The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan pptx

The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan
3-2-4 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0013, Japan
Copyright © 2002 by The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan
Printed by Daikousha Printing Co., Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systems,
transmitted in any form or by any means, electric, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Original Japanese language edition published by the Japan Ports and Harbours Association.
Printed in Japan
PREFACE
-i-
Preface
This book is a translation of the major portion of the Technical Standards and Commentaries of Port
and Harbour Facilities in Japan (1999 edition) published by the Japan Port and Harbour Association,
stipulated by the Ordinance of the Minister of Transport, which was issued in April 1999. The translation
covers about two thirds of the Japanese edition.
Japanese islands have a long extension of coastline, measuring about 34,000 km, for the total land area
of some 380,000 square kilometers. Throughout her history, Japan has depended on the ports and harbors
on daily living and prosperity of people there. Japan did not develop extensive inland canal systems as
found in the European Continent because of its mountainous geography, but rather produced many harbors
and havens along its coastline in the past. Today, the number of officially designated commercial ports and
harbors amounts to about 1,100 and the number of fishing ports exceeds 3,000.
After 220 years of isolation from the world civilization from the 17th to 19th centuries, Japan began to
modernize its society and civilization rapidly after the Meiji revolution in 1868. Modern technology of port
and harbor engineering has been introduced by distinguished engineers from abroad and learned by many
ambitious and capable young engineers in Japan. Ports of Yokohama, Kobe, and others began to
accommodate large ocean-going vessels in the late 19th century as the Japanese economy had shown a
rapid growth.
Japanese engineers had drafted an engineering manual on design and construction of port and harbor

facilities as early as in 1943. The manual was revised in 1959 with inclusion of new technology such as
those of coastal engineering and geotechnical engineering, which were developed during the Second
World War or just before it. The Japanese economy that was utterly destroyed by the war had begun to
rebuild itself rapidly after the 1950s. There were so many demands for the expansion of port and harbor
facilities throughout Japan. Engineers were urged to design and construct facilities after facilities. Japan
has built the breakwaters and the quays with the rate of about 20,000 meters each per year throughout the
1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.
Such a feat of port development was made possible with provision of sound engineering manuals. The
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (formerly the Ministry of Transport up to January 2001)
which was responsible for port development and operation, revised the basic law on ports and harbors in
1974 so as to take responsibility for provision of technical standards for design, construction, and
maintenance of port and harbor facilities. The first official technical standards and commentaries for port
and harbor facilities were issued in 1979, and published by the Japan Port and Harbour Association for
general use. The technical standards were prepared by a technical committee composed of government
engineers within the former Ministry of Transport, including members of the Port and Harbour Research
Institute and several District Port Construction Bureaus that were responsible for design and construction
in the field. Its English version was published by the Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute in
1980, but it introduced only the skeleton of the Japanese version without giving the details.
The Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbor Facilities in Japan have been revised
in 1988 and 1999, each time incorporating new technological developments. The present English
translation endeavors to introduce the newest edition of 1999 to the port and harbor engineers overseas. It
is a direct translation of essential parts of Japanese edition. Many phrases and expressions reflect the
customary, regulatory writings in Japanese, which are often awkward in English. Some sentences after
translation may not be fluent enough and give troubles for decipher. The editors in charge of translation
request the readers for patience and generosity in their efforts for understanding Japanese technology in
port and harbor engineering.
With the globalization in every aspect of human activities, indigenous practices and customs are forced
to comply with the world standards. Technology by definition is supposed to be universal. Nevertheless,
each country has developed its own specialty to suit its local conditions. The overseas readers may find
some of Japanese technical standards strange and difficult for adoption for their usage. Such conflicts in

technology are the starting points for mutual understanding and further developments in the future. The
editors wish wholeheartedly this English version of Japanese technical standards be welcomed by the
overseas colleagues and serve for the advancement of port and harbor technology in the world.
January 2002
Y. Goda, T. Tabata and S. Yamamoto
Editors for translation version
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
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CONTENTS
-iii-
CONTENTS
Preface
Part I General
Chapter 1 General Rules
1
1.1 Scope of Application
1
1.2 Definitions
2
1.3 Usage of SI Units
2
Chapter 2 Datum Level for Construction Work
4
Chapter 3 Maintenance
5
Part II Design Conditions
Chapter 1 General
7
Chapter 2 Vessels
9

2.1 Dimensions of Target Vessel
9
2.2 External Forces Generated by Vessels
16
2.2.1 General 16
2.2.2 Berthing 16
[1] Berthing Energy 16
[2] Berthing Velocity 17
[3] Eccentricity Factor 20
[4] Virtual Mass Factor 21
2.2.3 Moored Vessels 22
[1] Motions of Moored Vessel 22
[2] Waves Acting on Vessel 22
[3] Wind Load Acting on Vessel 23
[4] Current Forces Acting on Vessel 24
[5] Load-Deflection Characteristics of Mooring System 25
2.2.4 Tractive Force Acting on Mooring Post and Bollard 25
Chapter 3 Wind and Wind Pressure
28
3.1 General
28
3.2 Wind
29
3.3 Wind Pressure
30
Chapter 4 Waves
32
4.1 General
32
4.1.1 Procedure for Determining the Waves Used in Design 32

4.1.2 Waves to Be Used in Design 32
4.1.3 Properties of Waves 33
[1] Fundamental Properties of Waves 33
[2] Statistical Properties of Waves 37
[3] Wave Spectrum 38
4.2 Method of Determining Wave Conditions to Be Used in Design
40
4.2.1 Principles for Determining the Deepwater Waves Used in Design 40
4.2.2 Procedure for Obtaining the Parameters of Design Waves 41
4.3 Wave Hindcasting
42
4.3.1 General 42
4.3.2 Wave Hindcasting in Generating Area 42
4.3.3 Swell Hindcasting 46
4.4 Statistical Processing of Wave Observation and Hindcasted Data
47
4.5 Transformations of Waves
49
4.5.1 General 49
4.5.2 Wave Refraction 49
4.5.3 Wave Diffraction 52
[1] Diffraction 52
[2] Combination of Diffraction and Refraction 69
4.5.4 Wave Reflection 70
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
-iv-
[1] General 70
[2] Reflection Coefficient 71
[3] Transformation of Waves at Concave Corners, near the Heads of Breakwaters,
and around Detached Breakwaters 72

