the difficulties in using body language in making presentations of english major students at faculty of foreign languages in industrial university of ho chi minh city

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<b> MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND TRADE INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY </b>

<b> FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES <small> ------ </small></b>

<b>GRADUATION THESIS THE DIFFICULTIES IN USING BODY LANGUAGE IN MAKING </b>

<b>PRESENTATIONS OF ENGLISH- MAJOR STUDENTS AT FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN INDUSTRIAL </b>

<b>UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY. </b>

<b>STUDENT’S FULL NAME: To Nguyen Xuan Yen </b>

<b>: Pham Thi Kim Yen SUPERVISOR’S NAME : Ho Thi Hien, M.A. </b>

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<b> MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND TRADE INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY </b>

<b> FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES <small> ------ </small></b>

<b>GRADUATION THESIS THE DIFFICULTIES IN USING BODY LANGUAGE IN MAKING </b>

<b>PRESENTATIONS OF ENGLISH- MAJOR STUDENTS AT FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN INDUSTRIAL </b>

<b>UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY.</b>

<b>STUDENT’S FULL NAME: To Nguyen Xuan Yen </b>

<b>: Pham Thi Kim Yen SUPERVISOR’S NAME : Ho Thi Hien, M.A. </b>

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<b> MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND TRADE </b>

<b>INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES </b>

<i>Student’s declaration: I declare that this graduation report is entirely my own work and </i>

<i>does not involve in plagiarism or collusion. It also has not been accepted as part of a submission to another purpose elsewhere. I accept heavy penalty for any cheating or plagiarism. </i>

Date submitted : 20/06/2021

Word count : 12678 words

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<b>ABSTRACT </b>

In fact, there are a lot of factors that negatively affects the result of presentations, one of them is the difficulty of using body language in making presentations. Honestly, students in general and students at FFL of IUH in particular who have to frequently make many presentations for the regular test during their course, but they do not have experience and knowledge of the presentation skills. Therefore, they faced many obstacles in applying body language when presenting, which causes disadvantages to the result of the presentations. For this reason, the researchers conducted the study to discover the obstacles, besides also the desire to improve as well as find out some ways to overcome this situation, which aims to help students become better in making presentations. During the process of carrying out the study, the researchers used both the quantity and quality methods in order to find the difficulties which the students-major at FFL have met when using body language to make the presentations through the survey on Google form online. From that, the researchers also indicated the suitable solutions to improve and overcome these problems which are based on the participants’ answers.

Through the research, the researchers hope that, the FFL’s students can improve and overcome the obstacles and become more and more fluent and easily use body language in their presentations so that the presentations have the best result.

<b>Keywords: Body language, Difficulties, English- major students, Presentations. </b>

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<b>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT </b>

During the process of conducting my graduation thesis, I received a great deal of enthusiastic help and support from many people who guided and encouraged me to overcome the obstacles and challenges in order to complete the thesis successfully and in a very nice manner.

To complete this thesis, first of all, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the teachers in the School Board of Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City and Faculty of Foreign Languages who have provided me with invaluable knowledge and experience during my studies as well as research at university. During the implementation to carry out the research, I have encountered a lot of difficulties. However, with the encouragement and help of the teachers, relatives and friends, I have also completed my research well, and gained useful experience and knowledge for myself.

Secondly, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Ms. Ho Thi Hien, who is currently a Master of Arts (M.A.) as well as a teacher at Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City. She directly guided and enthusiastically helped me during the thesis implementation. She graciously and wholeheartedly supported me little by little during the process of conducting my thesis. Honestly, my partners and I could not have successfully completed the graduation thesis without her enthusiastic help and helpful advice. With her experience and professional knowledge, she has given a lot of support and suggestions to create the thesis as successful and complete as now. During the period of research, she was willing to answer all of queries and foster me with her caring attitude. I really appreciative and grateful for what Ms. Hien has done for me and partners during the past time.

Thirdly, I would like to thank my team members consisting of Pham Van Sang and Pham Thi Kim Yen. They are really kind and wonderful partners. During the process of carry out the graduation thesis, they were eager to assist and support me. They always shared information and documents which related to the research. They are also ready to help me to improve or overcome my mistakes and shortcomings during carrying out my thesis. Moreover, we work together very comfortably and happily, ready to give feedback if someone in the team makes mistake or does not do well. Therefore, I feel that I am extremely lucky when working and having a chance to cooperate with such perfect teammates.

Last but not least, I am grateful to all of English- major students at Faculty of Foreign Languages in Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City who contributed to the successful completion of my thesis.

