CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BRAIN AND LANGUAGE pdf

CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
BRAIN AND
LANGUAGE
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CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
BRAIN AND
LANGUAGE
VOLUME EDITOR
PROFESSOR HARRY A. WHITAKER
Northern Michigan University
Marquette, MI
USA
Elsevier Ltd., The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
© 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
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Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department in Oxford, UK:
phone (+44) 1865 843830; fax (+44) 1865 853333; e-mail
Requests may also be completed online via the homepage
( />Material in this work originally appeared in:
Encyclopedia of Gerontology, Ed. J. E. Birren, Elsevier Inc, 2007.
Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd Edition), Ed. K. Brown, Elsevier Ltd, 2006.
Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Ed. L. R. Squire, Elsevier Ltd, 2009.
Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, Ed. M. J. Aminoff and R. B. Daroff, Elsevier Ltd, 2003.
Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language, Ed. B. Stemmer and H. A. Whitaker, Elsevier Ltd, 2008.
First edition 2010
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009937313
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-08-096498-0
101112131410987654321
This book is printed on acid-free paper
Printed and bound in the UK
THE EDITOR
Harry Whitaker lives in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, where he is Professor of
Psychology at Northern Michigan University. He earned a PhD from UCLA in 1969,
subsequently held an NIH post-doctoral fellowship in Neurology and Speech
Pathology at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (1971–1972) and two NINCDS
post-doctoral fellowships in Neurosurgery at the University of Washi ngton School of
Medicine, Seattle (1976–1977 and 1994–1995). In 2004 he was the Distinguished
Visiting Professor in the Department of Ps ychological and Brain Sciences, University
of Louisville. Whitaker founded the journal, Brain and Language in 1974 and was
editor-in-chief until 2004; he founded the journal Brain and Cognition in 1982 and was
editor-in-chief until 2002. He was elected fellow of the American Psychological
Association, Division 6, Physiological and Comparative in 1986, and Division 26,
History of Psychology, in 1997. Whitaker is a founding member and past-president of
the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences and a member of the
Memory Dis orders Research Society. Since 1965 he has published over 115 re search ar ticles and book cha pters in such
journals as Science, Neuropsychologia, Developmental Neuropsychology, Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology & Behavioral Neurology,
Archives of Neurology, Nature, Brain, Cortex, and The Journal of Irreproducible Results. He has edite d or co-edited 16 books, most
recently Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in 18th Century Neuroscience, Springer (2007), Handbook of the Neuroscience of
Language, Elsevier (2008), and Concise Encylopedia of Brain and Language, Elsevier (2009).
v
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COORDINATING EDITORS
James E. Bir ren Ed. Encyclopedia of Gerontology, Elsevier Inc, 2007.
Keith Brown Ed. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd Edition), Elsevier Ltd, 2006.
Larry R. Squire Ed. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Elsevier Ltd, 2009.
Michael J. Aminoff Ed. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, Elsevier Ltd, 2003.

Robert B. Daroff Ed. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, Elsevier Ltd, 2003.
Brigitte Stemmer Ed. Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language, Elsevier Ltd, 2008.
vii
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CONTENTS
Contents ix–xiii
Subject Classification xv–xvii
Introduction xix–xx
Contributors xxi–xxiv
List of Abbreviations xxv–xxix
A
Agnosia D Tranel and N L Denburg 1
Agrammatism I, Process Approaches H Kolk 3
Agrammatism II, Linguistic Approaches A Beretta 9
Agrammatism G Miceli 14
Agraphia S W Anderson, D Tranel, and N L Denburg 17
Alzheimer’s Disease M D Greicius, H J Rosen, and B L Miller 19
Amnesia, Functional M Kritchevsky 23
Amnesia, Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory L R Squire, P J Bayley, and C N Smith 30
Amusia C E Hou 35
Anatomical Asymmetries Versus Variability of Language Areas of the Brain O Selnes and H A Whitaker 37
Angular Gyrus Syndrome A Boxer 40
Anomia A Kertesz 42
Anosognosia R P Friedland 46
Aphasia, Sudden and Progressive M -M Mesulam 49
Apraxia, Handedness and Language Laterality O Selnes 54
Apraxia, Sensory System L J Buxbaum and H B Coslett 57
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) S P Hinshaw 63
Auditory Cortex Structure and Circuitry D Barbour 66
Autism and Asperger Syndrome, A Spectrum of Disability H Cohen and S Re