4.5.5 Wave Shoaling 74
4.5.6 Wave Breaking 75
4.6 Wave Runup, Overtopping, and Transmission
80
4.6.1 Wave Runup 80
4.6.2 Wave Overtopping 84
4.6.3 Wave Transmission 90
4.7 Wave Setup and Surf Beat
91
4.7.1 Wave Setup 91
4.7.2 Surf Beat 92
4.8 Long-Period Waves and Seiche
93
4.9 Waves inside Harbors
94
4.9.1 Calmness and Disturbances 94
4.9.2 Evaluation of Harbor Calmness 94
4.10 Ship Waves
94
Chapter 5 Wave Force
100
5.1 General
100
5.2 Wave Force Acting on Upright Wall
100
5.2.1 General Considerations 100
5.2.2 Wave Forces of Standing and Breaking Waves 101
[1] Wave Force under Wave Crest 101
[2] Wave Force under Wave Trough 105
5.2.3 Impulsive Pressure Due to Breaking Waves 106

5.2.4 Wave Force on Upright Wall Covered with Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks 109
5.2.5 Effect of Alignment of Breakwater on Wave Force 110
5.2.6 Effect of Abrupt Change in Water Depth on Wave Force 110
5.2.7 Wave Force on Upright Wall near Shoreline or on Shore 111
[1] Wave Force at the Seaward Side of Shoreline 111
[2] Wave Force at the Landward Side of Shoreline 111
5.2.8 Wave Force on Upright Wave-Absorbing Caisson 111
5.3 Mass of Armor Stones and Concrete Blocks
112
5.3.1 Armor Units on Slope 112
5.3.2 Armor Units on Foundation Mound of Composite Breakwater 117
5.4 Wave Forces Acting on Cylindrical Members and Large Isolated Structures
119
5.4.1 Wave Force on Cylindrical Members 119
5.4.2 Wave Force on Large Isolated Structure 121
5.5 Wave Force Acting on Structure Located near the Still Water Level
122
5.5.1 Uplift Acting on Horizontal Plate near the Still Water Level 122
Chapter 6 Tides and Abnormal Water Levels
127
6.1 Design Water Level
127
6.2 Astronomical Tide
128
6.3 Storm Surge
128
6.4 Tsunami
130
6.5 Seiche
133

6.6 Groundwater Level and Permeation
135
Chapter 7 Currents and Current Force
138
7.1 General
138
7.2 Current Forces Acting on Submerged Members and Structures
138
7.3 Mass of Armor Stones and Concrete Blocks against Currents
140
Chapter 8 External Forces Acting on Floating Body and Its Motions
142
8.1 General
142
8.2 External Forces Acting on Floating Body
143
8.3 Motions of Floating Body and Mooring Force
145
Chapter 9 Estuarine Hydraulics
148
9.1 General
148
Chapter 10 Littoral Drift
154
10.1 General
154
10.2 Scouring around Structures
161
10.3 Prediction of Beach Deformation
163

CONTENTS
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Chapter 11 Subsoil
167
11.1 Method of Determining Geotechnical Conditions
167
11.1.1 Principles 167
11.1.2 Selection of Soil Investigation Methods 168
11.1.3 Standard Penetration Test 168
11.2 Physical Properties of Soils
168
11.2.1 Unit Weight of Soil 168
11.2.2 Classification of Soils 169
11.2.3 Coefficient of Permeability of Soil 169
11.3 Mechanical Properties of Soils
170
11.3.1 Elastic Constants 170
11.3.2 Consolidation Properties 170
11.3.3 Shear Properties 173
11.4 Angle of Internal Friction by N-value
175
11.5 Application of Soundings Other Than SPT
176
11.6 Dynamic Properties of Soils
178
11.6.1 Dynamic Modulus of Deformation 178
11.6.2 Dynamic Strength Properties 180
Chapter 12 Earthquakes and Seismic Force
182
12.1 General

182
12.2 Earthquake Resistance of Port and Harbor Facilities in Design
182
12.3 Seismic Coefficient Method
184
12.4 Design Seismic Coefficient
184
12.5 Seismic Response Analysis
190
12.6 Seismic Deformation Method
192
Chapter 13 Liquefaction
195
13.1 General
195
13.2 Prediction of Liquefaction
195
13.3 Countermeasures against Liquefaction
199
Chapter 14 Earth Pressure and Water Pressure
200
14.1 Earth Pressure
200
14.2 Earth Pressure under Ordinary Conditions
200
14.2.1 Earth Pressure of Sandy Soil under Ordinary Conditions 200
14.2.2 Earth Pressure of Cohesive Soil under Ordinary Conditions 201
14.3 Earth Pressure during Earthquake
202
14.3.1 Earth Pressure of Sandy Soil during Earthquake 202

14.3.2 Earth Pressure of Cohesive Soil during Earthquake 204
14.3.3 Apparent Seismic Coefficient 204
14.4 Water Pressure
205
14.4.1 Residual Water Pressure 205
14.4.2 Dynamic Water Pressure during Earthquake 205
Chapter 15 Loads
207
15.1 General
207
15.2 Deadweight and Surcharge
207
15.3 Static Load
207
15.3.1 Static Load under Ordinary Conditions 207
15.3.2 Static Load during Earthquake 208
15.3.3 Unevenly Distributed Load 208
15.3.4 Snow Load 208
15.4 Live Load
209
15.4.1 Train Load 209
15.4.2 Vehicle Load 209
15.4.3 Cargo Handling Equipment Load 209
15.4.4 Sidewalk Live Load 209
Chapter 16 Coefficient of Friction
210
16.1 General
210
Part III Materials
Chapter 1 General

211
1.1 Selection of Materials
211
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
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1.2 Safety of Structural Elements
211
Chapter 2 Steel
212
2.1 Materials
212
2.2 Steel Meterial Constants Used in Design Calculation
212
2.3 Allowable Stresses
212
2.3.1 General 212
2.3.2 Structural Steel 212
2.3.3 Steel Piles and Steel Pipe Sheet Piles 213
2.3.4 Steel Sheet Piles 214
2.3.5 Cast Steel and Forged Steel 214
2.3.6 Allowable Stresses for Steel at Welded Zones and Spliced Sections 214
2.3.7 Increase of Allowable Stresses 215
2.4 Corrosion Control
216
2.4.1 General 216
2.4.2 Corrosion Rates of Steel Materials 216
2.4.3 Corrosion Control Methods 217
2.4.4 Cathodic Protection Method 217
[1] Range of Application 217
[2] Protective Potential 218

