report for individual assignment corruption in viet nam

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<b>REPORT FOR INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT</b>

<b>CORRUPTION IN VIET NAM</b>

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<b>1. Overview of corruption in Vietnam</b>

We have many advantages in the work of constructing and defending the Fatherland:the compassion, confidence, and support of the people; the Party and State's concernappropriate development orientation; international support and assistance. On theother hand, we also face many obstacles and challenges. The national calamity of ourcountry, corruption, is one of the issues that makes things tough and has a significantimpact on the work of constructing and defending our Vietnamese Fatherland. One ofthe four threats is a decline in public confidence in the Party, the State, and thesocialist government; preventing and combating corruption is recognized as aprotracted, challenging, and intricate battle. The government has been working toimprove the nation's anti-corruption legal system since 2005.

<i><b>1.1 Extent of corruption</b></i>

In the context of the Government promoting anti-corruption as a key work during thisterm, the 2022 PAPI survey results show that public attitudes towards this issue arechanging. The proportion of respondents saying corruption is an important issue thatneeds the State to focus on solving will increase by 4.8% in 2022, compared to 2021.This trend is consistent with the findings of the Content Index 'Control control ofcorruption in the public sector', with the number of people noting the effectiveness oflocal government corruption control falling for the first time since 2016. The cause ofthis decrease is the proportion of people saying that it is necessary to rely on familiarrelationships with people in positions of power and authority to get a job in a stateagency, and the proportion of people having to "share expenses" when completingland use rights registration procedures also increases. increase.

According to the 2022 Corruption Perception Index Report recently published byTransparency International, Vietnam scored 42/100 points, ranked 77/180 countriesand territories, an increase of 3 points and 10 places compared to the survey in 2021and increased by 6 points, 27 places compared to 2020. Looking at the score, Vietnamis below average, this proves that the level of corruption in our country is still high.

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However, the Towards Transparency Organization - TI's focal point in Vietnamrecorded positive signs in Vietnam's anti-corruption efforts increasing year by yearand is currently one of six countries in the world. The Asia-Pacific region has madeoutstanding progress and shown that the work of preventing and combating corruptionand negativity is increasingly effective and has actively contributed to the country'sdevelopment process. According to research by experts and international financialorganisations, if the corruption perception index ranked by Transparency Internationalincreases by 1 point, this shows that the Government or that country is less corrupt.more, equivalent to the production capacity of society increasing by 0.4% of GDP.

<i><b>1.2 Forms of Corruption</b></i>

From a taxonomic perspective, corruption is also expressed in the following forms:

<i>Grand corruption, petty corruption: According to the United Nations Anti-Corruption</i>

Toolkit, grand corruption is the type of corruption that penetrates to the highest levelsof the national government, eroding trust in sound governance, the rule of law andeconomic stability. Petty corruption is corruption that involves the exchange of smallamounts of money, insignificant favours by those seeking favours, or the use offriends or relatives holding minor positions. Thus, it can be seen that major corruptionoften takes place in the field of state economic management, with commonphenomena such as: asset embezzlement, setting up ghost projects, fake projects towithdraw money, bribery. high-ranking officials of the state apparatus to win bids forlarge projects, "kickbacks" when signing public asset procurement contracts...; Pettycorruption is a common form of corruption caused by phenomena such as: providingenvelopes to doctors in hospitals; collect higher tuition fees than state regulations inschools; bribery in traffic police, harassment and extortion by officials of statemanagement agencies...

<i>Political corruption: is a form of corruption formed by collusion between influential</i>

people in the political system, mainly high-ranking officials in the ruling apparatus, tocreate decisions, or seek to bias government decisions in favour of an individual,business or certain interest groups. Thus, political corruption can be understood as theabuse of assigned political power for private gain, with the purpose of increasingpower or assets. The manifestation of this form of corruption is: using one's political

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position and political influence to interfere in whether or not to make a politicaldecision (policy, law, agreement...) favouritism for personal gain; buying, selling,exchanging political positions, positions of power, running for office, running forpower, then using your position for personal gain…