´
millard 72
B
Balint’s Syndrome R A Short and N R Graff-Radford 77
Behavior, Neural Basis of M Benoit and P H Robert 79
ix
Behavior, Neuropathology of G Tong and J Corey-Bloom 84
Bilingualism and Aphasia P C M Wong 88
Brain Asymmetry, Evolution A W Toga, K L Narr, P M Thompson, and E Luders 92
Brain Damage, Functional Reorganization J Grafman, R Zahn, and E Wassermann 100
C
Category-Specific Knowledge B Z Mahon and A Caramazza 105
Cerebellum, Clinical Pathology M Molinari and M G Leggio 110
Classical Tests for Speech and Language Disorders J Macoir, A Sylvestre, and Y Turgeon 115
Cognition in Aging and Age-Related Disease E A Kensinger 122
Cognition, An Overview of Neuroimaging Techniques S A Bunge and I Kahn 128
Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia D S Manoach 132
Cognitive Impairment D T Stuss 140
Consciousness, Neural Basis of Conscious Experience B Libet 143
D
Deafness J E Hawkins 149
Delirium and Language Y Turgeon 153
Dementia and Language J Macoir and Y Turgeon 156
Dichotic Listening Studies of Brain Asymmetry K Hugdahl 162
Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging A E Hillis 168
Direct Electrical Stimulation of Language Cortex B Gordon and K Ledoux 171
Dyslexia and Dysgraphia, Developmental V Molfese, D Molfese, A Molnar, and J Beswick 179
Dyslexia, Neurodevelopmental Basis G F Eden and D L Flowers 184
E
Event-Related Potentials in the Study of Language K Steinhauer and J F Connolly 191

F
Fluency and Voice, Disorders of D B Rosenfield 205
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Research on Language U Hasson and S L Small 212
H
Handedness and Cerebral Laterality D H Geschwind and E Crabtree 221
Hemispheric Specialization and Cognition M T Banich 224
x Contents
I
Imaging Brain Lateralization B Stemmer 231
Imaging Brain Lateralization, Words, Sentences, and Influencing Factors in Healthy, Pathological,
and Special Populations B Stemmer 235
Intelligence A L Powell 244
Interhemispheric Interaction in the Lateralized Brain J B Hellige 248
L
Landau Kleffner Syndrome M A Mikati, R M Kurdi, and A N Shamseddine 259
Language and Discourse S B Chapman and G Sparks 264
Language Development T H Mintz 266
Language Disorders, Aphasia H A Whitaker 272
Language Following Congenital Disorders (not SLI) R Leech and F Dick 279
Language in Aged Persons E A L Stine-Morrow and M C Shake 285
Language, Auditory Processes D Gow and D Caplan 290
Language, Cortical Processes D Caplan 296
Language, Learning Impairments J L Evans 299
Lateralization of Language across the Life Span M Hiscock and M Kinsbourne 305
Lexical Impairments Following Brain Injury R Casas and D Tranel 313
M
Memory Disorders A Fradera and M D Kopelman 317
Memory, Autobiographical E Svoboda and B Levine 326
Memory, Episodic J H Kramer 329
Memory, Explicit/Implicit B J Cherry 332

Memory, Semantic A Martin 334
Memory, Short Term and Working B R Postle and T Pasternak 340
Memory, Spatial L F Jacobs 346
Mental Retardation E H Sherr and D M Ferriero 351
Mental Status Testing K P Rankin 354
Morphology, Disorders of G Jarema and G Libben 358
N
Neuropragmatics, Disorders and Neural Systems B Stemmer 367
Neuropsychological Testing D C Delis 379
P
Parkinson’s Disease and Language A I Tro¨ ster 389
PET Research of Language B Horwitz and R J S Wise 392
Contents xi
Phonological Impairments, Sublexical H W Buckingham and S S Christman 401
Phonological, Lexical, Syntactic, and Semantic Disorders in Children D L Molfese, M J Maguire,
V J Molfese, N Pratt, E D Ratajczak, L E Fentress, and P J Molfese 409
Phonology L Phengrasamy and B Miller 418
Primary Progressive Aphasia in Nondementing Adults O Selnes and M Harciarek 420
Procedural Learning in Humans K Foerde and R A Poldrack 423
Proper and Common Names, Impairments C Semenza 430
Prosopagnosia M J Farah and T E Feinberg 434
R
Reading and Acquired Dyslexia H B Coslett 437
Recovery of Language after Stroke or Trauma in Adults S S Christman and F R Boutsen 439
Remediation of Language Disorders in Adults L R Cherney 451
S
Sensory Aging, Hearing M K Pichora-Fuller and E MacDonald 455
Sentence Comprehension M C MacDonald and R S Sussman 460
Sentence Production V S Ferreira 466
Sign Language, Disorders of A Okrent 472