[3] Protective Current Density 219
2.4.5 Coating Method 220
[1] Extent of Application 220
[2] Applicable Methods 220
[3] Selection of Method 220
Chapter 3 Concrete
221
3.1 General
221
3.2 Basics of Design Based on the Limit State Design Method
221
3.3 Design Based on Allowable Stress Method
223
3.4 Concrete Materials
224
3.5 Concrete Quality and Performance
225
3.6 Underwater Concrete
227
Chapter 4 Bituminous Materials
228
4.1 General
228
4.2 Asphalt Mat
228
4.2.1 General 228
4.2.2 Materials 228
4.2.3 Mix Proportioning 229
4.3 Paving Materials
229

4.4 Sand Mastic Asphalt
229
4.4.1 General 229
4.4.2 Materials 230
4.4.3 Mix Proportioning 230
Chapter 5 Stone
231
5.1 General
231
5.2 Rubble for Foundation
231
5.3 Backfilling Materials
231
5.4 Base Course Materials of Pavement
232
Chapter 6 Timber
233
6.1 Quality of Timber
233
6.1.1 Structural Timber 233
6.1.2 Timber Piles 233
6.2 Allowable Stresses of Timber
233
6.2.1 General 233
6.2.2 Allowable Stresses of Structural Timber 233
6.3 Quality of Glued Laminated Timber
233
6.3.1 Allowable Stress for Glued Laminated Timber 233
6.4 Joining of Timber
233

6.5 Maintenance of Timber
233
Chapter 7 Other Materials
234
7.1 Metals Other Than Steel
234
7.2 Plastics and Rubbers
234
7.3 Coating Materials
236
CONTENTS
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7.4 Grouting Materials
237
7.4.1 General 237
7.4.2 Properties of Grouting Materials 237
Chapter 8 Recyclable Resources
238
8.1 General
238
8.2 Slag
238
8.3 Coal Ash
239
8.4 Crashed Concrete
240
Part IV Precast Concrete Units
Chapter 1 Caissons
241
1.1 General

241
1.2 Determination of Dimensions
242
1.3 Floating Stability
242
1.4 Design External Forces
243
1.4.1 Combination of Loads and Load Factors 243
1.4.2 External Forces during Fabrication 249
1.4.3 External Forces during Launching and Floating 249
1.4.4 External Forces during Installation 250
1.4.5 External Forces after Construction 250
[1] Outer Walls 250
[2] Bottom Slab 251
[3] Partition Walls and Others 253
1.5 Design of Members
254
1.5.1 Outer Wall 254
1.5.2 Partition Wall 254
1.5.3 Bottom Slab 254
1.5.4 Others 255
1.6 Design of Hooks for Suspension by Crane
255
Chapter 2 L-Shaped Blocks
256
2.1 General
256
2.2 Determination of Dimensions
256
2.3 Loads Acting on Members

257
2.3.1 General 257
2.3.2 Earth Pressure 258
2.3.3 Converted Loads for Design Calculation 258
2.4 Design of Members
259
2.4.1 Front Wall 259
2.4.2 Footing 259
2.4.3 Bottom Slab 259
2.4.4 Buttress 260
2.5 Design of Hooks for Suspension by Crane
260
Chapter 3 Cellular Blocks
261
3.1 General
261
3.2 Determination of Dimensions
261
3.2.1 Shape of Cellular Blocks 261
3.2.2 Determination of Dimensions 261
3.3 Loads Acting on Cellular Blocks
262
3.3.1 General 262
3.3.2 Earth Pressure of Filling and Residual Water Pressure 262
3.3.3 Converted Loads for Design Calculation 264
3.4 Design of Members
264
3.4.1 Rectangular Cellular Blocks 264
3.4.2 Other Types of Cellular Blocks 265
Chapter 4 Upright Wave-Absorbing Caissons

267
4.1 General
267
4.2 External Forces Acting on Members
267
4.3 Design of Members
269
Chapter 5 Hybrid Caissons
270
5.1 General
270
5.2 Determination of Dimensions
270
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
-viii-
5.3 Design External Forces
271
5.4 Design of Members
271
5.4.1 Section Force 271
5.4.2 Design of Composite Slabs 271
5.4.3 Design of SRC Members 271
5.4.4 Design of Partitions 271
5.4.5 Design of Corners and Joints 271
5.4.6 Safety against Fatigue Failure 272
5.5 Corrosion Control
272
Part V Foundations
Chapter 1 General
273

Chapter 2 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
274
2.1 General
274
2.2 Bearing Capacity of Foundation on Sandy Ground
274
2.3 Bearing Capacity of Foundation on Clayey Ground
275
2.4 Bearing Capacity of Multilayered Ground
276
2.5 Bearing Capacity for Eccentric and Inclined Loads
277
Chapter 3 Bearing Capacity of Deep Foundations
280
3.1 General
280
3.2 Vertical Bearing Capacity
280
3.3 Lateral Bearing Capacity
281
Chapter 4 Bearing Capacity of Pile Foundations
284
4.1 Allowable Axial Bearing Capacity of Piles
284
4.1.1 General 284
4.1.2 Standard Allowable Axial Bearing Capacity 284
4.1.3 Ultimate Axial Bearing Capacity of Single Piles 285
4.1.4 Estimation of Ultimate Axial Bearing Capacity by Loading Tests 285
4.1.5 Estimation of Ultimate Axial Bearing Capacity by Static Bearing Capacity Formulas 286
4.1.6 Examination of Compressive Stress of Pile Materials 288

4.1.7 Decrease of Bearing Capacity Due to Joints 288
4.1.8 Decrease of Bearing Capacity Due to Slenderness Ratio 288
4.1.9 Bearing Capacity of Pile Group 288
4.1.10 Examination of Negative Skin Friction 290
4.1.11 Examination of Settlement of Piles 291
4.2 Allowable Pulling Resistance of Piles
291
4.2.1 General 291
4.2.2 Standard Allowable Pulling Resistance 292
4.2.3 Maximum Pulling Resistance of Single Pile 292
4.2.4 Examination of Tensile Stress of Pile Materials 293
4.2.5 Matters to Be Considered for Obtaining Allowable Pulling Resistance of Piles 293
4.3 Allowable Lateral Bearing Capacity of Piles
293
4.3.1 General 293
4.3.2 Estimation of Allowable Lateral Bearing Capacity of Piles 295
4.3.3 Estimation of Pile Behavior Using Loading Tests 295
4.3.4 Estimation of Pile Behavior Using Analytical Methods 295
4.3.5 Consideration of Pile Group Action 301
4.3.6 Lateral Bearing Capacity of Coupled Piles 301
4.4 Pile Design in General
304
4.4.1 Load Sharing 304
4.4.2 Load Distribution 305
4.4.3 Distance between Centers of Piles 305
4.4.4 Allowable Stresses for Pile Materials 305
4.5 Detailed Design
306
4.5.1 Examination of Loads during Construction 306
4.5.2 Design of Joints between Piles and Structure 307

