WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE
UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
UNECE
Transport, Health and Environment:
Trends and Developments in the UNECE-WHO European Region
(1997–2007)
Transport, Health and Environment:
Trends and Developments in the UNECE-WHO European Region
(1997–2007)
Prepared under the auspices of the
Transport, Health and Environment Pan-European Programme
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE
UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
UNECE
New York and Geneva, 2008
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Note
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hnbWda^cY^XViZhVgZ[ZgZcXZidVJc^iZYCVi^dchYdXjbZci#
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6aZmVcYgV7djg\Zi\gVYZ+<
Executive summary
Acknowledgements
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EZhji!;gVcXZhXVGVX^dee^!8]g^hi^cVkdcHX]lZ^c^X]ZcVcY7g^cYVLVX]h[dghjWb^hh^dcidi]ZI]^gY=^\]"aZkZaBZZi^c\
dcIgVchedgi!=ZVai]VcY:ck^gdcbZci^c?VcjVgn'%%.#8dcig^Wji^dch]VkZVahdWZZcbVYZWnI=:E:E7jgZVjVcYI=:
E:EHiZZg^c\8dbb^iiZZ#I]ZYZkZadebZcid[i]^hgZedgilVhhjeedgiZYWni]Z<dkZgcbZcid[i]ZJc^iZY@^c\Ydbd[<gZVi
7g^iV^cVcYCdgi]Zgc>gZaVcY#
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*
List of tables 6
List of figures 6
Abbreviations 7
Acknowledgements 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11
1 INTRODUCTION 15
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&#( HigjXijgZd[i]ZgZedgi &+
2 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT ACROSS THE UNECE-WHO EUROPEAN REGION 17
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'#' <ZcZgVaigVchedgiigZcYh &-
'#( EVhhZc\ZgigVchedgi '&
'#) ;gZ^\]iigVchedgi ')
3. TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS REGARDING EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 27
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(#+ :[[ZXihd[igVchedgi"hZXidgaVcYjhZ ()
(#, IgVchedgi"gZaViZYZcZg\njhZVcYXa^bViZX]Vc\Z ()
(#- :[[ZXihgZaViZYidigVchedgihjWh^Y^ZhVcYZmiZgcVaXdhih (,
4. PROGRESS MADE IN POLICY INTEGRATION, SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT
AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT (1997–2007) 39
)#& >ciZ\gVi^dcd[Zck^gdcbZciVaVcY]ZVai]VheZXih^cidigVchedgieda^Xn (.
)#' HjhiV^cVWaZjgWVcigVchedgieda^Xn^hhjZh )'
)#( 9ZbVcY"h^YZbVcV\ZbZciVcYbdYVah]^[i )-
5. CONCLUSIONS 53
Annexes 55
Annex I 55
6gZV!edejaVi^dc!YZch^in!VcY\gdhhYdbZhi^XegdYjXieZgXVe^iVd[Xdjcig^Zh^ci]Z:jgdeZVcJc^dc"', **
Annex II 57
6gZV!edejaVi^dc!YZch^inVcY\gdhhYdbZhi^XegdYjXieZgXVe^iVd[Xdjcig^Zh^cHdji]":VhiZgc:jgdeZVcY
:VhiZgc:jgdeZ!8VjXVhjhVcY8ZcigVa6h^V *,
Annex III 59
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Annex IV 61
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^c:VhiZgc:jgdeZ!8VjXVhjhVcY8ZcigVa6h^VVcYHdji]":VhiZgc:jgdeZ +&
*
Contents
+
Tables
Table 1AZc\i]d[gdVYh!bdidglVnh!gV^alVnhVcYlViZglVnh^c:J"'*!::886VcYH::!
VcYX]Vc\Zh[dg& %Ä'%%( &.
Table 2::886[gZ^\]iVaabdYZh!& &Ä'%%) ')
Table 3;gZ^\]iigVchedgiigZcYh^ci]ZbVg`Zih]VgZd[bdYZh^c8ZcigVaVcY
:VhiZgc:jgdeZVcXdjcig^ZhVcYi]Z7Vai^XHiViZh '*
Table 4 :b^hh^dcgZYjXi^dciVg\Zih[dgi]Z<di]ZcWjg\EgdidXda!& %Ä'%&% )(
Table 5 Hjae]jgXdciZcih[dggdVYigVchedgi[jZah^chdbZH::Xdjcig^Zh ))
Table 6 6Ydei^dcd[:JGDkZ]^XaZZb^hh^dchiVcYVgYhWncdc":JXdjcig^Zh )*
Table 7GZaVi^kZZ[ÒX^ZcXnWZ[dgZ^beaZbZciVi^dcXdhihd[Y^[[ZgZcieg^X^c\^chigjbZcih
^ci]ZXVhZd[7gjhhZah!'%%* *&
Map Jc^iZYCVi^dch:Xdcdb^X8dbb^hh^dc[dg:jgdeZ"BVeCd#(.,+!GZk^h^dc&&!
