En42 dịch Đại cương Đề số 3

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<b><small>HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY MID -TERM TEST ON BASICS OF TRANSLATION </small></b>

<small>FOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH (No 3) Subject Code: EN42</small>

<b>I. Answer the following questions: (40 points)</b>

1. What are the types of equivalents of correlated units?

2. What is the transformational translation?

The structural similarity of ST and TT implies that relationships ofequivalence are established between correlated units in the two texts.

Some of the SL units have permanent equivalents in TL, that is to say,there is a one-to-one correspondence between such units and their equivalents. Asa rule this type of correspondence is found with words of specific character, suchas scientific and technical terms, proper or geographical names and similar wordswhose meaning is more or less independent of the particular contextual situation.

Other SL units may have several equivalents each. Such one-to-manycorrespondence between SL and TL units is characteristic of most regularequivalents. The existence of a number of non-permanent (or variable)equivalents to a SL units implies the necessity of selecting one of them in eachparticular case, taking into account the way the unit is used in ST and the pointsof difference between the semantics of its equivalents in TL.

Depending on the type of the language units involved regular equivalentscan be classified as lexical,phraseological or grammatical.

The choice of the equivalent will depend on the relative importance of aparticular semantic element in the act of communication.

A variety of equivalents may also result from a more detailed descriptionof the same object in TL. The English word “attitude”, for instance, is translatedas depending on the variant the Russian language prefers in a particular situation.Here the choice between equivalents is determined by TL factors.

Even if a SL unit has a regular equivalent in TL, this equivalent cannot beused in TT whenever the unit is found in ST. An equivalent is but a potential

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substitute, for the translator’s choice is, to a large extent, dependent on thecontext in which the SL unit is placed in ST. There are two types of context:linguistic and situational. The linguistic context is made up by the other SL unitsin ST while the situational context includes the temporal, spacial and othercircumstances under which ST was produced as well as all facts which thereceptor is expected to know so that he could adequately interpret the message.

Thus in the following sentences the linguistic context will enable thetranslator to make a correct choice among the Russian equivalents to the Englishnoun “attitude”:

<i>- (1) I don’t like your attitude to your work.</i>

<i>- (2) There is no sign of any change in the attitudes of the two sides.- (3) He stood there in a threatening attitude.</i>

The fact that a SL unit has a number of regular equivalents does notnecessarily mean that one of them will be used in each particular translation.True, in many cases the translator’s skill is well demonstrated in his ability tomake a good choice among such equivalents.

Transformation theory of translation

The basis of the transformation theory of translation is the activity of aninterpreter, which consists in converting or transforming the source text into atranslated (output) text. The emergence of this theory with the thoughts oflinguistic teaching, which many people know as “transformational grammar.” Sheexplores the rules for creating syntactic structures that can be characterized as a setof lexemes and logical-syntactic links.

Any language has its own grammar, which has no analogues andcoincidences. The value of structures that do not reach during the translationprocess is compensated by transformation. Transformational grammar defines anumber of linguistic structures and calls them nuclear, and the remaining

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structures, which are called “transforms”, deduce from the number of nuclear orvice versa introduces it. More often than not, the nuclear structure reflects the“action-action” relationship.

In translation theory, the principles of transformational grammar arereflected in two directions. The whole process of the translation text formation canbe interpreted as the transformation of units and structures of the source text intounits and structures of the output text, namely translation occurs as interlingualtransformation – this is the first direction. Units of the source text are representedby language structures, from which, in the translation process, the correspondingstructure of the output text will be obtained. The essence of the translation processis to select the language units of the output text, which fall into one transformation-translation range with the units of the original. This theoretical model makes itpossible to see the most probable correspondences or methods of translation. Thesecond direction shows a number of periods of the translation process in thedefinitions of transformation. There is a theory that nuclear structures are the samein all languages and it is possible to combine the entire variety of linguistic formsof the source and target languages into a relatively small number of structures.Based on the assumption that there is a complete equivalence between the sourceand target languages, the translation at the level of these structures will lead to anelementary replacement of the nuclear language structures of the source material,to the nuclear structures of the output. Even if the language structures of the twolanguages are not the same, this theory can be applied, because any proposals canbe transformed into similar structures in another language.

It is interesting that the transformation theory does not explain the facts ofsituational equivalence, it is applicable only to the comparison of the grammaticalstructures of the source and target languages.

In order to understand why difficulties arise in the translation process,predetermined by the peculiarities of the language being studied, one mustremember and understand what a grammar is. Grammar – the external structure of

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the language, this formation of words, syntax and morphology, which, togetherwith phonetics and vocabulary, makes up the general structure of the language.

A large number of translators and translation agency when working ontests, face the morphological features of the language they are interested in.Morphology studies the parts of speech of their category and form of words and isa section of grammar.

All words can be divided into parts of speech, some are independent partsof speech and can be parts of sentences. For example, in English, these parts ofspeech are distinguished:

1. Noun2. Adjective3. Numeral4. Pronoun5. Verb6. Adverb7. Preposition8. Conjunction9. Interjection

Noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb and adverb are all independentparts of speech. Prepositions and conjunctions are service parts of speech thatdemonstrate individual relations between members of a sentence or sentences, andthey are not included in sentences. Prepositions and conjunctions cause somedifficulties in the translation. Interjections, have no relation either to independentparts of speech, or to the service parts of speech, and differ in their meaning andfunctions. In order to avoid difficulties in translating interjections, it is necessary toresort to the help of thematic directories and dictionaries. It must be rememberedthat different parts of speech in different languages have a huge number ofcategorical and other features that can cause a considerable number of difficultiesin the translation process.