4.5.3 Joints of Piles 308
4.5.4 Change of Plate Thickness or Materials of Steel Pipe Piles 308
4.5.5 Other Points for Caution in Design 308
Chapter 5 Settlement of Foundations
310
5.1 Stress in Soil Mass
310
5.2 Immediate Settlement
310
CONTENTS
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5.3 Consolidation Settlement
310
5.4 Lateral Displacement
312
5.5 Differential Settlements
312
Chapter 6 Stability of Slopes
314
6.1 General
314
6.2 Stability Analysis
315
6.2.1 Stability Analysis Using Circular Slip Surface Method 315
6.2.2 Stability Analysis Assuming Slip Surfaces Other Than Circular Arc Slip Surface 316
Chapter 7 Soil Improvement Methods
318
7.1 General
318
7.2 Replacement Method

318
7.3 Vertical Drain Method
318
7.3.1 Principle of Design 318
7.3.2 Determination of Height and Width of Fill 319
[1] Height and Width of Fill Required for Soil Improvement 319
[2] Height and Width of Fill Required for Stability of Fill Embankment 319
7.3.3 Design of Drain Piles 319
[1] Drain Piles and Sand Mat 319
[2] Interval of Drain Piles 320
7.4 Deep Mixing Method
322
7.4.1 Principle of Design 322
[1] Scope of Application 322
[2] Basic Concept 323
7.4.2 Assumptions for Dimensions of Stabilized Body 323
[1] Mixture Design of Stabilized Soil 323
[2] Allowable Stress of Stabilized Body 324
7.4.3 Calculation of External Forces 325
7.5 Lightweight Treated Soil Method
326
7.5.1 Outline of Lightweight Treated Soil Method 326
7.5.2 Basic Design Concept 326
7.5.3 Mixture Design of Treated Soil 327
7.5.4 Examination of Area to Be Treated 328
7.5.5 Workability Verification Tests 328
7.6 Replacement Method with Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
328
7.6.1 Principle of Design 328
7.6.2 Physical Properties of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag 328

7.7 Premixing Method
329
7.7.1 Principle of Design 329
[1] Scope of Application 329
[2] Consideration for Design 329
7.7.2 Preliminary Survey 329
7.7.3 Determination of Strength of Treated Soil 330
7.7.4 Mixture Design of Treated Soil 330
7.7.5 Examination of Area of Improvement 331
7.8 Active Earth Pressure of Solidified Geotechnical Materials
333
7.8.1 Scope of Application 333
7.8.2 Active Earth Pressure 333
[1] Outline 333
[2] Strength Parameters 334
[3] Calculation of Active Earth Pressure 334
[4] Case of Limited Area of Subsoil Improvement 335
7.9 Sand Compaction Pile Method (for Sandy Subsoil)
336
7.9.1 Principle of Design 336
7.9.2 Sand Volume to Be Supplied 336
7.9.3 Design Based on Trial Execution 338
7.10 Sand Compaction Pile Method (for Cohesive Subsoil)
339
7.10.1 Principle of Design 339
[1] Scope of Application 339
[2] Basic Concept 339
7.10.2 Strength and Permeability of Sand Piles 339
7.10.3 Shear Strength of Improved Subsoil 339
7.10.4 Stability Analysis 340

7.10.5 Examining Consolidation 341
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
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Part VI Navigation Channels and Basins
Chapter 1 General
345
Chapter 2 Navigation Channels
346
2.1 General
346
2.2 Alignment of Navigation Channel
346
2.3 Width of Navigation Channel
347
2.4 Depth of Navigation Channel
348
2.5 Length of Navigation Channel at Harbor Entrance
348
2.6 Calmness of Navigation Channel
348
Chapter 3 Navigation Channels outside Breakwaters
350
3.1 General
350
3.2 Width of Navigation Channel
350
3.3 Depth of Navigation Channel
350
Chapter 4 Basins
351

4.1 General
351
4.2 Location and Area of Basin
351
4.2.1 Location 351
4.2.2 Area of Basin Used for Anchorage or Mooring 351
4.2.3 Area of Basin Used for Ship Maneuvering 352
[1] Turning Basin 352
[2] Mooring / Unmooring Basin 353
4.3 Depth of Basin
353
4.4 Calmness of Basin
353
4.5 Timber Sorting Pond
354
Chapter 5 Small Craft Basins
355
Chapter 6 Maintenance of Navigation Channels and Basins
355
6.1 General
355
Part VII Protective Facilities for Harbors
Chapter 1 General
357
1.1 General Consideration
357
1.2 Maintenance
357
Chapter 2 Breakwaters
358

2.1 General
358
2.2 Layout of Breakwaters
358
2.3 Design Conditions of Breakwaters
359
2.4 Selection of Structural Types
359
2.5 Determination of Cross Section
362
2.5.1 Upright Breakwater 362
2.5.2 Composite Breakwater 363
2.5.3 Sloping Breakwater 363
2.5.4 Caisson Type Breakwater Covered with Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks 364
2.6 External Forces for Stability Calculation
364
2.6.1 General 364
2.6.2 Wave Forces 365
2.6.3 Hydrostatic Pressure 365
2.6.4 Buoyancy 365
2.6.5 Deadweight 365
2.6.6 Stability during Earthuakes 365
2.7 Stability Calculation
365
2.7.1 Stability Calculation of Upright Section 365
2.7.2 Stability Calculation of Sloping Section 369
2.7.3 Stability Calculation of Whole Section 369
2.7.4 Stability Calculation for Head and Corner of Breakwater 369
2.8 Details of Structures
370

