

d money that someone gets from work or investmentse a person who buys something

f including or affecting the whole world

g something used in chemistry or produced by aprocess involving chemistry

h something you do or share that helps change things

2 Complete the sentences with words from Exercise 1 in the correct form.1 We a lot of food around the world, especially bananas,

tea, and coffee.

2 are shopping online, rather than in stores.

3 Many farmers use a such as a fertilizer to help plants grow.4 Diet and lifestyle choices have made a significant to many

modern health problems.

5 One to solving the problem of not enough food is tochange people’s diets.

6 warming is a problem facing the whole world.7 The economy is mostly farming and tourism.8 Our country’s comes mainly from exporting oil.3 Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 Do you think consumers worry about where their food comes from?

/ think consumers worry because...I don’t think consumers worry because...

2 What does your country mainly export?

My country mainly exports...

3 What does your country produce mainly for the domestic market?

For the domestic market, my country mainly produces...

FOOD UNIT 2 37

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Writing model

You are going to learn about using relative clauses and writing compoundsentences. You are then going to use these to write a paragraph describing foodproduction in your country.

A Analyze

Use the bold words in the brainstorm in the correct form to complete themodel answer.

B Model

Nearly half of the land in Argentina is used to produce meat.1

is by far the most important of these products and is one of Argentina’s mostimportant2 The country is also one of the largest

3 per person of beef in the world. An4, whichis the local name for a barbecue, is one of the most popular ways to eat meat.It is the national dish and it is often served with a spicy chimichurri sauce.Currently,5 , which is farming without the use of chemicals,is a smalt but growing area. Argentina is one of the biggest organic farmingcountries in the world and companies export nearly all of these foods.

1 Match the sentences from the text with the topics.

1 Sentences 1-3 a A national dish2 Sentences 4-5 b A new area in farming

3 Sentences 6-7 c The most important food in farming2 Discuss these questions with a partner.

1 Are different regions of your country known for different foods?2 What national dishes are these used in?

3 What changes have there been in the food produced in your country?Is this because of local changes in diet or for export?

</div>

Skillful 2: Reading & Writing Student''s book / Louis Rogers, Series consultant: Dorothy E. Zemach

Reading & WritingStudent'sBook

Withvideo content from

>nd Edition

TP. HO CHI MINH

Author: Louis Rogers

Series Consultant: Dorothy E. Zemach

macmillaneducation

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

While youwatch

READINGWhat does polite mean to you?

A Vocabulary preview

B Beforeyou read

What does polite mean to you?

C Global reading

D Close reading

E Criticalthinking

Study skillsReflectivelearning journals

READINGSocial media society

A Vocabulary preview

B Beforeyou read

Social media is changing everything

People are less connected

The only way to socialize

Not just for young people

2 READING<sup>Online profile</sup>

Being popular

Wanting everything now

Time to stop?

D Close reading

E Critical thinking

VOCABULARYVocabulary developmentPhrasesforgiving opinions

Academic wordsVOCABULARY

WRITINGWriting model

i;»

Writing skill

WRITINGWriting task

Rewrite and edit

»>

Unit review

Before youwatch

While you watch

1 reading

---Previewing a text

Completing a summaryof main ideas

The food of Indonesia

A Vocabulary preview

B Beforeyou read

Thefood ofIndonesia

today---E Criticalthinking

Study skillsTricksforgetting started

<i>2 </i>READINGFarming in extremes

b Before youread

C Global reading

1 Harder times

2 The damage farming does

3 Grow and use food with less waste

2 READING

4Change diets

5Unusual solutions—seawater and sun

6Farming the desert

7Can we meet the challenges?

DClose reading

VOCABULARYVocabulary development

Adjectivesfor describing food

Academic words

Writing model

A Analyze

B Model

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