COLORECTAL CANCER BIOLOGY – FROM GENES TO TUMOR potx

COLORECTAL
CANCER BIOLOGY –
FROM GENES TO TUMOR

Edited by Rajunor Ettarh










Colorectal Cancer Biology – From Genes to Tumor
Edited by Rajunor Ettarh


Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2012 InTech
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Publishing Process Manager Tajana Jevtic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team

First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from


Colorectal Cancer Biology – From Genes to Tumor, Edited by Rajunor Ettarh
p. cm.
978-953-51-0062-1

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Colorectal Cancer: It Starts and It Runs 3
Rajunor Ettarh
Part 2 Genes and Polymorphisms 9
Chapter 2 Germline Genetics in Colorectal
Cancer Susceptibility and Prognosis 11
Amanda Ewart Toland
Chapter 3 The Role of Modifier Genes in
Disease Expression in Lynch Syndrome 37
Rodney J. Scott,

Stuart Reeves and Bente Talseth-Palmer
Chapter 4 Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer 59
Spaska Stanilova
Part 3 Cell and Molecular Biology 79
Chapter 5 Glutathione-S-Transferases in Development,
Progression and Therapy of Colorectal Cancer 81
Tatyana Vlaykova, Maya Gulubova, Yovcho Yovchev,
Dimo Dimov, Denitsa Vlaykova,
Petjo Chilingirov and Nikolai Zhelev
Chapter 6 Distinct Pathologic Roles for Glycogen
Synthase Kinase 3 in Colorectal Cancer Progression 107
Toshinari Minamoto, Masanori Kotake,

Mitsutoshi Nakada,Takeo Shimasaki,
Yoshiharu Motoo and Kazuyuki Kawakami
Chapter 7 Molecular Traits of the Budding Colorectal Cancer Cells 135
Boye Schnack Nielsen
VI Contents

Chapter 8 Lipid Peroxidation in Colorectal
Carcinogenesis: Bad and Good News 155
Stefania Pizzimenti, Cristina Toaldo,
Piergiorgio Pettazzoni, Eric Ciamporcero,
Mario Umberto Dianzani and Giuseppina Barrera
Chapter 9 Growth Factors and the Redox State
as New Therapeutic Targets for Colorectal Cancer 189
Teodoro Palomares, Marta Caramés,
Ignacio García-Alonso and Ana Alonso-Varona
Chapter 10 Human Tip60 (NuA4) Complex and Cancer 217
Hiroshi Y. Yamada
Chapter 11 Characterization of the Cell
Membrane During Cancer Transformation 241
Barbara Szachowicz-Petelska, Izabela Dobrzyńska,
Stanisław Sulkowski and Zbigniew A. Figaszewski
Chapter 12 Emergent Concepts from
the Intestinal Guanylyl Cyclase C Pathway 257
Mehboob Ali and Giovanni M. Pitari
Chapter 13 Molecular Mechanisms
of Lymphatic Metastasis 285
M.C. Langheinrich, V. Schellerer, K. Oeckl,
M. Stürzl, E. Naschberger and R.S. Croner
Part 4 Tumor Microenvironment 299
Chapter 14 Modulation of Tumor Angiogenesis

by a Host Anti-Tumor Response in Colorectal Cancer 301
N. Britzen-Laurent, V.S. Schellerer,
R.S. Croner, M. Stürzl and E. Naschberger
Chapter 15 Adaptive and Innate Immunity,
Non Clonal Players in Colorectal Cancer Progression 323
Lucia Fini, Fabio Grizzi and Luigi Laghi
Chapter 16 The Role of Infectious Agents
in Colorectal Carcinogenesis 341
Hytham K.S. Hamid and Yassin M. Mustafa
Chapter 17 Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus Induce
the Development of Colorectal Cancer 375
A.S. Abdulamir, R.R. Hafidh and F.

Abu Bakar
Chapter 18 Intestinal Host-Microbiome Interactions 391
Harold Tjalsma and Annemarie Boleij
Contents VII

Part 5 Study Reports 411
Chapter 19 Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes as Prognostic
Factor of Early Recurrence and Poor Prognosis
of Colorectal Cancer After Radical Surgical Treatment 413
Vaclav Liska, Ondrej Daum, Petr Novak, Vladislav Treska,
Ondrej Vycital, Jan Bruha, Pavel Pitule and Lubos Holubec
Chapter 20 Fluorescent Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer 429
E. Kirilova, I. Kalnina, G. Kirilov and G. Gorbenko

Preface

When a patient is diagnosed with colorectal cancer, the options available to that
patient are determined by the current state of knowledge. That knowledge is
dependent on a complex balance, between the advances in fundamental cell and tissue
research in experimental environments on the one hand, and the advances in clinical
management and treatment that result from better knowledge and application of the
fundamental information about the disease.
Colorectal cancer is a major killer - that much is restated in many parts of this book.
This underlies the drive in research efforts towards finding solutions to important
questions about how the disease starts, how it progresses, and how it spreads. So what
do we know? A lot has been discovered, but all of the answers are still not within
reach. Great steps and strides forward in in vitro studies still defy translation to the
patient and hospital bedside - more work needs to be done to find out how to safely
and effectively apply what we have discovered to the patient's illness.
This book about colorectal cancer comes in two volumes - both of which address
several aspects of the endeavors of the biomedical and clinical community to find
resolutions and solutions to the disease and its complications. The first section of this
volume (Volume 1) deals with genes and genetic background associated with
colorectal cancer and explores roles of the gene polymorphisms that mediate some of
the presentations of the disease, as well as the short single strand ribonucleic acid
molecules (microRNA) that help to regulate the expression of these genes. The second
section deals with many cellular and molecular aspects of the biochemical pathways
involved in colorectal carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Section 3 examines the
tumor microenvironment and the role of intestinal microbes and host-microbial
interactions in colorectal cancer. Section 4 presents a collection of short reports from

studies that explore aspects such as fluorescent biomarkers and tumor infiltrating
lymphocytes. The chapters in this book represent some of the efforts of the thousands
of workers involved in finding solutions and cures to colorectal cancer. This book is
directed to clinicians and scientists who want to ask why, learn how and know more.

Dr Rajunor Ettarh
Professor & Associate Director of Anatomical Teaching,
Department of Structural and Cellular Biology,
Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans,
USA
X Preface

Acknowledgements
The publication of this book would not have been possible without the support of my
family. I am also especially indebted to Publishing Process Manager Tajana Jevtic
whose infinite patience, timely reminders, and never-ending assistance and support
made the task of editing this book easier.



Part 1
Introduction