2.8.1 Upright Breakwater 370
2.8.2 Composite Breakwater 371
2.8.3 Sloping Breakwater 372
CONTENTS
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2.8.4 Caisson Type Breakwater Covered with Wave-Dissipating Concrete Blocks 372
2.9 Detailed Design of Upright Section
372
2.10 Breakwaters for Timber-Handling Facilities
372
2.10.1 Breakwaters for Timber Storage Ponds and Timber Sorting Ponds 372
2.10.2 Fences to Prevent Timber Drifting 373
2.11 Storm Surge Protection Breakwater
373
2.12 Tsunami Protection Breakwater
373
Chapter 3 Other Types of Breakwaters
376
3.1 Selection of Structural Type
376
3.2 Gravity Type Special Breakwaters
377
3.2.1 General 377
3.2.2 Upright Wave-Absorbing Block Breakwater 378
[1] General 378
[2] Crest Elevation 378
[3] Wave Force 379
3.2.3 Wave-Absorbing Caisson Breakwater 379
[1] General 379
[2] Determination of Target Waves to Be Absorbed 380

[3] Determination of Dimensions for Wave-Absorbing Section 380
[4] Wave Force for Examination of Structural Stability 380
[5] Wave Force for Design of Structural Members 380
3.2.4 Sloping-Top Caisson Breakwater 380
[1] General 380
[2] Wave Force 381
3.3 Non-Gravity Type Breakwaters
382
3.3.1 Curtain Wall Breakwater 382
[1] General 382
[2] Wave Force 384
[3] Design of Piles 384
3.3.2 Floating Breakwater 384
[1] General 384
[2] Selection of Design Conditions 385
[3] Design of Mooring System 385
[4] Design of Floating Body Structure 386
Chapter 4 Locks
388
4.1 Selection of Location
388
4.2 Size and Layout of Lock
388
4.3 Selection of Structural Type
389
4.3.1 Gate 389
4.3.2 Lock Chamber 389
4.4 External Forces and Loads Acting on Lock
389
4.5 Pumping and Drainage System

389
4.6 Auxiliary Facilities
389
Chapter 5 Facilities to Prevent Shoaling and Siltation
390
5.1 General
390
5.2 Jetty
390
5.2.1 Layout of Jetty 390
5.2.2 Details of Jetty 391
5.3 Group of Groins
392
5.4 Training Jetties
392
5.4.1 Layout of Training Jetties 392
5.4.2 Water Depth at Tip of Training Jetty 393
5.4.3 Structure of Training Jetty 393
5.5 Facilities to Trap Littoral Transport and Sediment Flowing out of Rivers
393
5.6 Countermeasures against Wind-Blown Sand
394
5.6.1 General 394
5.6.2 Selection of Countermeasures 394
Chapter 6 Revetments
396
6.1 Principle of Design
396
6.2 Design Conditions
396

6.3 Structural Stability
398
6.4 Determination of Cross Section
398
6.5 Details
398
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
-xii-
Part VIII Mooring Facilities
Chapter 1 General
401
1.1 General Consideration
401
1.2 Maintenance of Mooring Facilities
401
Chapter 2 Dimensions of Mooring Facilities
402
2.1 Length and Water Depth of Berths
402
2.2 Crown Heights of Mooring Facilities
405
2.3 Ship Clearance for Mooring Facilities
405
2.4 Design Water Depth
405
2.5 Protection against Scouring
406
2.6 Ancillary Facilities
406
Chapter 3 Structural Types of Mooring Facilities

407
Chapter 4 Gravity Type Quaywalls
408
4.1 Principle of Design
408
4.2 External Forces and Loads Acting on Walls
408
4.3 Stability Calculations
410
4.3.1 Items to Be Considered in Stability Calculations 410
4.3.2 Examination against Sliding of Wall 410
4.3.3 Examination Concerning Bearing Capacity of Foundation 411
4.3.4 Examination Concerning Overturning of Wall 411
4.3.5 Examination on Soft Foundation 411
4.4 Stability Calculations of Cellular Concrete Blocks
412
4.5 Effects of Backfill
413
4.6 Detailed Design
414
Chapter 5 Sheet Pile Quaywalls
415
5.1 General
415
5.2 External Forces Acting on Sheet Pile Wall
415
5.2.1 External Forces to Be Considered 415
5.3 Design of Sheet Pile Wall
417
5.3.1 Setting Level of Tie Rod 417

5.3.2 Embedded Length of Sheet Piles 417
5.3.3 Bending Moment of Sheet Piles and Reaction at Tie Rod Setting Point 418
5.3.4 Cross Section of Sheet Piles 419
5.3.5 Consideration of the Effect of Section Rigidity of Sheet Piles 419
5.4 Design of Tie Rods
424
5.4.1 Tension of Tie Rod 424
5.4.2 Cross Section of Tie Rod 424
5.5 Design of Wale
425
5.6 Examination for Circular Slip
425
5.7 Design of Anchorage Work
426
5.7.1 Selection of Structural Type of Anchorage Work 426
5.7.2 Location of Anchorage Work 426
5.7.3 Design of Anchorage Work 427
5.8 Detailed Design
428
5.8.1 Coping 428
5.8.2 Fitting of Tie Rods and Wale to Sheet Piles 429
5.8.3 Tie Rod 429
5.8.4 Fitting of Tie Rods to Anchorage Work 429
5.9 Special Notes for Design of Sheet Pile Wall on Soft Ground
429
Chapter 6 Sheet Pile Quaywalls with Relieving Platform
431
6.1 Scope of Application
431
6.2 Principles of Design

431
6.3 Determination of Height and Width of Relieving Platform
431
6.4 Earth Pressure and Residual Water Pressure Acting on Sheet Piles
432
6.5 Design of Sheet Pile Wall
432
6.5.1 Embedded Length of Sheet Piles 432
6.5.2 Cross Section of Sheet Piles 433
6.6 Design of Relieving Platform and Relieving Platform Piles
433
6.6.1 External Forces Acting on Relieving Platform 433
6.6.2 Design of Relieving Platform 433
6.6.3 Design of Piles 434
CONTENTS
-xiii-
6.7 Examination of Stability as Gravity Type Wall
434
6.8 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip
435
Chapter 7 Steel Sheet Pile Cellular-Bulkhead Quaywalls
436
7.1 Principle of Design
436
7.2 External Forces Acting on Steel Sheet Pile Cellular-Bulkhead Quaywall
437
7.3 Examination of Wall Width against Shear Deformation
438
7.3.1 General 438
7.3.2 Equivalent Width of Wall 439