123docz.net - File bi loi xin lienhe:

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In short, I sincerely thank to all people who helped me to complete my graduation thesis.123docz.net - File bi loi xin lienhe:

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<b>LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS </b>

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<b>LIST OF FIGURES</b>

<small>Figure 4.1: Frequency of making presentation ... 25 </small>

<small>Figure 4.2: Frequency of using body language ...26 </small>

<small>Figure 4.3: Students’ feel when watching a presentation that is using body language ...27 </small>

<small>Figure 4.4: The advantages of using body language in making presentation ... 28 </small>

<small>Figure 4.5: Some problems that presenters have to face when giving presentation ...30 </small>

<small>Figure 4.6: Some comments after finishing presentations ... 30 </small>

<small>Figure 4.7: The good forms of body language when presentation ... 32 </small>

<small>Figure 4.8: The methods needed to improve presentation skills ...34 </small>

<small>Figure 4.9: The importance of teachers and other students’ comments ... 35 </small>

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<b>CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION</b>

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<b>1.1.Rationale </b>

Presentation is an important skill that significantly affects the effectiveness of using language. Up to the present time, the reality shows that students who have learned English field in general and students learning English-major at the Faculty of Foreign Languages (FFL) in Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH) in particular almost have to make a lot of presentations during their courses at IUH. Therefore, they need to know how to make the perfect presentations with not only a good content and wonderful background PowerPoint, but also absolute persuasion and high ability impart so that the presentations can bring the best result. Nevertheless, using only speech is still an obstacle for Vietnamese students in general and IUH’s FFL in particular in the process of making presentations. Many students feel shy and uncomfortable when making an English presentation in front of the classes as well as have many difficulties in convincing the audiences because of using only speech. Although, learners also want to make an active presentation, they do not know how to make them or if they recognize their shortcomings, they also do not know how to repair them. Because of this, the learners feel bored or a lack of confidence when making presentations.

Therefore, we have to find out the best ways in order to overcome these obstacles and difficulties, instead of using speech, students can use the simplest way to create a more persuasive presentations is to use body language, by this way, the presentations will be more exciting, more appealing, and the ability to impart will be increased. Thus, in order to have a good presentation, using body language plays an important role. It not only helps the presentations to be better, more perfect, but also creates the active presentations

These are the concerns and reasons why the researchers decided to choose a research topic, “The difficulties in using body language in making presentations of English - major students at FFL in IUH.”

<b>1.2. Research Goals </b>

Recently, there are more and more students who have to conduct presentations when studying at universities in general and IUH’s students in particular. The researchers recognized, however, that the students at IUH were not really succeeding in making the good presentations during their course for variety of reasons related to outside factors. One of them is how to use non-verbal communication, especially using body language during presenting. For this reason, the researchers carried out this research to aim at finding out the obstacles that English- major students have in terms of using body language in their presentations. Furthermore, we also

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discover the factors that negatively affects the result of the presentations. Finally, the researchers hope to find the solutions as well as the overcome ways to the difficulties or the shortcoming that the learners faced when making a presentation until now.

• What are the possible solutions to have better body language in making presentations?

<b>1.4. Scope of the study</b>

This research compiled by the researchers started last November 12, up to January 5, 2021. English- major students at FFL in IUH were chosen as subjects for this research. Our participants involve students who have made the oral presentations in their classes, at least once, they used to stand in front of the class to present a certain topic for the lesson. However, so that there are a successful oral presentation needs a lot of skills, such as: communication, using body movements, voice…and we do not mean to cover all of those skills, but just the physical messages of body language in making presentations.

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<b>2.1. Definition of key terms </b>

<b>2.1.1. Definitions of body language (BL) </b>

In English, beside there is good learning and catching vocabularies and grammar structures, the learners must also know to operate and apply smoothly and fluently English knowledge in communication. Thus, to communicate by English become more convenient and easier to understand, applying BL in presenting as well as imparting English knowledge is extremely important. Because the presentations are comprehensively understood, this will bring many benefits for using English in study, work and life successfully. Therefore, let’s find BL’s definitions from some writers or researchers in order to clearly understand about this term. First of all, according to Lewis, H (2012:1) “Body language is the communication of personal feelings, emotions, attitudes, and thoughts through body movements- gestures, postures, position and distance, either consciously or involuntarily, more often subconsciously, and

<i>accompanied or accompanied by the spoken language”. The author also explained further that </i>

people can manifest themselves, it is not only by language, speech or writing, but also by movements, manners through the parts of body so that the other people can comprehensive understand what we think, expect. The actions are not use words or speech which is the “body language” or ‘non-verbal language’ in general, it can be eyes contact, smile, facial expression, gestures or postures and all these play an important role in life and social communication to ensure to interact and connect with each other. These actions can be conscious or unconscious movements, but all these are strongly essential and “indispensable” in daily life and not limited users.

Next, it is also the BL definition, but the way Tai, Y (2014:1) saw, this definition has more specific, the author said that “Body language is a term for different forms of communication using body movements or gestures instead of, sounds, verbal language, or other ways of communication. BL is process of communicating what you are feeling or thinking by the way you place and move your body rather than by words (Hornby, 2006). Although the readers may not realize it when talking with others and send messages to the surrounding people, we make ourselves understand not only by words, but also by facial expressions and body movements. These are certainly BL, which studies the meaning of all parts of body. It includes many nonverbal behaviors, e.g., eye contact, gestures, postures, facial gestures, touch and so on. It can deliver different information, making a set of system which is the same as language signal (Yu Aihong, 2002)”. For instance, when a person smiles and handshakes with the other people, it means the person want to say “Hello” and with waving one’s hand means “goodbye”,

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nodding the head is away to show agreement while shaking it means disagreement. The author also add “Body language is a kind of nonverbal communication and it forms parts of category of paralanguage, which describe all forms of human communication that are not verbal language”.