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A thorough knowledge and understanding of how to correctly translate aparticular part of speech will help an interpreter avoid difficulties in the translationprocess and perform his work qualitatively. The study of morphological featureswill benefit both a beginner and a professional translator.

<b>II. Translation practice </b>

<b>1. Translate the following text into Vietnamese (30 points)</b>

There are three persistent criticisms of Drucker’s work. The first isthat he focused on big organisations rather than small ones. The Concept of theCorporation was in many ways a fanfare to big organisations. As Drucker said,“We know today that in modern industrial production, particularly in modern massproduction, the small unit is not only inefficient, it cannot produce at all.” Thebook helped to launch the “big organisation boom” that dominated businessthinking for the next 20 years. The second criticism is that Drucker’s enthusiasmfor management by objectives helped to lead the business down a dead end. Theyprefer to allow ideas, including ideas for long-term strategies, to bubble up fromthe bottom and middle of the organisations rather than being imposed from onhigh. Thirdly, Drucker is criticised for being a maverick who has increasingly beenleft behind by the increasing rigour of his chosen field. There is no single area ofacademic management theory that he made his own. There is some truth in the firsttwo arguments. Drucker never wrote anything as good as The Concept of theCorporation on entrepreneurial start-ups .

Có ba lời chỉ trích dai dẳng về công việc của Drucker. Đầu tiên là ông tậptrung vào các tổ chức lớn hơn là các tổ chức nhỏ. Khái niệm về Tổng công ty theonhiều cách là một sự phô trương đối với các tổ chức lớn. Như Drucker đã nói,“Ngày nay chúng ta biết rằng trong sản xuất công nghiệp hiện đại, đặc biệt là trongsản xuất hàng loạt hiện đại, đơn vị nhỏ khơng chỉ kém hiệu quả mà cịn khơng thểsản xuất được.” Cuốn sách đã giúp khởi động “sự bùng nổ của các tổ chức lớn” đã

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thống trị tư duy kinh doanh trong 20 năm tiếp theo. Lời chỉ trích thứ hai là sự nhiệttình của Drucker đối với việc quản lý theo mục tiêu đã giúp đưa doanh nghiệp đivào ngõ cụt. Họ thích cho phép các ý tưởng, bao gồm cả ý tưởng cho các chiếnlược dài hạn, nổi lên từ dưới và giữa của tổ chức hơn là bị áp đặt từ trên cao. Thứba, Drucker bị chỉ trích vì là một kẻ lãng du ngày càng bị bỏ lại phía sau bởi sựkhắt khe ngày càng tăng của lĩnh vực mà ông đã chọn. Khơng có một lĩnh vực nàotrong lý thuyết quản lý học thuật mà ông ấy đã đưa ra cho riêng mình. Có một sốsự thật trong hai lập luận đầu tiên. Drucker chưa bao giờ viết bất cứ điều gì haynhư Khái niệm về Tổng cơng ty về khởi nghiệp kinh doanh.

<b> 2. Translate the following text into English (30 points) </b>

Ngoài ra, một số địa phương yêu cầu lái xe đã có giấy nhận diệnQR Code phải có giấy đi đường do địa phương cấp. Ông Phùng Đức Tiến - Thứtrưởng Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn nêu bức xúc, do nhu cầu giảm, trongkhi sản phẩm nơng nghiệp tính đặc thù cao, vào thời vụ nếu không kịp thời lưuthông, chế biến sẽ quá lứa, quá thời hạn, chất lượng không đảm bảo. Hiện nay, cáctuyến quốc lộ, tỉnh lộ cơ bản thuận tiện, tuy nhiên các tuyến đường huyện lộ,đường liên huyện, liên xã, hoặc đường tiếp cận cấp xã, thơn thì "đi lại vơ cùng khókhăn". Trong 3 ngày nay, các tỉnh Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh, hay như Cần Thơ khiphương tiện đã có giấy nhận diện QR Code, người trên xe có giấy xét nghiệmnhưng vẫn khơng cho đi vào. Ở Cần Thơ, có doanh nghiệp vận tải cung cấp bao bìđóng gói trứng hai ngày nay không đi vào được, dẫn đến thiếu trứng cho thị trườngTP HCM.

In addition, some localities require drivers with QR Code identification tohave a road permit issued by the locality. Mr. Phung Duc Tien - Deputy Ministerof Agriculture and Rural Development stated pressingly, due to the decrease indemand, while agricultural products are highly specific, in seasonality, if nottimely circulation and processing, they will be too old. Out of date, quality is notguaranteed. Currently, national highways and provincial roads are basicallyconvenient, but district roads, inter-district and inter-commune roads, or access

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roads to communes and villages are "extremely difficult". In the past 3 days, inNghe An, Ha Tinh, or Can Tho provinces, when the vehicle has a QR Codeidentification certificate, the person on the vehicle has a test certificate but stilldoes not allow entry. In Can Tho, there is a transport business providing eggpackaging for two days, leading to a shortage of eggs for the Ho Chi Minh Citymarket.

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