7.3.3 Calculation of Deformation Moment 439
7.3.4 Calculation of Resisting Moment 440
7.4 Examination of Stability of Wall Body as a Whole
443
7.4.1 General 443
7.4.2 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction 443
7.4.3 Calculation of Subgrade Reaction and Wall Displacement 443
7.5 Examination of Bearing Capacity of the Ground
448
7.6 Examination against Sliding of Wall
448
7.7 Examination of Displacement of Wall Top
448
7.8 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip
449
7.9 Layout of Cells and Arcs
449
7.10 Calculation of Hoop Tension
449
7.11 Design of T-Shaped Sheet Pile
450
7.11.1 General 450
7.11.2 Structure of T-Shaped Sheet Pile 450
7.12 Detailed Design
451
7.12.1 Design of Pile to Support Coping 451
7.12.2 Design of Coping 451
Chapter 8 Steel Plate Cellular-Bulkhead Quaywalls
452
8.1 Scope of Application

452
8.2 Placement-Type Steel Plate Cellular-Bulkhead Quaywalls
452
8.2.1 Principle of Design 452
8.2.2 External Forces Acting on Steel Plate Cellular-Bulkhead 453
8.2.3 Examination of Wall Width against Shear Deformation 453
8.2.4 Examination of Stability of Wall Body as a Whole 454
8.2.5 Examination of Bearing Capacity of the Ground 455
8.2.6 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip 455
8.2.7 Determination of Thickness of Steel Plate of Cell Shell 455
8.2.8 Layout of Cells and Arcs 456
8.2.9 Detailed Design 456
8.3 Embedded-Type Steel Plate Cellular-Bulkhead Quaywalls
456
8.3.1 Principle of Design 456
8.3.2 External Forces Acting on Embedded-Type Steel Plate Celluler-Bulkhead 457
8.3.3 Examination of Wall Width against Shear Deformation 457
8.3.4 Examination of Stability of Wall Body as a Whole 458
8.3.5 Examination of Bearing Capacity of the Ground 458
8.3.6 Examination against Sliding of Wall 458
8.3.7 Examination of Displacement of Wall Top 458
8.3.8 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip 458
8.3.9 Layout of Cells and Arcs 458
8.3.10 Determination of Plate Thickness of Cell Shell and Arc Section 458
8.3.11 Joints and Stiffeners 459
8.3.12 Detailed Design 459
Chapter 9 Open-Type Wharves on Vertical Piles
460
9.1 Principle of Design
460

9.2 Layout and Dimensions
462
9.2.1 Size of Deck Block and Layout of Piles 462
9.2.2 Dimensions of Superstructure 462
9.2.3 Arrangement of Fenders and Bollards 463
9.3 External Forces Acting on Open-Type Wharf
463
9.3.1 Design External Forces 463
9.3.2 Calculation of Fender Reaction Force 464
9.4 Assumptions Concerning Sea Bottom Ground
464
9.4.1 Determination of Slope Inclination 464
9.4.2 Virtual Ground Surface 465
9.5 Design of Piles
465
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
-xiv-
9.5.1 General 465
9.5.2 Coefficient of Horizontal Subgrade Reaction 465
9.5.3 Virtual Fixed Point 466
9.5.4 Member Forces Acting on Individual Piles 466
9.5.5 Cross-Sectional Stresses of Piles 468
9.5.6 Examination of Embedded Length for Bearing Capacity 468
9.5.7 Examination of Embedded Length for Lateral Resistance 468
9.5.8 Examination of Pile Joints 468
9.5.9 Change of Plate Thickness or Material of Steel Pipe Pile 468
9.6 Examination of Earthquake-Resistant Performance
469
9.6.1 Assumption of Cross Section for Earthquake-Resistant Performance Examination 470
9.6.2 Examination Method of Earthquake-Resistant Performance 470

9.6.3 Determination of Seismic Motion for Examination of Earthquake-Resistant Performance 471
9.6.4 Examination of Load Carrying Capacity Using Simplified Method 473
9.6.5 Examination of Load Carrying Capacity Using Elasto-Plastic Analysis 475
9.7 Design of Earth-Retaining Section
477
9.8 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip
477
9.9 Detailed Design
478
9.9.1 Load Combinations for Superstructure Design 478
9.9.2 Calculation of Reinforcing Bar Arrangement of Superstructure 478
9.9.3 Design of Pile Head 478
Chapter 10 Open-Type Wharves on Coupled Raking Piles
480
10.1 Principle of Design
480
10.2 Layout and Dimensions
481
10.2.1 Size of Deck Block and Layout of Piles 481
10.2.2 Dimensions of Supersutructure 481
10.2.3 Arrangement of Fenders and Bollards 481
10.3 External Forces Acting on Open-Type Wharf on Coupled Raking Piles
481
10.3.1 Design External Forces 481
10.3.2 Calculation of Fender Reaction Force 481
10.4 Assumptions Concerning Sea Bottom Ground
481
10.4.1 Determination of Slope Inclination 481
10.4.2 Virtual Ground Surface 481
10.5 Determination of Forces Acting on Piles and Cross Sections of Piles

481
10.5.1 Horizontal Force Transmitted to Heads of Coupled Raking Piles 481
10.5.2 Vertical Load Transmitted to Heads of Coupled Raking Piles 483
10.5.3 Pushing-In and Pulling-Out Forces of Coupled Raking Piles 483
10.5.4 Cross-Sectional Stresses of Piles 483
10.6 Examination of Strength of Wharf in the Direction of Its Face Line
484
10.7 Embedded Length of Raking Pile
484
10.8 Design of Earth-Retaining Section
484
10.9 Examination of Stability against Circular Slip
484
10.10 Detailed Design
484
Chapter 11 Detached Pier
485
11.1 Scope of Application
485
11.2 Principle of Design
485
11.3 Design of Detached Pier
485
11.3.1 Layout and Dimensions 485
11.3.2 External Forces and Loads 485
11.3.3 Design of Piers 486
11.3.4 Design of Girder 486
11.4 Ancillary Equipment
486
11.5 Detailed Design

486
11.5.1 Superstructure 486
11.5.2 Gangways 486
Chapter 12 Floating Piers
487
12.1 Scope of Application
487
12.2 Principle of Design
488
12.3 Design of Pontoon
488
12.3.1 Dimensions of Pontoon 488
12.3.2 External Forces and Loads Acting on Pontoon 488
12.3.3 Stability of Pontoon 488
12.3.4 Design of Individual Parts of Pontoon 489
12.4 Design of Mooring System
490
CONTENTS
-xv-
12.4.1 Mooring Method 490
12.4.2 Design of Mooring Chain 490
[1] Design External Forces 490
[2] Setting of Chain 490
[3] Diameter of Chain 490
12.4.3 Design of Mooring Anchor 492
[1] Design External Forces 492
[2] Design of Mooring Anchor 492
12.5 Design of Access Bridge and Gangway
492
12.5.1 Dimensions and Inclination 492