Speech Disorders, Overview S Hari and B L Miller 476
Speech Impairments in Neurodegenerative Diseases/Psychiatric Illnesses A Wisniecki, M Cannizzaro,
H Cohen, and P J Snyder 477
Speech Processes in Dysarthria F R Boutsen 482
Speech Production, Adult S M Barlow and S Stumm 485
Sturge–Weber–Dimitri Syndrome and Language SRe
´
millard and H Cohen 493
Synesthesia and Language J Ward and R Cytowic 495
T
The Intracarotid Amobarbital Test (Wada Test) and Complementary Procedures to Evaluate Language
Before Epilepsy Surgery A I Tro¨ ster and K R Mohn 501
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) as a Tool for Studying Language K E Watkins
and J T Devlin 509
Transient Global Amnesia B L Miller, K Lee, and H A Miller 518
Turner’s Syndrome J Ross 520
V
Visual Associative Memory H M Kimura, K Nakahara, and Y Miyashita 523
xii Contents
W
Word Learning J Snedeker 533
Word Production R J Hartsuiker and G Vigliocco 538
Word Recognition J Zevin 545
Written Language, Acquired Impairments of C Luzzatti and H A Whitaker 550
Index 559
Contents xiii
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SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION
Note that entries highlighted in bold are used for
classification purposes only and do not cross-reference content articles.

[1] Imaging Language in Brain
(a) Overview
Cognition, An Overview of Neuroimaging Techniques,
S A Bunge, I Kahn
(b) Techniques and Results
Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging, A E Hillis
Direct Electrical Stimulation of Language Cortex, B Gordon,
K Ledoux
Event-Related Potentials in the Study of Language,
K Steinhauer, J F Connolly
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Research on
Language, U Hasson, S L Small
The Intracarotid Amobarbital Test (Wada Test) and
Complementar y Procedures to Evaluate Language Before Epilepsy
Surgery,AITro¨ster, K R Mohn
PET Research of Language, B Horwitz, R J S Wise
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) as a Tool for
Studying Language, K E Watkins, J T Devlin
[2] Language Lateralization – Hemispheric
Asymmetries
Apraxia, Handedness and Language Laterality, O Selnes
Anatomical Asymmetries Versus Variability of Language Areas of
the Brain, O Selnes, H A Whitaker
Brain Asymmetry, Evolution, A W Toga, K L Narr,
P M Thompson, E Luders
Dichotic Listening Studies of Brain Asymmetry, K Hugdahl
Handedness and Cerebral Laterality, D H Geschwind,
E Crabtree
Hemispheric Specialization and Cognition, M T Banich
Imaging Brain Lateralization, B Stemmer

Imaging Brain Lateralization’ Words, Sentences, and Influencing
Factors in Healthy, Pathological, and Special Populations,
B Stemmer
Interhemispheric Interaction in the Lateralized Brain,JBHellige
Lateralization of Language across the Life Span, M Hiscock,
M Kinsbourne
[3] Language Disorders
(a) General
Aphasia, Sudden and Progressive, M -M Mesulam
Category-Specific Knowledge, B Z Mahon, A Caramazza
Language and Discourse, S Bond Chapman, G Sparks
Language, Auditory Processes, D Gow, D Caplan
Language, Cortical Processes, D Caplan
Language Disorders, Aphasia, H A Whitaker
Language, Learning Impairments, J L Evans
Neuropragmatics, Disorders and Neural Systems, B Stemmer
Phonological, Lexical, Syntactic, and Semantic Disorders in
Children, D L Molfese, M J Maguire, V J Molfese, N Pratt,
E D Ratajczak, L E Fentress, P J Molfese
Primary Progressive Aphasia in Nondementing Adults,
O Selnes, M Harciarek
Sign Language, disorders of, A Okrent
(b) Sentence – Semantic Levels
Agrammatism, G Miceli
Agrammatism I, Process Approaches, H Kolk
Agrammatism II, Linguistic Approaches, A Beretta
Sentence Comprehension, M C MacDonald, R S Sussman
Sentence Production, V S Ferreira
(c) Word Level
Anomia, A Kertesz