So as far as everyone can see, both the authors come up with two similar BL conceptions. BL is an activity or gestures that uses to express attitude, feeling or thoughts any problems people want to communicate to the listeners or audiences. However, in Lewis opinion, he broadly defined BL according to the easy way to understand this term which throughout some actives of body such as movements, postures or facial expression. Whereas, it seems to Tai, the BL definition is more clearly to know and understand because he not only said about the overview of BL definition, but also show up the different evidence that is BL also uses to communication but it not use speeches or writing to express thoughts, wishes, it uses movements, postures or gestures in order to express feeling and attitude from that everyone can comprehensively know and understand what is body language and take insight into this term.

<b>2.1.2. Definitions of Presentation </b>

About presentation, it perhaps everybody has heard this word, even practiced it many times in communication, work as well as study. Especially, when you study or work in IUH, it is certain that you have to go through at least one time to present during the period of studying or working here. And to me, the presentation is the process that we use knowledge, experience or even the ability to public speaking in order to persuade, impart or communicate to the other people about what you thought, knew or learned, which you have prepared before. The purpose of presentations are shortly and simply to bring knowledge, information about any situations or problems which we want everyone to catch and discover. However, this is just my personal thought, but it may be different as the researchers gave the presentation notions.

According to McCarthy, P., and Hatcher, C., (2002), <b>presentation skills have many sides, which </b>

is the ability to present or impart to the other people, the organization or a group about our point of views, knowledge so that everyone can listen and understand to us, this is the presentation. It maybe also create the chances in order to share our ideas, opinions and experience with superiors, colleagues or any personal, team, group or organization, this also means presentation. Besides that, if we discuss or debate about any issues even it is just one on one, it also called the presentation.

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<b>In addition, according to Wikipedia, “A presentation is the process of communicating a topic </b>

to an audience. It is typically a demonstration, introduction, lecture, or speech meant to inform, persuade, inspire, motivate, or to build good will or to present a new idea or product. The term can also be used for a formal or ritualized introduction or offering, as with the presentation of a debutante. Presentation in certain formats are also known as keynote address”.

In the other hand, Soureshjani, K., & Ghanbari, H. (2012) in the other research also showed

<b>the specific presentation definition that is “oral presentation” and they said the oral </b>

presentation was identified from three elements: (1) it was always prepared to an outline and spoken with notes and aids before; (2) the presentation usually had visual assistance and photos/ pictures; (3) it almost has the participating viewers, answering the questions and engaging them in a dialog in the most classrooms. The oral presentation is more and more common in classrooms especially Foreign Languages Classes.

So from the above definitions, it can be summarized, the presentation is the process that people share ideas, communicate with the other people so that they can express, persuade everyone to believe, concern, focus and listen to what the presenters presented with information, documents, graphics or some aids that they have prepared before reaching the best result for a certain purpose they desire.

<b>2.2. Presentation </b>

<b>2.2.1. Three messages of a good presentation </b>

To have the successful presentations in public speaking, the students should have not only the good preparations with presentation aids, contents, but also the messages for the presentations, and in order to have a good presentation the students should have three messages as below

<b>2.2.1.1. The physical message </b>

This is the most message which decides a successful presentation because it helps the users to become more confident, enthusiasm, and active in front of everyone. According to David Harrington & Charles LeBeau (2009, p.7-21), it means “Just as words form the spoken language, how we stand, where we look, how we move our hands, and the tone of our voice

<i><b>form the body language”. It includes 4 skills: posture, eye contact, gestures and voice </b></i>

<i><b>inflection.” Firstly, “Posture and Eye contact” are the important elements of the physical </b></i>

message in the presentation. The presenters who good use posture when they have eye contact

<i>and correct to set feet and hands during presenting with “place your feet shoulder- width apart </i>

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<i>and balance your weight evenly on both feet.”; “Hold your hands together and keep then about waist high in front of you” and “Look at the audiences for three seconds before you begin. Look at several people in the audiences”. These create the confidence, interaction and respect </i>

<i><b>for the audiences. Besides that, “Gestures” are also essential because this element helps the </b></i>

presentation become livelier, more interesting and attractable. When presenting, the presenters

<i>should use Glossary gestures such as: using “Number/ Sequence” so that the Viewers imagine numbers or recognize a process from beginning to end; “Emphasis/ Focus” to the audiences know the importance of keywords; and “Illustration/ Location” were used to explain or describe a shape, size or position; or even using to “Comparison/Contrast” the situation or </i>

<i><b>some things to the watchers understand the levels or the changes. The last, it is the “Voice </b></i>

<i><b>inflection” which is the factors very needs to have to create the effective presentation. When </b></i>

presenting, the presenters should careful use their voice to avoid the listeners’ misunderstanding or make the listeners boring.

<b>2.2.1.2. The visual message </b>

Visual messages is considered one of the factors make the presentation becomes exciting and active, it creates a positive effect for the presentation with the pictures or words as well as how

<i>to show information on screen when presenting. We should use “pictures” in the presentation </i>

as illustration, photograph, map, or diagram in order to explain information and illustrate; or can also use charts (pie chart, bar chart or line chart…) to show information that have the changes or compare the results.

<i>In addition, this message also has the notes in using visual when presenting, we should “stand- </i>

<i>off to the side”; “point with the hand closest to the visual”; “point your toes towards the audience”; “turn your head, not your body”; “Shorten the pointer and stand close to the visual”; and “Avoid touching the screen”. According to David Harrington & Charles LeBeau </i>

(2009, p.52-53).