9ZeVgibZcid[;^ZaYHjeedgi!8Vgid\gVe]^XHZXi^dc!Jc^iZYCVi^dch!BVn'%%- &-
List of figures
Figures
Figure 1 KdajbZd[eVhhZc\ZgigVchedgigZaVi^kZid<9E^c:J"&*VcY:;I6Xdjcig^Zh '%
Figure 2 EVhhZc\ZgXVgheZgi]djhVcY^c]VW^iVcih^cLZhiZgc:jgdeZVcXdjcig^Zh!& *Ä'%%) '%
Figure 3 IgZcYh^ceVhhZc\ZgigVchedgi^cLZhiZgc:jgdeZ '&
Figure 4 GV^aeVhhZc\ZgigVchedgi^chZaZXiZY::886Xdjcig^Zh ''
Figure 5 EVhhZc\ZgXVgheZg&!%%%eZghdch^chZaZXiZY::886VcYH::Xdjcig^Zh '(
Figure 6 ;gZ^\]iigVchedgi^cLZhiZgc:jgdeZVcXdjcig^Zh ')
Figure 7IgVchedgi"gZaViZYV^gedaaji^dcZb^hh^dch
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Figure 8 GdVY[ViVa^i^ZhWnhjWgZ\^dc!'%%&Ä'%%) (%
Figure 9 GdVY[ViVa^i^ZheZgb^aa^dceVhhZc\ZgXVgh!Z^\]i::886Xdjcig^ZhVcYAVik^V!'%%&Ä'%%) (%
Figure 10 EZghdch`^aaZY^cgdVYVXX^YZcih^chZaZXiZYH::Xdjcig^Zh (&
Figure 11 EZghdch`^aaZY^cgdVYVXX^YZcih^chZaZXiZY::886Xdjcig^Zh ('
Figure 129ZVi]h^cgdVYVXX^YZcih!& )Ä'%%) ('
Figure 13 :cZg\njhZY^cigVchedgi^c::886Xdjcig^Zh!'%%% (*
Figure 14 D:89$:8BIigVchedgi"hZXidgZb^hh^dchVcYi]ZediZci^Va^beVXid[eda^X^Zh^YZci^ÒZY (+
Figure15 6ibdhe]Zg^XZb^hh^dchd[aZVY^c:jgdeZ^c& %!& %VcY'%%%g^\]i^c`\`b"'nZVg"& )(
Figure16 IdiVaZmiZgcVaXdhid[igVchedgi:J"&*eajhCdglVnVcYHl^ioZgaVcY^c'%%% )-
Figure17 IdiVaZmiZgcVaXdhihVcYigVchedgihjWh^Y^Zh[djcY[dg:J"&* )-
+
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Abbreviations
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THE PEP
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Executive summary
&&
General trends in transport across
the UNECE-WHO European region
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1.1 The Transport, Health, and
Environment Pan-European
Programme
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11
The Transport Health and
&*
1 - Introduction
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&,
2 - Trends and Developments in Transport
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2.1 Introduction to the Study
Area
2.1.1 UNECE-WHO European region
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Volume of passenger transport relative to GDP in Western Europe
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Index of inland passenger transport volume relative to GDP
(1995=100)
EFTA countries
EU-15
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Passenger cars per thousand inhabitants in Western European countries
1995-2004
0
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400
500
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1995 2004
Cars/1000 inhabitants
EU (25 countries)
EU (15 countries)
EFTA (3 countries)
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2.3 Passenger transport
2.3.1 Introduction to passenger
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2.3.3.1 Passenger transport by rail and by coach and
bus in EECCA and SEE
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Azerbaijan Georgia Moldova Russian Fed.
1990
2000
2004
2005
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
EECCA / CIS
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Moldova
Russian Fed.
Number
1990
2003
HdjgXZ/
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