Lexical Impairments Following Brain Injury, R Casas,
D Tranel
Morphology, Disorders of, G Jarema, G Libben
Proper and Common Names, Impairments, C Semenza
Word Production, R J Hartsuiker, G Vigliocco
xv
(d) Phonology – Speech-le vels
Fluency and Voice, Disorders of, D B Rosenfield
Phonological Impairments, Sublexical, H W Buckingham,
S S Christman
Phonology, L Phengrasamy, B Miller
Speech Disorders, Overview, S Hari, B L Miller
Speech Impairments in Neurodegenerative Diseases/Psychiatric
Illnesses, A Wisniecki, M Cannizzaro, H Cohen,
P J Snyder
Speech Processes in Dysarthria, F R Boutsen
(e) Writing – Reading
Agraphia, S W Anderson, D Tranel, N L Denburg
Dyslexia and Dysgraphia, Developmental, V Molfese,
D Molfese, A Molnar, J Beswick
Dyslexia, Neurodevelopmental Basis, G F Eden,
D L Flowers
Reading and Acquired Dyslexia, H B Coslett
Written Language, Acquired Impairments of, C Luzzatti,
H A Whitaker
[4] Neurological Disorders and
Language
(a) Primarily Adult Focus
Agnosia, D Tranel, N L Denburg
Alzheimer’s Disease, M D Greicius, H J Rosen,

B L Miller
Amusia, C E Hou
Angular Gyrus Syndrome, A Boxer
Anosognosia, R P Friedland
Apraxia, Sensory System, L J Buxbaum, H B Coslett
Balint’s Syndrome, R A Short, N R Graff-Radford
Behavior, Neuropathology of, G Tong, J Corey-Bloom
Cerebellum, Clinical Pathology, M Molinari, M G Leggio
Cognition in Aging and Age-Related Disease, E A Kensinger
Cognitive Impairment, D T Stuss
Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia, D S Manoach
Delirium and Language, Y Turgeon
Dementia and Language, J Macoir, Y Turgeon
Parkinson’s Disease and Language,AITro¨ster
Prosopagnosia, M J Farah, T E Feinberg
Synesthesia and Language, J Ward, R Cytowic
(b) Primarily Child Focus
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),
S P Hinshaw
Autism and Asperger Syndrome, A Spectrum of Disability,
H Cohen, S Re
´
millard
Landau Kleffner Syndrome, M A Mikati, R M Kurdi,
A N Shamseddine
Language Following Congenital Disorders (not SLI), R Leech,
F Dick
Mental Retardation, E H Sherr, D M Ferriero
Sturge–Weber–Dimitri Syndrome and Language,SRe
´

millard,
H Cohen
Turner’s Syndrome, J Ross
[5] Auditory system
Auditory Cortex Structure and Circuitry, D Barbour
Deafness, J E Hawkins
Sensory Aging, Hearing, M K Pichora-Fuller, E MacDonald
[6] Testing-Assessment of Aphasia
Classical Tests for Speech and Language Disorders, J Macoir,
A Sylvestre, Y Turgeon
Mental Status Testing , K P Rankin
Neuropsychological Testing, D C Delis
[7] Treatment of Language and Cognitive
Disorders
Remediation of Language Disorders in Adults, L R Cherney
[8] Recovery from Aphasia and Brain
Damage
Brain Damage, Functional Reorganization, J Grafman, R Zahn,
E Wassermann
Recovery of Language after Stroke or Trauma in Adults,
S S Christman, F R Boutsen
[9] Psycholinguistic Principles
(a) General
Language Development, T H Mintz
(b) Speech
Speech Production, Adult, S M Barlow, S Stumm
Word Recognition, J Zevin
(c) Bilingualism
Bilingualism and Aphasia, P C M Wong
xvi Subject Classification