12.5.2 Design of Access Bridge and Gangway 493
12.5.3 Adjusting Tower 493
Chapter 13 Dolphins
494
13.1 Principle of Design
494
13.2 Layout
494
13.3 External Forces Acting on Dolphins
495
13.4 Pile Type Dolphins
495
13.5 Steel Cellular-Bulkhead Type Dolphins
495
13.6 Caisson Type Dolphins
496
Chapter 14 Slipways and Shallow Draft Quays
497
14.1 Slipways
497
14.1.1 Principle of Design 497
14.1.2 Location of Slipway 497
14.1.3 Dimensions of Individual Parts 497
[1] Elevations of Individual Parts 497
[2] Slipway Length and Background Space 498
[3] Water Depth 498
[4] Gradient of Slipway 498
[5] Basin Area 498
14.1.4 Front Wall and Pavement 499
[1] Front Wall 499

[2] Pavement 499
14.2 Shallow Draft Quay
499
Chapter 15 Air-Cushion Vehicle Landing Facilities
500
15.1 Principle of Design
500
15.2 Location
501
15.3 Air-Cushion Vehicle Landing Facilities
501
15.4 Dimensions of Individual Parts
501
Chapter 16 Mooring Buoys and Mooring Posts
502
16.1 Mooring Buoys
502
16.1.1 Principle of Design 502
16.1.2 Tractive Force Acting on Mooring Buoy 503
16.1.3 Design of Individual Parts of Mooring Buoy 504
[1] Mooring Anchor 504
[2] Sinker and Sinker Chain 504
[3] Ground Chain 505
[4] Main Chain 506
[5] Floating Body 507
16.2 Mooring Posts
507
Chapter 17 Other Types of Mooring Facilities
508
17.1 Quaywall of Wave-Absorbing Type

508
17.1.1 Principle of Design 508
17.1.2 Determination of Structural Form 508
17.2 Cantilever Sheet Pile Quaywall
509
17.2.1 Principle of Design 509
17.2.2 External Forces Acting on Sheet Pile Wall 510
17.2.3 Determination of Cross Section of Sheet Piles 511
17.2.4 Determination of Embedded Length of Sheet Piles 511
17.2.5 Examination of Displacement of Sheet Pile Crown 511
17.2.6 External Forces during Construction 512
17.2.7 Detailed Design 512
17.3 Sheet Pile Quaywall with Batter Anchor Piles
512
17.3.1 Principle of Design 512
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
-xvi-
17.3.2 External Forces Acting on Sheet Pile Wall with Batter Anchor Piles 513
17.3.3 Calculation of Horizontal and Vertical Forces Acting on Connecting Point 513
17.3.4 Determination of Cross Sections of Sheet Pile and Batter Anchor Pile 513
17.3.5 Determination of Embedded Lengths of Sheet Pile and Batter Anchor Pile 513
17.3.6 Detailed Design 513
17.4 Sheet Pile Quaywall with Batter Piles in Front
514
17.4.1 Principle of Design 514
17.4.2 Layout and Dimensions 515
17.4.3 Design of Sheet Pile Wall 515
17.4.4 Design of Open-Type Superstructure 515
17.4.5 Embedded Length 516
17.4.6 Detailed Design 516

17.5 Double Sheet Pile Quaywall
516
17.5.1 Principle of Design 516
17.5.2 External Forces Acting on Double Sheet Pile Quaywall 517
17.5.3 Design of Double Sheet Pile Quaywall 517
Chapter 18 Transitional Parts of Quaywalls
519
18.1 Principle of Design
519
18.2 Transitional Part Where Frontal Water Depth Varies
519
18.3 Transitional Part Where Quaywalls of Different Type Are Connected
519
18.4 Outward Projecting Corner
519
Chapter 19 Ancillary Facilities
520
19.1 General
520
19.2 Mooring Equipment
520
19.3 Mooring Posts, Bollards, and Mooring Rings
520
19.3.1 General 520
19.3.2 Arrangement of Mooring Posts, Bollards and Mooring Rings 521
19.3.3 Tractive Force of Vessel 521
19.3.4 Structure 522
19.4 Fender System
522
19.4.1 General 522

19.4.2 Arrangement of Fenders 523
19.4.3 Berthing Energy of Vessel 523
19.4.4 Selection of Fender 523
19.5 Safety Facilities
525
19.5.1 General 525
19.5.2 Skirt Guard 525
19.5.3 Fence and Rope 525
19.5.4 Signs or Notices 525
19.5.5 Curbing 525
19.5.6 Fire Fighting Equipment and Alarm Systems 525
19.6 Service Facilities
525
19.6.1 General 525
19.6.2 Lighting Facilities 525
19.6.3 Facilities for Passenger Embarkation and Disembarkation 525
19.6.4 Vehicle Ramp 526
19.6.5 Water Supply Facilities 526
19.6.6 Drainage Facilities 526
19.6.7 Fueling and Electric Power Supply Facilities 526
19.6.8 Signs or Notices 527
19.7 Stairways and Ladders
527
19.8 Lifesaving Facilities
527
19.9 Curbing
527
19.10 Vehicle Ramp
527
19.11 Signs, Notices and Protective Fences

527
19.11.1 General 527
19.11.2 Provision of Signs 527
19.11.3 Types and Location of Signs 528
19.11.4 Position of Sign 528
19.11.5 Structure of Sign 529
19.11.6 Materials 530
19.11.7 Maintenance and Management 530
19.11.8 Protective Fences 530
19.11.9 Barricades 531
CONTENTS
-xvii-
19.12 Lighting Facilities
531
19.12.1 General 531
19.12.2 Standard Intensity of Illumination 531
[1] Definition 531
[2] Standard Intensity of Illumination for Outdoor Lighting 531
[3] Standard Intensity of Illumination for Indoor Lighting 532
19.12.3 Selection of Light Source 532
19.12.4 Selection of Lighting Equipment 534
[1] Outdoor Lighting 534
[2] Indoor Lighting 534
19.12.5 Design of Lighting 535
19.12.6 Maintenance and Management 537
[1] Inspections 537
[2] Cleaning and Repair 538
Chapter 20 Aprons
540
20.1 Principle of Design