<b>2.2.1.3. The story message </b>

This is the last message which is necessary in the good presentations to make the presentations become more interesting and logic as well as easy to understand, memorable. In David Harrington & Charles LeBeau (2009), to good use the story message, the users should take note main ideas and arrange them in the appropriate sections. Divide the presentation into three parts: Introduction, Body, and Conclusion, after that using the suitable words or stories to lead in the notion of the topic. In the introduction, the presenters should have Greeting and introduce

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about some points, including: What is the topic? Why is it important? and Overview the topic’s contents. In the body, the presenters have to implement each of the main points of the above overview. The last, in the conclusion, we will summarize the information. These are the requirements needs to have to make the story message in the presentations.

<b>2.2.2. Factors affect the result of oral presentation </b>

In the reality indicted that everyone maybe have to make a lot of presentations in order to serve for works or studies nowadays. However, to have a perfect presentation, we need to know many aspects and finding out the factors affect the presentation is extremely necessary. After researching and learning, Rajesh Pal (2010) found 10 factors that affect the result of the

<b>presentations. They comprise “Audience analysis”- it means that before performing a </b>

presentation, the presenters should analyze their audiences so that we can understand and know what the viewers want and expect from the presentation. If we do not analyze or analyze

<b>incorrectly, it will lead to ineffective our presentation; About “Communication </b>

<b>Environment” and “Use of Visuals” if the presentations used enough these two of the factors, </b>

they will become more successful because almost spectators usually concern to everything surrounding the speakers and the ways to prepare the performance, it can be “the stages, lighting arrangement, background” or even how to use photos, pictures or videos and sound effects. All these details affected to the attitudes and feelings of the viewers. Next, it is

<b>“Personal Appearance”- can say that this factor very importance so that the watchers can </b>

evaluate the performer who is enthusiastic and good prepare or not, so we should careful

<b>prepare to appear perfectively. Besides that, “Opening and Closing of Presentation” are </b>

crucial because it decides the success of the presentation, if the speakers have an opening with good warm up, lead in and closing with shortly summarize the main ideas and together with the perfect combination of layout, organize. All these things will make the performance becomes more exciting, attracting, and create a positive effect to the audiences. In addition,

<b>“Language and Words” plays and importance roles in presentation. The presenters must use </b>

the language and words are simple, straightforward and easy to understand, it also needs to interesting and attracting so that the Viewers clearly understand the messages that the speaker

<b>wants to convey to them. Moreover, we should have “Quality of Voice”, the presenters needs </b>

to have the good voice with the sound is just right, strong enough, emotive to be not make

<b>boring or sleeping for the listeners. Furthermore, “Answering Question” is indispensable in </b>

the presentations because the presenter’s skills to respond the audience’s questions at the end of the presentation also decides to the presentation’s success. Therefore, to become the good

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presenter, we should flexible react and find the suitable answers for the audience’s queries.

<b>Last but not least, that is “Body Language” it also plays an extremely important role in the </b>

successful performance because according to Pal, the speakers have eye contact with the audiences, they will create the trust, honesty and perhaps they will have more experience compare with the other who uses just by reading or speaking without interacting with the watchers through eye contact.

In conclusion, the author showed 10 factors, which directly affect the result of the presentations. In this article, he gave the general overview of the elements, their pros and cons, but he yet to mention the importance of each and all of them, which are the most necessary factor to create the successful presentation. Thus, the researchers still desire to discover more clearly this aspect in the research.

<b>2.2.3. Criteria to evaluate the presentations ( Rubrics) </b>

To exactly evaluate the result of the presentations, we should base on a certain rating scale, which called rubrics, and with this require, according to “Bright Hub Education” web showed some of the points to evaluate the presentations as photo below:

<i><b>Figure 2.4: The student Presentation Rubric </b></i>

<i><b> (Source: Andrade, H., & Du, Y. (2005). Student perspectives on rubric- referenced </b></i>

<i><b>assessment. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 10(3), 1.)</b></i>

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<b>In the above rubric, “Content” was said that, it should be clearly and shortly with the </b>

information are easy understand for the audiences, it does not make confusing and ambiguous.

<b>The next, “Eye contact” is extremely important to make the interaction with the participants, </b>

the presenters should be not only focus on the paper one note cards, which were prepared previous or rivet the floors. We should look at the audiences and interact with them through eye contact in order to create the closeness and intimacy. Besides that, the presenters need to

<b>concern the “Volume and Clarity”, the presenter should have the volume with loud enough, clearly and easy understand attracting the audience’s attention. Moreover, “Flow” is very </b>

necessary, when presenting, the performer should not distract, pauses or usually “um”, “er”, “uh”. However, the presenters should sometimes pause to effect or emphasis the information.

<b>Furthermore, we should attend to “Confidence and Attitude”, one of the factors decide the </b>

success of presentation which is the confidence when presenting because, it helps the presentation becomes more lively and interesting, it also shows the careful preparation of the performer. And attitude is also more essential because it creates the respect and serious in front

<b>of the audiences. In addition, “Visual Aids” is crucial for the presentation. In the presentation </b>

which has used the video clips or pictures, charts or diagrams will create the flexibility and

<b>attractiveness to the audiences so that they cannot feel boring, insipid. Lastly, “Time” is also </b>

indispensable, the teacher should set the time limit so that the students know that they have “How many minutes for their presenting?” From that they can estimate the time for our presentation and have the suitable planning to present the full and best way.