[10] Related Normal Processes
Behavior, Neural Basis of, M Benoit, P H Robert
Consciousness, Neural Basis of Conscious Experience, B Libet
Intelligence, A L Powell
Language in Aged Persons, E A L Stine-Morrow, M C Shake
[11] Memory and Memory Disorders
(a) Normal Memory Processes
Memory, Autobiographical, E Svoboda, B Levine
Memory, Episodic , J H Kramer
Memory, Explicit/Implicit, B J Cherry
Memory, Semantic, A Martin
Memory, Short Term and Working, B R Postle, T Pasternak
Memory, Spatial, L F Jacobs
Procedural Learning in Humans, K Foerde, R A Poldrack
Visual Associative Memory, H M Kimura, K Nakahara,
Y Miyashita
Word Learning, J Snedeker
(b) Memory Disorders
Amnesia, Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory, L R Squi re,
P J Bayley, C N Smith
Amnesia, Functional, M Kritchevsky
Memory Disorders, A Fradera, M D Kopelman
Transient Global Amnesia, B L Miller, K Lee,
H A Miller
Subject Classification xvii
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INTRODUCTION
The Concise Encyclopedia of Brain and Language gathers into one volume a selection of articles from the recently published
Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd Edition), the Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, the Encyclopedia of
Neuroscience,theEncyclopedia of Gerontology an d the Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language. The articles are broadly divided

into 11 topics, listed here and outlined in greater detail immediately below: (1) functional and structural brain imaging of
language, (2) hemispheric asymmetries and the lateralization of language, (3) disorders of language, (4) neurological
symptoms and their language sequelae, (5) the auditory system, (6) testing, the assessment of language disorders, (7) the
treatment and rehabilitation of persons with aphasia and cognitive disorders (8) recovery from aphasia and brain damage.
The remaining three divisions broaden the scope of this collection of papers: (9) the principles of psycholinguistic
analysis, essential for understanding language and language disorders, (10) normal brain processes that directly interact
with the language system and (11) memory and memory disorders, understood since the 19th century to be inextricably
bound up with language and language disorders.
In more detail, the first division of the Concise Encyclopedia of Brain and Language contains eight articles on imaging
language in the brain; there is one overview article reviewing techniques in general and techniques specific to cognitive
processing followed by seven articles covering all the major techniques used in language research: diffusion and perfusion
imaging, direct electrical brain stimulation of both the cortical surface and deep structures, event-related (evoked)
potentials, functional magnetic resonance imaging, the intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure, positron emission
tomography, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. The second division contains ten articles featuring brain hemi-
spheric asymmetries and the lateralization of language representation, approached from a variety of behavioral and
imaging techniques. Division three is the largest division, thirty two articles focusing on disorders of language. There are
eleven general articles that review a variety of issues such as primary progressive aphasia, the clinical categorization of
language disorders and the linguistic categorization of language disorders. There are sixteen articles which review
aphasia at the sentence and semantic levels, the word level and at the levels of phonology and speech. An additional five
articles deal specifically with disorders of reading, alexia, and writing, agraphia, in children and adults. The fourth
division of the encyclopedia reviews a broad selection of neurological symptoms and their language concomitants;
seventeen of these articles have an adult focus and seven of them a child focus. Among the neurological symptoms
discussed are amusia, apraxia, Alzheimer’s and other dementias, Balint’s syndrome, cerebellar disorders, Parkinson’s
disease, agnosia including prosopagnosia, synesthesia, delirium, the autism spectrum including Asperger’s syndrome
attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders, Landau- Kleffner syndrome, Turner’s syndrome and Sturge-Weber-Dimitri
syndrome. The three articles of the fifth divisi on discusses the structure and function of the normal and impaired
auditory system. The three articles in division six cover the procedures for testing language and cognitive functions; both
classic and modern tests are reviewed. Division seven reviews the remediation of language disorders in adults. Division
eight comprises two articles that review the problem of recovery from brain damage and functional recovery of language
after stroke or trauma. Division nine encompasses psycholinguistic principles for studying language and language

