Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary - Part 17 ppsx

Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
of
cables
leading
into
abuilding
or
distribution
frame.
Cable vaults
are
usually
used
in
situations where
the
type
or
number of cables pose extra
fire
or
electro-
cution risks, and where
it
is
desirable
to
restrict

ac-
cess
to
qualified personnel
only.
cablehead
The
point at which a
land
cable
and
ma-
rine cable
are
joined.
It
may
be
indicated with asign
(as
are seen
on
ocean beaches).
cableway A
hole,
slot,
or
other opening
in
a compo-

nent unit
or
work surface that allows cables
to
be
fed
into
the
fixture
from
behind or beneath. Most
com-
puter desks
now
include slots
and
holes
for
cables.
Some
even
put
slots
into
the
drawers,
so
aprinter
can
be

installed
in
a drawer
and
pulled out
as
needed.
Cabling Standards Update A quarterly newsletter
describing high-speed network trends, technologies,
standards activities,
and
economic indicators
for
a
range oftransmission
media,
including copper wire,
glass
and
plastic
optical
fiber,
coaxial
cable,
and
wire-
less,
published
by
Information Gatekeepers,

Inc.
CAC
I.
Customer Administration
Center.
A phone
console
used
for maintenance
and
diagnosis
of
a
multiline phone system.
2.
See
call admission
con-
trol, connection admission control.
cache
v.
In
the
traditional sense,
to
cache something
is
to
put
it

away
or
hide
it
in
a secure place
for
later
use.
In
computer terminology,
the
sense
of
putting
it
away
for
later
retrieval
is
retained,
but
ease
of
access
is
also
implied.
Thus,

to
cache
is
to
store informa-
tion
in
an
accessible location,
as
in
RAM
on
a
com-
puter,
so
it
can
be
retrieved quickly
when
needed.
Many
systems
are
specifically configured with cache
memory,
while others
may

use
the
hard drive
as
a
cache location, which
is
not
as
fast
but still
may
be
effective
in
certain circumstances. Information
is
cached
by
an
applications program
for
items
that
are
often consulted
or
executed.
This
speeds

up
opera-
tions
for
priority activities.
See
cache,
cache
memory,
RAM
disk.
cache, cache memory A high-speed electronic
memory buffer
used
in
computing
to
increase appar-
ent processing speed
by
more
effectively managing
resources.
The
cache storage
is
usually within a
des-
ignated amount
of

random access memory
(RAM)
and
thus
is
volatile, (although
in
its
most generic
sense, a
hard
drive
would
be
a suitable cache device
for
a slow sequential storage medium like a tape
drive). Ahard
drive
controller card
may
itselfinclude
a
cache.
The
effectiveness ofa cache depends upon a variety
offactors, including
the
size of
the

cache,
the
ability
of
the
software
to
utilize
it,
the
types
and
variability
ofoperations being
done,
the
design
of
the
caching
logic,
and
the
speed
of
the microprocessor. Since
RAM
access
is
typically

faster
than
hard
drive
access,
efficiency
can
be
increased
by
storing frequently
ac-
cessed
information
in
the
cache
memory,
where
it
can
be
written
and
retrieved
more
quickly
than
from
disk.

Information that
is
not
found
in
the
cache
may
then
be
added
to
the
cache
for
future
reference.
In
network-
ing,
a cache
can
be
used
to
store frequently accessed
information (often
the
locations
or

contents ofdata
152
files
or
applications)
in
order
to
serve
it
more
quickly
to
users,
as
it
is
requested.
FATs
and
hash tables
may
be
stored
in
the
cache
to
increase file access speed.
BIOS

device-controlling functions may
be
loaded
from
read
only memory
(ROM)
into cache memory
during
astartup
sequence.
See
cache,
cache
hit,
cache
miss.
cache controller
In
some
computer architectures, a
circuit that
is
specifically included
to
administer the
storage, organization,
and
retrieval
of

cached infor-
mation. This
may
be
incorporated
into
a specialized
chip.
cache hitAsituation
in
which
the
data
that
was
sought
in
a cache access
was
found
and
it
is
not
necessary
to
access the slower storage medium (usually a hard
drive), resulting
in
faster retrieval

of
the
desired
in-
formation.
See
cache, cache
miss.
cache miss A situation
in
which
the
data that
was
sought
in
a cache access
was not
found
and
is
conse-
quently sought
on
the
slower storage
medium
(usu-
ally a
hard

drive).
It
may
subsequently
be
stored
in
the
cache
for
future reference.
See
cache,
cache
hit.
caching Putting information
in
a storage
area
where
it
can
quickly
be
retrieved
when
needed.
It
is
a

means
of
speeding
up
effective
and
perceived performance
of
a system. Disk caching
and
memory
caching are
two
ways
to
speed
up
access
to
frequently
used
com-
mands,
device drivers, or frequently accessed
data.
caching, data entry A means
of
speeding
up
data

entry
by
retaining previously inserted information
so
that
it
can
be
reused or overwritten
for
subsequent
entries. It's often
more
efficient
to
edit
or
retain the
data
in
the field
from
the
previous entry
than
to
type
it
in
from

scratch.
CACM I. California Association
of
Community
Managers,
Inc.
2.
Communications
of
the
Association
for
Computing
Machine/Yo
The
communications
jour-
nal
of
the
ACM,
one
of
the
many
ACM
professional
publications.
CAD
1.