<b>2.3.Body language </b>

As be shown the previous definition, body language in general is the movements of body or facial expression… so what elements does Body language include? We will discover in the next part with “Elements of body language”.

<b>2.3.1. Elements of body language </b>

According to “Body language expert” Web, there are 8 aspects of body language, including:

<b>*Face- our face is the place which we can express our emotions such as: smile, happy, neutral, </b>

boring or angry…

<b>*Eyes- our eyes are considered the windows to the soul, at here we can express our feeling </b>

through visual contact or avoid visual contact.

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<b>*Posture- it includes “how to your head, shoulders, arms, legs”… and each part works </b>

separately. Some actions of posture, instead tilting head, slumping shoulders…

<b>*Movement- the element can use just apart body or entire body, but both is flexible and </b>

commanding. For instance, if you want to avoid other people, you can move away from the person.

<b>*Touch- “this is one of the most powerful elements of body language”. Touch has a lot of </b>

different messages. It often divides into 4 categories, “friendship, professional, social, and intimacy”.

<b>*Appearance- it includes our “clothes, neatness, body shape and anything else that provides </b>

visual messages and cues to other people”.

As can be seen that, there are many elements which affect the body language. They can help connect other people with everyone. It also helps people to express their emotions or feeling through some specific action.

<b>2.3.2. The difficulties in using body language </b>

Although body language skills are widely used when presenting, there are many people who cannot do this skill well. They can use it when communicating between people and people but in presentations, the skills is also limited and have a lot of disadvantages. In thebusinesscommunication.com, there are some weakness in using body language as follows:

<b>*Vague and imprecise: In communication, body language is very vague and imprecise </b>

because it is only the action and not express out by language, so when using body language will make the listener can understand incorrectly the messages which we want to communicate.

<b>*Multi- channel: Because body has a lot of part, and we can use them at the same time, so in </b>

many situations, we can miss some action of body. For example, when we look at another people’s eyes, we can miss some of their gestures. Thus, it is extremely difficult to know comprehensively the people’s emotions and feeling in some cases.

<b>*Culture-bound: Because all countries in the world are using body language in </b>

communication daily, and each country has the different cultures, so it can have a variety of the way to use body language, and we cannot know all of signs. Thus, it is also the disadvantage in using body language

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<b>*Difficult to understand: As mentioned above, non-verbal sometimes very difficult </b>

understand, because we cannot communicate by the verbal language so some of context, we do not understand the messages which the users want to communicate.

<b>*Lack of normality: Because using body language is not allowed any rules or structures, some </b>

cases, the users can use uncontrollably this skill. This create lack of normality

<b>*Distortion of information: communication through using body language in general and </b>

express feeling in particular can make incorrectly the information that the users want to express. In some situations, it can negatively affect the people’s think.

After analyzing some disadvantage aspects of using body language, the researchers recognized that, when using any skills, we have to also carefully in order to cause the problems which we unexpected.

<b>2.4.Results of previous studies </b>

<b>2.4.1. Factors affect the result of oral presentations in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms </b>

To say the factors affect presentations, it probably has a lot of interest from everyone because in current, people almost have many the presentations to serve the needs for learning and working, and they strongly concern to their result of presentations. It can be not only decide to their salary, validity, but also the position in the class/ workplaces. Thus, finding out the factors affect the result of presentations is the situation that receives many cares of everyone and researchers. And the purpose of this issue aims to help people recognize and clearly understand about them so that people can make a better presentation for ourselves. So in the researchers’ point of view, what factors influence the results of presentations?

According to Soureshjani, K., & Ghanbari, H. (2012), firstly because students do not fully conscious about “pre-existing criteria”, they cannot evaluate as well as understand the performance role in the class, “which in turn may lead to low reliability of valid peer-assessment” (Otoshi & Heffernan, 2008). Therefore, the researchers thought that, it probably checked the learners’ opinion about the presentations from the different aspects and from that, the researchers can establish the suitable performance from students’ point of view so that students feel more responsible for their own learning and consequently more independent learners. This helps students become more active in learning. In addition, for the successful communicate to occur as well as the successful presentations to take place. The learners also

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have to fully know about presentation skills specific to participate in communicating and public speaking with the other people or in front of group in discussions, debates or can be larger in the workshops with the confident attitude to persuade, communicate as the best way as possible and the students can be understandable to the audiences’ purpose. The authors analyzed this issue more specific in three aspects (with teachers feel; students feel and combine teachers and students’ viewpoints).

In the analysis this study, the authors found out the answers through two participant groups. The first group consisted of 38 professors who were teaching M.A. courses to students at the aforementioned universities; the second participants group composed of 167 M.A. students who were learning about the majored related to English Fields at the Shahrekord and Shiraz Universities, they were the aged from 23 to 33. The researchers made this study by the 30-item survey based on the studies conducted in the field of oral presentation (Bing- Rong, 2008; Consolo, 2006; Dryden et al., 2003; Otoshi & Heffernan, 2008). The end of instruments, informal conversation also took place with university professors and M.A. students major English through the questionnaire related to the oral presentation such as: eye contact, voice, clarity, BL and PowerPoint. In that, each item was answerable using a 5-point interval scale after analysis, 30 items divide into 8 groups to analyze by using a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 16) and the authors showed the result of teachers feel research as follows: Firstly, the factors with the teachers feel, in general EFL teachers concerned with “BL, manner of presentation, some styles of the presenters, for instance voice quality, how to give feedback, impart the messages, “using other resources when presenting and details of presentation as the most aspect of the successful presentation.