<i>Administrative corruption: is a form of corruption that commonly occurs in</i>

administrative management activities of administrative civil servants. There, thoseempowered with power have used administrative power and administrative proceduresto create difficulties for citizens or organisations for personal gain. Manifestations ofadministrative corruption are: harassment and harassment in the implementation of aspecific procedure or decision that citizens and organisations have the right to receivefrom state administrative agencies; bias in law enforcement…

<i>Economic corruption: is a form of corruption that occurs in economic management</i>

activities such as production, business, services, public asset procurement, assetmanagement... carried out by people with authority in the business. State economicmanagement, competent people in state-owned enterprises. Manifestations ofeconomic corruption are: illegal appropriation of state and citizen assets for personalgain; making illegal or biassed economic decisions for personal gain; Takingadvantage of legal loopholes or violating the law to conduct production, business,profiteering, causing damage to society…

<b>2. Example - "Inflated prices" of Covid-19 test kits.</b>

2021 is a year when the Party and State are very drastic in implementinganti-corruption work. Many major economic and corruption cases have beendiscovered, fought, investigated, prosecuted and brought to trial. A series of keyofficials and former senior leaders who committed violations were criminallyprosecuted.

In 2021, a series of cases of bidding violations in the medical field were discoveredand investigated and prosecuted, such as the incident at Bach Mai Hospital and HanoiHeart Hospital. Especially the arrest of Deputy Minister of Health Truong QuocCuong for irresponsibility causing serious consequences. Not stopping there, in the

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last days of 2021, public opinion continued to stir as the Investigation Agency of theMinistry of Public Security continued to uncover the case of "inflating the price" ofCovid-19 test kits.

Accordingly, Viet A Company was founded by Phan Quoc Viet, holding the positionof Chairman of the Board of Directors and General Director, legal representative. InApril 2020, Viet A Company was licensed by the Ministry of Health to register forcirculation of the Covid-19 test kit product. To date, Viet A Company has providedCovid test kits to the Center for Disease Control and other medical facilities in 62provinces and cities across the country with a revenue of nearly 4,000 billion VND.As a result of the initial investigation, Phan Quoc Viet and other key leaders of Viet ACompany admitted: The process of trading and consuming Covid-19 test kitsproduced by Viet A Company took advantage of the Due to the urgent need forCovid-19 testing in localities across the country, the Covid-19 Test Kit product is onthe list of applications for the shortened Directive Contracting form, so Phan QuocViet proactively provided equipment and materials. medical biological products inadvance for use by hospitals and CDCs in provinces and cities.

Then, colluding with the leaders of these units to validate the Directive Biddingdocuments by using Viet A Company to use legal entities in the system (Joint VentureCompany, Subsidiary Company) to prepare product offering documents. , confirmingfalse quotes... to complete documents, sign contracts, and make payments to Viet ACompany according to the price offered by Viet A Company, which is much higherthan the production cost.

At the same time, to be assigned to supply medical equipment and supplies inadvance, consume in large quantities, increase revenue and profits and be facilitated incompleting documents, making payments according to prices set by the VietnameseCompany. A suggested that Phan Quoc Viet also agreed to spend large amounts ofmoney on officials and leaders of purchasing units.

To gain illegal profits and spend money outside the contract, Phan Quoc Viet and thesubjects of Viet A Company inflated equipment prices and input raw material costsinto the explanation of the price structure to determine the selling price. is 470,000

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VND/Kit; Negotiate and pay % of the contract to leaders of hospitals and CDCs ofprovinces and cities during the product supply process.

Up to now, the Police Investigation Agency of the Ministry of Public Security hasinitially clarified violations in Viet A Company's sale of Covid-19 test kits to CDCHai Duong through 05 contracts with a total value of 151 billion VND, Phan said.Quoc Viet spent % of money outside the contract for Pham Duy Tuyen, Director ofHai Duong CDC, an amount of nearly 30 billion VND.

<b>3. Anti-corruption in Vietnam</b>

10 years since the Central Steering Committee on Anti-Corruption was establishedwith the General Secretary as Head, with the determination and efforts of the entirepolitical system, anti-corruption work has been promoted. unprecedented, deliveringlandmark results.