See
computer-aided dispatch.
2.
See
com-
puter-aided design/drafting.
cadenceArhythmic measure
or
beat.
In
telecommu-
nications, many signals
are
identifiable
by
a pattern
of
tones
and
silences. Cadence
has
implications
for
telegraph, radio, and telephone communications
where many audio signals
are
coded
to
particular
rhythms (Morse Code, distinctive ringing, interna-

tional variations
in
rings,
and
busy
signals). People
can
learn
to
distinguish different types
of
data
com-
munications
by
pitch and cadence,
as
fax
tones
dif-
fer
from
data tones,
and
data
tones
vary
further
ac-
cording

to
baud
rate.
cadmium Abluish-white, malleable, ductile, metal-
lic,
noncorrosive element that
is
commonly
used
in
protective coatings
and
platings.
CADS I. code abuse/anomaly detection system.
2.
computer abuse/anomaly detection system. Sys-
tems
put
in
place
to
detect,
log,
and/or signal prob-
lems
that
may
be
due
to

tampering
or
other unautho-
rized
use.
CAE
I.
See
Common Applications Environment.
2.
computer-aided engineering.
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
CAFA
computer-aided
financial
analysis.
cage antenna A
multiwire
antenna
(imagine
a
ring
of
horizontal
parallel
wires
somewhat
constricted
in
the

middle,
resembling
a
cage)
similar
to
a
dipole
antenna,
configured
to
improve
capacity
and
reduce
loss.
CAl
1.
See
computer
assisted
instruction.
2.
common
air
interface.
An
international
interface
standard

defined
to
provide
interoperability
between
wireless
handsets
and
compatible
networks.
CAL
1.
CAN
Application
Layer.
See
CAN
in
Auto-
mation,
Controller
Area
Network.
2.
computer-aided
learning,
computer-assisted
learning.
See
computer-

assisted
instruction.
CALC
See
customer
access
line
charge.
calculator A device
for
facilitating
fast,
accurate
mathematical
computations.
Early
calculators
(add-
ing
machines)
could
handle
only
simple
arithmetic
functions,
while
current
ones
include

storage,
auto-
mation,
and
programming
capabilities
for
doing
fre-
quent
or
complex
computations.
The
calculator
is
the
forerunner of
the
general
pur-
pose
computer;
in
fact,
the
early
computers
were
very

large,
very
powerful
calculators,
and
their histories
run
hand-in-hand.
Then,
as
computer
technology
im-
proved,
memory
and
logic functions were scaled
down
and
incorporated
back
into
calculators.
In
1940,
Remington Rand
Inc.
was
advertising a
"printing calculator"

that
was
essentially a
mechani-
cal
adding
machine
that
used
impact
printing
like
a
typewriter
to
record
the
tallies.
Until
the
late
1960s,
"advanced" calculators
were
too
expensive
for
indi-
viduals
and

small
businesses.
By
1969,
however,
the
Friden
Division
ofSinger
was
advertising
a
desktop-
sized
version
of
an
"electronic calculator

that
can
remember
up
to
30
mathematical steps
for
you."
Handheld
calculators

devised
in
the
late
1960s
be-
came
widespread
in
the
early
1970s,
costing
about
$200
for
a
very
simple
palm-sized arithmetical
cal-
culator.
As
prices
came
down,
calculators
superseded
slide
rules

and
abacuses
for
quick
computations.
Ad-
vanced
calculators
for
under
$15
are
now
common-
place.
The
most
celebrated
early
microcomputer
was
devel-
oped
in
1974
by
MITS,
a
company
that

was
produc-
ing
scientific
calculators.
With
competition
from
big-
ger companies such
as
Texas
Instruments,
MITS
needed
a
new
source
of
revenue
and
developed
the
Altair.
Since
that
time,
calculators
have
been

incor-
porated
into
many
devices,
such
as
cash
registers
and
wrist
watches,
and
even
some
computer
keyboards.
Current
calculators
include
graphical
displays,
square
root
computations,
multiple
memory
registers,
and
programming

languages
such
as
Forth.
They
are
more
powerful
than
computers
from
the
early
19802.
See
abacus.
calendar routing
An
administrative
method
for
di-
recting
inquiries
according
to
the
time
of
year,

week,
or
day.
Used
especially
in
industries
where
inquiries
are
cyclic
(travel
industry),
or
where
availability of
personnel
to
assist callers
is
cyclic.
calibrate
1.
To
set,
align,
or
mark
a
measuring

or
tim-
ing
instrument according
to
an
accepted standard.
2.
To
ascertain,
record,
or
correct
variations
in
a
mea-
suring
or
timing
instrument
with
reference
to
another,
or
to
an
accepted
standard.