processing, in four articles. The four articles of division ten review a variety of normal processes that interact with
language: attention, emotion, consciousness and intelligence are highlighted in this section. The final division, eleven,
contains thirteen articles on memory and memory disorders. All the major aspects of memory processes are covered:
autobiographical, episodic, explicit and implicit, procedural, semantic, short term and working, spatial and visual-
associative memory. Two articles review varieties of amnesia and their relation to language.
Considering the Concise Encyclopedia of Brain and Language overall, the first eight divisions successfully represent
neurolinguistics as it is typically understood, providing the reader with a broad and up-to-date picture of the field. The
last three divisions, however, extend the coverage of brain and language to critical ancillary areas: memory, psycholin-
guistics and normal brain processes all of which interrelate with language. An adequate contemporary understanding of
xix
brain and language is simply not possible without appropriate knowledge of the nature of memory, the nature of normal
language processing and the brain correlates of normal cognitive functions.
Four aspects of researc h on brain and lang uage that are particularly emphasized in this collection are: (1) all linguistic
levels of language disorders are represented – phonological, syntactic, semantic, discour se and pragmatic, (2) thorough
discussion of the variety of neurological impairments and syndromes that have correlated effects on language, (3) broad
discussion of psycholinguistic processing at word and sentence levels, important for a proper, modern und erstanding of
aphasia, and, (4) a carefully selected discussion of normal brain functions that are invariably concomitant with language
processing, e.g. emotions, attention, memory, etc. The selection of articles on memory is particularly special to this
collection, representing all aspects of normal and disordered memory processes. One of the more rapidly changing areas
in modern cognitive neuroscience is brain imaging; both in techniques and analyses of imaging data, the selection of
articles in this collection is intended to ground the reader in the most commonly used brain imaging techniques, fMRI,
ERP, PET, TMS, etc. As well, these articles represent traditional, i.e. generally accepted, interpretations of imaging
language processes.
Thus, despite the dynamic nature of this area of brain and language research, the present selection will ground the
reader in this field, in preparation for understanding new discoveries and new analytic procedures as they evolve. Other
highlights of this encyclopedia include extensive coverage of the lateralization of language, brain imaging and language
disorders considered at all levels from the sound system to syntax, semantics, discourse and pragmatics. As well,
neurological disorders that typically manifest language disturbances in addition to the primary disease, e.g., the various
dementias, apraxia, agnosia and, of course, the schizophrenias, are given bal anced coverage. The Concise Encyclopedia of
Brain and Language thus furnishes the reader a uniquely broad coverage of key domains in modern cognitive neuroscience

of language.
Harry A. Whitaker
xx Introduction
CONTRIBUTORS
Contributor’s affiliations are those applicable at the time of submitting their original chapters.
S W Anderson
University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, IA, USA
M T Banich
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
D Barbour
Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis,
MO, USA
S M Barlow
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
P J Bayley
University of California at San Diego, San Diego,
CA, USA
M Benoit
A Beretta
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
J Beswick
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
F R Boutsen
The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center,
Oklahoma City, OK, USA
A Boxer
H W Buckingham
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
S A Bunge
University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

L J Buxbaum
Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute and Thomas
Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
M Cannizzaro
Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT,
USA and NeuroSolutions, Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada
D Caplan
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
A Caramazza
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
R Casas
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
S B Chapman
L R Cherney
Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
B J Cherry
S S Christman
The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center,
Oklahoma City, OK, USA
H Cohen
NeuroSolutions, Inc., and Universite
´
de Que
´
bec a
`
Montre
´
al, Montre
´

al, QC, Canada
J F Connolly
Universite
´
de Montre
´
al, Montre
´
al, QC, Canada
J Corey-Bloom
H B Coslett
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and
Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Philadelphia,
PA, USA
E Crabtree
R Cytowic
Washington, DC, USA
D C Delis
University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA;
and San Diego veterans Affairs Healthcare System,
San Diego, CA, USA
N L Denburg
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City,
IA, USA
J T Devlin
University College London, London, UK
xxi
F Dick
University of London, London, UK; and University of
California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