In addition, according to the students feel, the researchers brought to the result, which is the learners also expressed the same regard with the teachers, they also interested to using BL, manner of presentation, voice quality, etc. However, in the other hand, using other resources and the style of the speakers are not regard by either learner or teacher when the speakers present because the learners and teacher thought that it was being essential in presentations. Lastly, factors that influence the result of performance based on teachers’ and learners’ point of view, according to the analyze authors some factors such as using BL, eye contact, giving the feedback, voice quality, speaker’s confidence, the good prepares before the presentation, etc., are important factors with the presentation. The finding of research also showed that in the other aspect, using other resources and the speaker’s styles are not considered to the important factors. And also the authors’ opinion, “Insofar as there were no significant

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differences in assessments made by both group concerning the dimensions of oral presentation”, it can be seen that the teachers and the students have probably the same preferences.

From this study of Soureshjani, K., & Ghanbari, H (2012) the readers can know better, recognize some factors influence the result of presentations and understand the importance of them in the EFL classrooms (BL, eye contact, voice quality, give feedback or transfer the messages). The authors helped everyone to find out some factors related to the presentations, which is honestly necessary and very helpful for the students to learn English in general and Foreign Languages students-major in particularly. Furthermore, the research also has a strong point that is the authors organized to study with both items survey and informal conversation through a questionnaire, so the result of study would become more convincing to the readers. However, from this research, the researchers can find out some shortcomings that needing to improve and develop in order to bring the best result. In first about the participants of the study, although the writers had the large number of objects (it has 205 people) both professors and students with the survey and besides that it had also the informal conversation at university, they are all highly educated level up to M.A. Therefore, they can have many experiences and opportunities to practice the presentations in front of other people, so the results of this study may not satisfy the wishes of student at other levels. And because it just focus on the people who have high education without talk to the other objects such as university students who have to make regularly presentations at school but they do not have lots of experience about presentation skills as well as how to affect the audiences. Secondly, it can talk to the age of the objects. In this study, the objects’ age from 23 to 30, with this ages, it is quite large to know and understand about things that affect the result of presentations, it should be studied for the younger students about 18 to 25 years old, which will be become better and more effective. Last but not least, this study can the successful research for the readers to know and find out the factors affect the result of presentations, but it should talk to some difficulties of making presentations beside these factors so that the readers can have more and larger knowledge about the presentations both advantages and disadvantages. From that they will take a deeper look and gain a lot of experience for themselves when presenting to have the perfect presentations in the study or work in the future.

<b>2.4.2. The difficulties in using Body language in presentations </b>

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As talking to BL, people maybe think that it is very easy to use, because, in fact everyone almost uses BL in daily communication in around the world. However, towards Vietnamese when using BL in the presentations in general and in the presentations of English in particular is not everyone can use it well and fluently. It can apply smoothly for daily communicating between people and people but in presentations, using BL is not easy and simple because with people’s mentality as stand in front of other people, they are seemed not comfortable or lack of confidence, in other case they can also feel shy or nervous. So some presenters usually forgot to use gestures or facial expression in their performances, they just focus on the laptop screen, documents or their PowerPoint to speak or even just re-read the things were prepared beforehand, which made the presentations are not successful. From these, the readers can see that to using BL in the presentations is not really easy, so finding out the difficulties of using BL is extremely necessary so that people can know and perform presentations with the best way.

Therefore, in the study about using BL, Widyastuti, T. & Mahaputri, R. A. (2015) showed the difficulties of using BL in presentations that according to the authors, they affect to the presentations.

In first, two researchers introduced about presentation, they said that presentation skill is one of important and necessary skills and at the moment life, it is part of life and plays essential role to create the success of people. In the modern world, everyone has to make regularly presentation to meet the needs of study and work. A person who has this good skill is easy to improve and develop in life. The presentations not only will enhance people’s to speak in public or public speaking, but also to build professional credibility.

Beside, these skills should be the high points of working life. It is seen the spotlight, a chance to shine and to need to spread in the world and influence people (Shipside, 2006, p.6), Alshare & Hindi (2004) also said that students’ presentations in the classroom were important factors in order to develop their ability as well as help student to have much positive experiences in learning.

However, in this research by the way used descriptive to make a quality survey because the writers wanted to base on analyzed reader’s mentalities and attitudes about the purpose of using presentations to show the method result. With the participants who can be individual in the sample or whole sample, learning English Education- major at Unswagati Cirebon with 3rd level, 5th semester. It through three main techniques to collect and analyze the survey, it includes observing people’s going styles and some activities that they do; performing to in-

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depth interview about their thoughts, experiences, feeling, ideas or opinion; and the last is analyze the contents. From that, the writers can collect data that focuses on finding and discussion about the core of this study. Therefore, from these ways, two authors showed that if the instructors give regularly presentations in class then students can feel stress or tired. The students not only have worried when they have to stand in front of group or class to speak and persuade, but also they have to prepare many things from slides on PowerPoint, documents, visual aids to finding material of topics in short time period, this is the first difficulty found in this study.