California Education and Research Federation
Network
CERFnet.
This
research
and
education
net-
work
was
founded
in
the
late
1980s
by
General
Atom-
ics,
with aid
from
a National Science Foundation
grant,
and
grew
to
be
a
national
backbone

by
the
early
1990s.
CERFnet
joined with other
nets
in
1991
to
form
the
Commercial
Internet
Exchange
(CIX).
In
1996, the Teleport Communications Group Inc.
(TCG),
one
of
the
largest
competitive
local
telephone
companies
in
the
U.S.,

acquired
CERFnet
to
provide
Internet
services
to
corporate
and
institutional
clients.
CERFnet
is
based
onATM
and
SONET
architectures,
with
each
Local
Access
and
Transport
Area
(LATA)
served
by
at
least

two
backbone
nodes.
call
1.
lJ.
i.
To
attempt
to
contact
or
to
succeed
in
con-
tacting another party or
entity.
A unit o(virtual or
human
communication
across
some
type
of
commu-
nications
medium
or
at

some
distance.
2.
n.
A unit
comprising a successful communication through
some
type
of
communications
medium,
or
at
some
distance,
between
two
or
more
parties
or
entities
who
are
more
or
less
simultaneously
in
contact,

frequently
with
a 'give-and-take' character
to
the
contact.
Hu-
man
participants
in
a call
are
generally
called
par-
ties
to
the
call.
3.
n.
In
networking,
a
communications
association
between
a user
and
a

network
entity
or
between
two
or
more
users
across
the
network.
call abandons, abandoned calls
Calls
that
are
ter-
minated
by
the
originator before
completion
of
the
intended contact.
For
telephone calls, reasons
for
abandoning
calls
include

fuzzy
connections,
wrong
numbers,
answering
machines,
being
put
on
hold,
ob-
noxious
hold
music
(not
all
hold
music
is
obnoxious,
just
some
ofit),
even
more
obnoxious
hold
commer-
cials,
interruptions

(children,
doorbells),
transfer
to
the
incorrect
person
or
department,
etc.
Since
any
call
connection
in
progress
has
impact
on
system
capacity,
abandoned
calls
have
to
be
consid-
ered
when
structuring

and
managing a
system.
In
commerce,
if
a
high
proportion
of
abandoned
calls
occur
after a
human
operator
has
made
verbal
con-
tact
with
the
caller,
it's important
to
determine
and
evaluate
the

reasons
and
take
corrective
measures
to
increase
call
completion.
See
abandoned
call
cost.
call accepted signal In telecommunications, a
call
control signal sent
by
the
receiving
data
terminal
equipment
(DTE)
to
indicate acceptance of
the
in-
coming
call.
caU

accounting system A
system
of
recording
the
type
and
quantity ofcalls
on
a
system.
This
informa-
tion
was
originally
recorded
manually,
and
operators
of
public
phone
systems
had
elaborate
card
systems
on
which

to
record
calls,
particularly
long-distance
calls.
Now
accounting
has
been
computerized,
and
the
system
can
constantly
monitor
call
volume,
num-
ber ofconnects,
number
of
abandons,
peak
hours,
trunk
allocation,
and
other statistics related

to
eco-
nomics
in
general
and
call
billing
in
particular.
When
153
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
used
in
private branch systems,
it
can
further
be
used
to
track agent activities, length
of
calls, departmen-
tal

use,
etc.
and
integrated with revenue
and
customer
databases
to
give
an
overall picture of
the
role of
the
phone
calls
within
the
company's
business.
See
call
card.
call
admission
control,
connection
admission
con-
trol

CAe.
The
set
of
actions
taken
by
a
network
during
a call setup or renegotiation
to
evaluate whether
to
accept or reject aconnection or re-allocation request,
based partly
on
the
ability
to
supply Quality ofSer-
vice (QoS).
See
crankback.
call
announcement Afeature
in
a telephone system
in
which

an
operator orother agent announces
the
call
to
the
callee before connecting
the
call.
call
appearance
CA.
I.
Atelephony designation
for
equipment that provides easy handling
of
volume
calls
on
a central console. Call appearance refers
to
the ability
to
see the calls that come
in,
usually
through
LCD
indicators and/or