540
20.2 Type of Apron
540
20.2.1 Width 540
20.2.2 Gradient 540
20.2.3 Type of Pavement 540
20.3 Countermeasures against Settlement of Apron
540
20.4 Load Conditions
541
20.5 Design of Concrete Pavement
541
20.5.1 Design Conditions 541
20.5.2 Composition of Pavement 542
20.5.3 Joints 545
20.5.4 Tie-Bar and Slip-Bar 547
20.5.5 End Protection 547
20.6 Design of Asphalt Pavement
547
20.6.1 Design Conditions 547
20.6.2 Composition of Pavement 548
20.6.3 End Protection 551
20.7 Design of Concrete Block Pavement
551
20.7.1 Design Conditions 551
20.7.2 Composition of Pavement 552
20.7.3 Joints 553
Chapter 21 Foundation for Cargo Handling Equipment
554
21.1 Principle of Design

554
21.2 External Forces Acting on Foundation
554
21.3 Design of Foundation with Piles
555
21.3.1 Concrete Beam 555
21.3.2 Bearing Capacity of Piles 555
21.4 Design of Foundation without Piles
556
21.4.1 Examination of Effects on Wharf 556
21.4.2 Concrete Beam 556
Part IX Other Port Facilities
Chapter 1 Port Traffic Facilities
559
1.1 General
559
1.1.1 Scope of Application 559
1.1.2 Operation and Maintenance of Facilities for Land Traffic 559
1.2 Roads
559
1.2.1 General 559
1.2.2 Design Vehicles 559
1.2.3 Roadways and Lanes 559
1.2.4 Clearance Limit 560
1.2.5 Widening of Roads at Bends 561
1.2.6 Longitudinal Slope 561
1.2.7 Level Crossings 562
1.2.8 Pavement 562
1.2.9 Signs 563
1.3 Car Parks

564
1.3.1 General 564
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
-xviii-
1.3.2 Size and Location 564
1.4 Railways
567
1.5 Heliports
567
1.6 Tunnels
567
1.6.1 General 567
1.6.2 Principle of Planning and Design 567
1.6.3 Depth of Immersion 568
1.6.4 Structure and Length of Immersed Tunnel Elements 568
1.6.5 Ventilation Towers 568
1.6.6 Access Roads 569
1.6.7 Calculation of Stability of Immersed Tunnel Section 569
1.6.8 Design of Immersed Tunnel Elements 569
1.6.9 Joints 570
1.6.10 Control and Operation Facilities 570
1.7 Bridges
570
1.7.1 General 570
1.7.2 Design Requirements 570
1.7.3 Structural Durability 571
1.7.4 Fender System 571
Chapter 2 Cargo Sorting Facilities
573
2.1 General

573
2.2 Cargo Sorting Areas
573
2.3 Quay Sheds
573
2.4 Cargo Handling Equipment
573
2.4.1 General 573
2.4.2 Oil Handling Equipment 574
2.4.3 Operation and Maintenance of Cargo Handling Equipment 574
2.5 Timber Sorting Areas
574
2.6 Sorting Facilities for Marine Products
575
2.7 Sorting Facilities for Hazardous Cargo
575
Chapter 3 Storage Facilities
576
3.1 General
576
3.2 Yards for Dangerous Cargo and Oil Storage Facilities
576
3.3 Other Storage Facilities
576
Chapter 4 Facilities for Ship Services
577
4.1 General
577
4.2 Water Supply Facilities
577

Chapter 5 Facilities for Passenger
578
5.1 Facilities for Passenger Boarding
578
5.1.1 General 578
5.1.2 Structural Types 578
5.1.3 Design of Facilities for Passenger Boarding 578
5.1.4 Ancillary Facilities 578
5.2 Passenger Building
579
5.2.1 General 579
5.2.2 Design of Passenger Buildings 579
5.2.3 Ancillary Facilities 579
Part X Special Purpose Wharves
Chapter 1 Container Terminals
581
1.1 Principle of Design
581
1.2 Design of Mooring Facilities
582
1.2.1 Length and Water Depth of Berths 582
1.2.2 Mooring Equipment 582
1.2.3 Fender System 583
1.3 Design of Land Facilities
583
1.3.1 Apron 583
1.3.2 Container Cranes 583
1.3.3 Container Yard 583
1.3.4 Container Freight Station 583
1.3.5 Maintenance Shop 583

CONTENTS
-xix-
1.3.6 Administration Building 583
1.3.7 Gates 583
1.3.8 Ancillary Facilities 583
Chapter 2 Ferry Terminals
584
2.1 Principle of Design
584
2.2 Design of Mooring Facilities
585
2.2.1 Length and Water Depth of Berths 585
2.2.2 Mooring Equipment 585
2.2.3 Fender System 586
2.2.4 Protection Works against Scouring 586
2.3 Design of Vehicle Ramp
586
2.3.1 Width, Length, Gradient, and Radius of Curvature 586
2.3.2 Ancillary Facilities and Signs 586
2.3.3 Design of Moving Parts 586
2.4 Facilities for Passenger Boarding
586
2.4.1 Width, Length, Gradient, and Ancillary Facilities 587
2.4.2 Design of Moving Parts 587
2.5 Design of Other Facilities
587
2.5.1 Roads 587
2.5.2 Passageways 587
2.5.3 Car Parks 587
2.5.4 Passenger Terminals 588

2.5.5 Safety Equipment 588
Part XI Marinas
Chapter 1 Introduction
589
Chapter 2 Main Dimensions of Target Boats
590
Chapter 3 Navigation Channels and Basins
591
3.1 General
591
3.2 Navigation Channels
591
3.3 Mooring Basins
591
Chapter 4 Protective Facilities
592
Chapter 5 Mooring Facilities
593
5.1 General
593
5.2 Design Conditions for Mooring Facilities
593
5.3 Floating Piers
595
5.3.1 General 595
5.3.2 Structure 595
5.3.3 Examination of Safety 595
5.3.4 Structural Design 596
5.3.5 Mooring Method 596
5.3.6 Access Bridges 596

5.4 Ancillary Facilities
597
5.5 Lifting / Lowering Frame Facilities
597
Chapter 6 Facilities for Ship Services
598
6.1 General
598
6.2 Land Storage Facilities
598
Chapter 7 Land Traffic Facilities
599
INDEX
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
-xx-
Part I General