G F Eden
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington,
DC, USA
J L Evans
San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
M J Farah
T E Feinberg
L E Fentress
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
V S Ferreira
University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
D M Ferriero
D L Flowers
Wake Forest University School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, NC, USA
K Foerde
University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
A Fradera
King’s College London, London, UK
R P Friedland
D H Geschwind
B Gordon
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
D Gow
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
N R Graff-Radford
J Grafman
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,
Bethesda, MD, USA

M D Greicius
M Harciarek
University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
S Hari
R J Hartsuiker
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
U Hasson
The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
J E Hawkins
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
J B Hellige
Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
A E Hillis
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
S P Hinshaw
M Hiscock
University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
B Horwitz
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
C E Hou
K Hugdahl
University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
L F Jacobs
G Jarema
University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
I Kahn
Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA, USA
E A Kensinger
Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA

A Kertesz
H M Kimura
University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
M Kinsbourne
New School for Social Research, New York, NY, USA
H Kolk
University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
M D Kopelman
King’s College London, London, UK
J H Kramer
M Kritchevsky
San Diego VA Healthcare System, San Diego,
CA, USA
R M Kurdi
American University of Beirut, New York, NY, USA
K Ledoux
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, USA
K Lee
R Leech
University of London, London, UK
M G Leggio
University of Rome ‘La Sapienza,’ Rome, Italy
B Levine
G Libben
University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
B Libet
{
Davis, CA, USA

{
Deceased
xxii Contributors
E Luders
University of California at Los Angeles School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
C Luzzatti
Universita’ degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca,
Milan, Italy
E MacDonald
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
M C MacDonald
University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
J Macoir
Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
M J Maguire
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
B Z Mahon
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
D S Manoach
Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown,
MA, USA
A Martin
National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
M -M Mesulam
Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago,
IL, USA
G Miceli
M A Mikati
American University of Beirut, New York, NY, USA

B L Miller
H A Miller
T H Mintz
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Y Miyashita
University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
K R Mohn
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
D L Molfese
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
P J Molfese
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
V J Molfese
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
M Molinari
Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
A Molnar
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
K Nakahara
University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
K L Narr
University of California at Los Angeles School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
A Okrent
The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
T Pasternak
University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
L Phengrasamy
M K Pichora-Fuller

University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
R A Poldrack
University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
CA, USA
B R Postle
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI, USA
A L Powell
N Pratt
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
K P Rankin
E D Ratajczak
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
SRe
´
millard
Universite
´
du Que
´
bec a
`
Montre
´
al, Montre
´
al, Canada
P H Robert
H J Rosen
D B Rosenfield
The Methodist Hospital/Weill Cornell College of Medicine,

Houston, TX, USA
J Ross
O Selnes
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,
MD, USA
C Semenza
University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
M C Shake
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign,
IL, USA
A N Shamseddine
American University of Beirut, New York, NY, USA
E H Sherr
R A Short
S L Small
The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
C N Smith
University of California at San Diego, San Diego,
CA, USA
J Snedeker
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Contributors xxiii
P J Snyder
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; Pfizer Global
Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA; Universite
´
de Que
´
bec a
`

Montre
´
al, Montre
´
al, QC, Canada
G Sparks
L R Squire
University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
K Steinhauer
McGill University, Montre
´
al, QC, Canada
B Stemmer
University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
E A L Stine-Morrow
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign,
IL, USA
S Stumm
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
D T Stuss
R S Sussman
University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
E Svoboda
A Sylvestre
Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
P M Thompson
University of California at Los Angeles School of
Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
A W Toga
University of California at Los Angeles School of

Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
G Tong
D Tranel
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City,
IA, USA
A I Tro
¨
ster
University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel
Hill, NC, USA
Y Turgeon
Campbellton Regional Hospital, Campbellton, NB,
Canada
G Vigliocco
University College London, London, UK
J Ward
University of London, London, UK
E Wassermann
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,
Bethesda, MD, USA
K E Watkins
University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
H A Whitaker
Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, USA
R J S Wise
Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital,
London, UK
A Wisniecki
University of Connecticut, Storrs, and Pfizer Global
Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA

P C M Wong
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
R Zahn
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,
Bethesda, MD, USA
J Zevin
Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York,
NY, USA
xxiv Contributors