Fighting corruption and negativity is becoming more and more methodical andeffective, drawing many valuable lessons and experiences, and deterrence is becomingstronger and stronger. The trust of cadres, party members and people in the Party isincreasingly strengthened: Saying goes hand in hand with doing. 120 cases with morethan 1,000 defendants, including 37 defendants who were former officials undercentral management, were criminally prosecuted. In particular, there is 1 Politburomember, 6 Ministers, former Ministers, 2 Provincial and City Party Secretaries, 8Provincial and City Presidents. Nearly 61,000/175,000 billion VND was recovered,reaching a rate of nearly 34.7%.

With the spirit of fiercely bringing the fight against corruption to a new level, theParty is and will carry out many stronger measures, both in breadth and depth, goinginto difficult and complicated areas that were previously difficult to overcome. neverdone.

<i>Firstly, build a team of cadres and party members who are truly virtuous and talented;Vietnamese people comprehensively develop truth, goodness, and beauty.</i>

Uncle Ho once asserted: "Cadres are the root of all work", "All success or failuredepends on good or bad cadres". The Party's cadres are the decisive factor in makinggreat and historically significant achievements in the work of building and protecting

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the country. However, there is still a deterioration in political ideology, ethics,lifestyle, individualism, group interests, wastefulness, insensitivity, and achievementdisease in a large number of officials and party members. Therefore, building a teamof truly virtuous and talented cadres and party members is the most important task ofthe entire political system, both immediate and long-term, and must be carried outregularly and carefully. scientific and effective. Not only is it the work of political andideological education, but it is also necessary to discover, select, train and employpeople with qualified standards of virtue and talent in schools and society to build ateam of cadres. have virtue - talent, have heart - vision.

To build a team of cadres with sufficient virtue and talent, it is necessary to "Build aNational Strategy to attract and utilise talented people in a direction that does notdistinguish between Party members or non-Party members, Vietnamese people athome or abroad." In fact, there are many employees in agencies, businesses, andstudents who are not party members, but they are very responsible for their work,have good moral qualities, and are absolutely loyal to the Party. Fatherland, with thePeople and very good in many professional fields. If the government knows how toattract and utilise them in appropriate leadership positions, it will increase the strengthof the leadership and professional staff in the agency. On the other hand, if we can dothat, we will limit the degenerate, degenerate, greedy for fame, power-hungryelements who sneak into the Party with the purpose of being promoted and appointed.To build a team of dedicated staff, we also need to make a breakthrough in the salarysystem. To ensure that officials have to live and live well on their salaries so that theydo not need to be corrupt. Our country has gone through four salary system reforms.But in reality, the set goal was not achieved. Therefore, a breakthrough in salaryreform is an urgent requirement both in the immediate and long term to prevent andcombat corruption. If we cannot do this, many proposed anti-corruption solutions willonly be a formality. However, nowadays, many people engage in corruption to get richand very rich, so along with a breakthrough in wages, we must also strictly punishorganisations and individuals who commit violations and corruption.

<i>Second, promote the improvement of the power control mechanism</i>

The basic problem of controlling state power is to make the State apparatus capable ofboth controlling society and forcing the State to control itself. The Party and Statehave many legal documents to control power. However, it still does not cover all areas

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and there are still loopholes in legal documents. Therefore, the important taskaccording to General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong is to build: A socialist rule of lawstate is a state with a modern, strict, and strictly implemented legal system. TheNational Assembly needs to direct the review and improvement of power controlinstitutions, focusing in the immediate future on areas prone to corruption: Budget andfinancial management, public assets, land, construction, and customs. Customs, taxes,personnel management... In order for all power to be controlled by mechanism, as theGeneral Secretary often said: "Power must be locked in a cage of mechanism". It isnecessary to completely separate ministries, branches, and departments from businessunits. Ministries and branches are state management agencies, responsible foradvising the Party and State on guidelines, policies, and sectoral planning andinspecting the implementation of those guidelines. Enterprises conduct businessaccording to the law: Laws on land, environment, enterprises, budget, finance andaccounting, taxes, food hygiene... End the situation where business units belong toministries, branch. These are the backyard businesses of ministries and branches andare the cause of collective corruption cases. Business lines with the same productsmust have many businesses competing equally against monopoly. Recently, theTelecommunications and Aviation industries have done quite well, leading topromoting economic development and lowering costs. Controlling power in personnelwork is even more important and necessary, in order to resolutely eliminate thepractice of running for position, running for power, running for planning, running forrotation... on the principle that all power must be strictly controlled by mechanism.Along with perfecting the mechanism, it is necessary to promote administrativereform and eliminate cumbersome procedures. Eliminate the "ask - give" mechanismas much as possible. This is the condition where corruption arises. Minimise theappointment of contractors in construction investment projects with state capital.Strengthen the application of science and technology in all areas of stateadministration, corporate governance, and personnel management. Maximisee-government and digital government. Maximum application of digital technology inrecruitment exams, appointments, and transfer of cadres of party and state agencies,socio-political organisations and bidding for projects under the state budget , to avoidimposing human subjectivity on the exam results. Recently, the Transport Industryapplied technology in driving licence exams, tax and customs declarations usingelectronic declarations, which has limited many negativity and corruption. Promote