Next, the authors (Alshare & Hindi, 2004) also gave some difficulties to find materials when students perform a presentation as they have to “bring note” when presentation, sometimes learners also “fidgeting”, “jiggling” or “swaying” when presenting, they even cannot continue to talk any things related to the presentations if they completed to present according to the prepared document beforehand. So this made the presentations become more boring, “tedious” and the performance would end with “an inspiration deficit”.

Furthermore, according to Gallo (2014: 376), there were 10 reasons that cause the difficulties for the presentation the material, it consists of: “Reading from notes, avoiding eye contact, dressing down, fidgeting, jiggling, and swaying , failure to rehearse, standing at attention, reciting bullet points, speaking too long, failing to excite, ending with an inspiration deficit”. Those are all the difficulties that to authors, the presenters face when they making a presentation.

After reading the study, researchers recognized that the writers showed a lot of difficult aspects in making presentations for the readers and they also analyzed extremely careful and detailed about this obstacles that the presenters usually suffer when presenting. With the carefully analysis, the study helped the readers to discover their shortcomings, something that they can be not good or still have not realized when making presentations, from that the research will help the readers to start overcoming and improving in the way of making presentations in order to their product brings to much more perfective and successful. This can help everyone to become more and more confident and easier when having any presentation in any situation and circumstances.

However, this study also have a gap that in researcher’s view, it should improve to become more perfective. That is about the methodology in the study, the authors used the quality method to research so the researchers feel that it is subjective with narrow scope. If can be, this

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research should be performed with the quantity or combining both quality and quantity methods so that the study have the objective results and easily to persuade readers.

Through two the above studies associated to presentations, the researchers found out some benefits as well as shortcomings in the studies. Thus, in researchers’ study, these points will be noted to try to overcome disadvantages and develops advantages in order to bring the most perfective presentations the possible.

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In this chapter, the researchers will introduce about how to design the research with five specific information, including the place to carry out the research, the objects, the research methodology and research methods, procedures, and data analysis. All which help the audiences can imagine background as well as the form to conduct a complete research.

<b>3.1. The place where the researchers investigate </b>

To get the best result from this study, the researchers chose FFL in IUH to carry out the research. Actually, the researchers decided to choose this place due to some benefits, first of all, FFL in IUH is a place that the researchers have been studying so it will be easier to make the study as well as to connect with students at here, who are suitable participants for the research. In fact, the objects are chosen to meet the needs of this research that is students major who are studying at FFL in IUH from freshmen to seniors. Besides that, FFL is also the most convenient and easiest place for the writer to conduct the research’s survey. It is easy to collect data from the survey with the large number of participants who are suitable for the study purpose. In addition, most of the students at FFL in IUH are extremely friendly, enthusiastic, they are willing to cooperate to help researchers complete survey effectively and enthusiastically. Because of the above benefits, the researchers chose FFL of IUH is the place to make the research. It does not only help writers to make the research’s survey easily and quickly, but also to create the convenient conditions for the writers can have more time to collect as well as analyzing data. From that, the research becomes more accurate and reliable.

<b>3.2. Participants </b>

The researchers chose to investigate the opinions of English-majored students from the freshmen to seniors at FFL in IUH, because we found out some suitable points which are only available to students here, with two significant purposes. On the one hand, FFL’s students have a lot of experience in learning English as well as making presentations during the period of course at IUH. From the first semester, most students have to make some presentations to serve the lessons and the frequency of presentations will increase over each semester. However, they still do not have much experience and knowledge to make a presentation perfectively and successfully. In particular, their shortcomings are the major difference between freshmen, sophomores and juniors, seniors. For the new students here, they have not done many presentations yet, so they will see a lot of obstacles in all aspects of making presentations. While the third and four- year students are the opposite, they experienced about half of the course, so they have made more presentations. Therefore, these groups can overcome the general difficulties they frequently face; besides that, they also recognize the challenges in the other aspects. However, almost all students here have to face the obstacles in using body language

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when presenting. As the result, the researchers decided to conduct the research for all major at FFL in order to discover some mistakes related to using body language when students present that they have yet to find or know how to overcome and change. At the same time, the researchers will offer some solutions to assist the presenters in resolving these issues. The research survey was a huge success thanks to the enthusiasm and cooperation of FFL students, with 160 participants providing accurate answers. On the other hand, the researchers broaden the research scope to include all students at FFL because the differences in presentations experience among the participants will result in a wide range of the data. As a result, we can discover the difficulties and provide solutions with a wide range of aspects and students of various levels, allowing the research to become more objective and reliable.

<b>students-3.3. Research methodology and research methods 3.3.1. Research methodology </b>

Research is considered to be highly convincing, the research not only needs to be practical and useful, but also needs to be objective and accurate, so the researchers decided to carry out this research on the quantitative research. Besides that, the researchers also used qualitative research in the last question of questionnaires or some questions that contain other opinions of respondents in order to discover some solution ways to the problems, which are based on participants’ answers. To be honest, the research methodology is critical for the successful research, because according to Allan and Randy (2005) emphasized that when people carry out a research methodology, it should satisfy two following criteria: on the one hand, research methodology should be the most appropriate to achieve research objectives. And on the other hand, the study should be made possible to reproduce this methodology used in other studies of the same nature.

From that, the researchers chose both methodologies for the research. The quantitative research has some significant advantages, such as: first of all, it can be tested and checked because it requires careful in design and experience that it makes the data you collect more reliable and less open to argument. Secondly, it has straightforward analysis, the types of results will tell you which statistical tests are appropriate to use, so it has fewer errors and is straightforward. Furthermore, in this methodology, people can do research on a large- scale with lots of students so it will become more objective and more persuadable. Last but not least, there is prestige, the association of the prestige and value of qualitative research may reflect well in the writer’s research. On the other hand, the qualitative research in the last question (open question) helps researchers to approach the problem from another angle and find out the best opinions related

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to research from the participants’ comments to serve the analysis of study’s data. Both of these methodologies will create the research more convincing and more objective for readers, so the researchers considered and decided to combine two methodologies.

<b>3.3.2. Research methods </b>

As the researchers showed the above methodology research, researchers mixed two methodologies- quantitative research and qualitative research to collect data from participants’ opinion. With this choice, we created a questionnaire with 12 questions, which were arranged in a reasonable order from general to detail to suit the needs and wishes of the author. The author had created a complete questionnaire with 11 closed questions in the form of multiple choices, and the last question in opened question so that the participants could write down their thoughts, points of view or propose to the researchers necessary solutions for the study after many times of making and editing on paper. Next, the authors started to write the questionnaire on the Google form online throughout the Internet. Finally, this complete questionnaire was taken to survey on the online learning groups of students- major of FFL in IUH. The survey was opened for about 3 weeks and when it reached 160 participants with a lot of helpful opinions, authors closed this survey because it was enough students for the authors.

<b>3.4. Procedures </b>

After discussing the research with the researcher’s team and the purpose of conducting research, the researchers created a questionnaire with 12 questions on paper. And then, we repeatedly edited and completed the questionnaire with the enthusiastic guidance and suggestions of the instructor after the researchers showed the complete questionnaire to send the academic supervisor to review. When the supervisor considered and agreed for this questionnaire, it was distributed to the participants to be surveyed on the Internet via Google form online. Besides that, because the researchers did not collect the required number of responses as previously set, we created a QR code to link to Google form, which was brought to the classes for the students did complementary. With this perfect questionnaire, which helped researchers to discover and collect the necessary data that served the purpose of research. The complete questionnaire was published on Google form about 3 weeks from April 12<sup>th</sup> to April 29<sup>th</sup>. The link of Google form was posted to the groups of FFL’s students in IUH via Facebook or sending Messenger from course 13 to 16, and asking everyone to do this survey. Each participant has just spent about 3 minutes for the survey so it was very convenient and quick. The researchers were also ready to explain any questions associated with the survey for students, so that it was ensured all information collected by the author was certainly the most accurate and objective. Honestly,

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the researchers sincerely thank the students for their enthusiasm and care in completing the survey. The objective information gathered was in fact useful for the research.

<b>3.5. Data analysis </b>

As mentioned above, the Google form is the method which the researchers used for collecting data for the research. In fact, the researchers chose this form because it has many benefits, which can help authors easy to follow as well as calculate data. One of the advantages of this method is it can provide both number and percentage of respondents in each opinion of each question. Thus, the researchers did not have to spend much time and effort in order to count the number of respondents or statistic quantity to transfer to percentage for questions. Furthermore, it also showed the number of participants who did the survey, from that the researchers could close the survey if it has provided enough quantity to require. And the best advantages of this method that is it could also show each chart for each questions according to participants’ choice, it can be pie chart or bar chart depending on question form. Nevertheless, the Google form also had limitation, because Google form would help to statistic data with charts but the researchers could not copy the chart from google form to thesis, so we had to use the software on the computer called Microsoft Excel to choose and draw the suitable charts, they based on the quantities had been statistically on the Google form. After the authors started to analyze and write a short paragraph for each chart, it just focused on the outstanding points and based on participants’ opinions in the survey. Through the charts and information from two studies in the Chapter 2, the researchers able to draw conclusions and unravel the research questions.

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the difficulties in using body language in making presentations of english major students at faculty of foreign languages in industrial university of ho chi minh city

<b>GRADUATION THESIS THE DIFFICULTIES IN USING BODY LANGUAGE IN MAKING </b>

<b>PRESENTATIONS OF ENGLISH- MAJOR STUDENTS AT FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN INDUSTRIAL </b>

<b>UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY. </b>

<b>STUDENT’S FULL NAME: To Nguyen Xuan Yen </b>

<b>: Pham Thi Kim Yen SUPERVISOR’S NAME : Ho Thi Hien, M.A. </b>

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<b>GRADUATION THESIS THE DIFFICULTIES IN USING BODY LANGUAGE IN MAKING </b>

<b>PRESENTATIONS OF ENGLISH- MAJOR STUDENTS AT FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN INDUSTRIAL </b>

<b>UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY.</b>

<b>STUDENT’S FULL NAME: To Nguyen Xuan Yen </b>

<b>: Pham Thi Kim Yen SUPERVISOR’S NAME : Ho Thi Hien, M.A. </b>

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<b>ABSTRACT </b>

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<b>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT </b>

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<b>LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS </b>

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<b>LIST OF FIGURES</b>

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<b>CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION</b>

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