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the use of bank cards, minimise the use of cash in social transactions, in order tocontrol the flow of money while limiting corruption and preventing moneylaundering…

<i>Third, enhance openness and transparency in all activities of the State and society</i>

Openness and transparency are important elements of effective national governanceand ensuring democracy in the rule of law of the State. It is one of four importantsolutions to limit negative corruption. Our Party and State have had many resolutionsand policies to enhance openness and transparency. However, there are still manyloopholes and heavy formalities. Therefore, in the coming time, it is necessary tofurther strengthen openness and transparency, first of all focusing on statemanagement in areas prone to negativity and corruption: Budget finance, projects, etc.public investment projects and public assets. In public investment projects, it isnecessary to be transparent right from the time of project review and approval,minimising adjustments to project content and investment capital. Currently, manynewly approved projects have asked to adjust their project content, thereby increasingthe total investment capital by 2-3 times. The conversion and leasing of public assetsis causing huge waste, especially when the headquarters of ministries, branches andpeople's committees are moved, the management is very wasteful. This is currently afertile ground for some degenerate officials and interest groups to turn public propertyinto private property. Publicise planning of urban areas and land use planning.Publicise the procedures for granting business registration licences, granting land userights, etc.

Regarding staff work: It is necessary to publicise the number and standards of officialswho need to be recruited, promoted, appointed, go to school, go abroad... this has beenregulated but is still not truly democratic and carries a heavy burden. formality thatneeds to be changed, especially public declaration of assets of officials must beimproved, more effective, responsible for the declaration, need to be more widelypublicised so that officials and people monitor.

Expanding the forms and scale of publicity: Many activities are still formal, such aspublicity in land use planning, many people in the planning area do not know, or viceversa, the planning has not been published. The declaration was leaked, many peopletook the opportunity to build temporary houses and plant trees to receivecompensation..

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<i>Four, enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of legality in law enforcement</i>

Currently, many legal regulations are not seriously enforced. In reports from manyParty congresses, it was assessed: "The Party's leadership and direction, the State'smanagement and administration in a number of fields... are not focused, resolute, anddecisive; Discipline and discipline are not strict. Organisation and implementation isstill a weak step" (2). The 13th Party Congress also stated: "Direction andimplementation are still weak and slow to be overcome,... making laws andresolutions slow to be implemented and of low effectiveness." We can easily see thisin many stages and many fields. It can be cited as: The Land Law clearly stipulates theauthority to grant land, change the purpose of use... but currently most provinces andcities have a situation of dividing lots, selling plots, and illegally building houses onland. agriculture, which lasted for a long time but not many people were punished.Many illegally built urban areas have existed for many years right in the centres ofprovinces, cities, and districts without anyone taking responsibility. Many provinceshave dozens of hectares of primaeval forests destroyed but no provincial or ministerialleaders have been disciplined. Or in personnel work, there are many officers who areappointed quickly; Many families "whole family are officials", appointing unqualifiedofficials... causes frustration in society and reduces people's trust.

However, with the drastic, regular, comprehensive, and synchronous implementationof the fight against corruption and negativity by the Party and State, we believe in thework of preventing and combating deterioration in political ideology…. ethics,lifestyle, prevention and fight against corruption and waste will yield good results.

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