LED
displays
for
the
various extensions,
in
order
to
manage
and
direct
the
calls
and
monitor which lines
are
in
use.
2.
A gen-
eral
reference
to
the
format
in
which call informa-
tion
is
displayed

on
a monitor
or
CED
telephony dis-
play.
In
some
systems,
the
user
can
custom config-
ure Caller
ill
and
other information.
call
attempt Initiating a
call
that mayor
may
not
be
completed. Ifa large number of
call
attempts
are
not
completed, diagnostic and troubleshooting steps

should
be
taken.
Solutions
may
include training,
ad-
ditional
lines,
staff changes, or equipment changes
or repairs.
See
call
abandons, abandoned call
cost.
call
barring
Prevention
or
elimination of
all
calls,
or specific calls, associated with a specific phone.
Usually implemented
to
prevent unauthorized
use,
or
abuse.
See

call
blocking.
Call
Before
DiggingAsafety sign
to
warn
area
work-
ers
that
they
must
call
for
information
on
underground
cables or hazards before digging.
call block A restriction put
on
a phone
line
to
pre-
vent connection
of
certain calls.
More
recently

it
has
come
to
mean
retaining anonymity
from
Caller
ill
by
blocking
the
caller's identity
from
the
receiver if
the
caller
has
keyed
in
a blocking
code.
Call block-
ing
in
this sense
is
free, whereas Caller lD costs
money.

This situation
may
seem backwards,
like
al-
lowing a stranger through
the
door unseen, while
the
person opening
the
door
has
to
pay
money
to
see
who
it
is
and
still
may
not
get
the
information because
that
person

is
disguised (blocked).
In
terms
of
personal
safety
and
security, it should
have
been set
up
the
other way around, with the person answering the
phone being provided
the
identity of
the
caller
for
free,
and
the
caller having.to pay
to
hide
his
or her
identity. However,
the

system
was
probably
set
up
with Caller
ill
as
a subscription service because
it
generates
more
revenue
for
the phone company.
call
card
A
manual
call
management
and
billing sys-
tem
in
which
the
information about
the
caller, callee,

distance,
and
duration
of
the
call
is
recorded
by
the
operator.
See
call accounting system.
call
center Acentralized telephone
call
facility
han-
dling a large number of calls.
Call
centers
may
be
154
specialized
for
handling many incoming calls, such
as
those resulting
from

television marketing through
toll
free
numbers, or many outgoing calls,
as
those
originating
from
telemarketing or teleresearch
firms.
In
these specialized environments, automatic
call
dis-
tributors,
head
sets, computerized dialing,
and
auto-
mated answering
are
commonly used.
call
clearing The process
by
which a
call
connection
is
released

and
the call resources made available
to
other users.
It
is
particularly important
in
end-to-end
transmissions
in
which
the
line must
be
freed before
it
can
be
used
again.
caU
control
The
entire process
of
detecting a call
re-
quest,
setting

up
the
physical
and
logical connections,
rerouting
to
available trunks
if
necessary, facilitating
transmission, shutting
down
the
call,
and
freeing
the
resources for other callers. Most of these functions
are
now
computerized, although occasional operator
assistance, directory assistance, or services
for
spe-
cial
needs
users
are
still handled
by

human operators.
Call control
may
go
through more than
one
system,
as
when a
call
goes
into
or out of a private branch
exchange (PBX) and through a public exchange, or
where wireless
and
wireline services from different
providers
are
used together
to
complete a
call.
caU
control
signal
Any
signal used
in
automatic con-

nection
and
switching systems that controls
the
call
sequence.
In
older systems,
the
control signals were
transmitted
by
means
of
tones
on
the
same line that
was
used
for
the
voice transmissions.
In
newer Sig-
naling System 7 (SS7) systems,
the
control signals
and
the

voice transmissions
are
handled over sepa-
rate channels. See Signaling System
7.
call
data
The statistical information associated with
a call. This
is
used
for
monitoring, accounting, man-
agement, and planning, and these days
is
usually
stored
in
a computer database,
and
sometimes orga-
nized
and
analyzed
by
computer software.
Call
Detail
Record
CDR.

Atelephone record-keep-
ing
system, usually used
for
accounting
and
admin-
istrative purposes, that tracks and records details
about incoming
and
outgoing calls such
as
the
call
duration, caller and/or callee, time
of
day,
etc.
call
diverter Asubscriber surcharge service or phone
peripheral device
that
intercepts
an
incoming
call
and
forwards
it
to

a phone operator or phone message, or
to
another number,
as
in
Call Forwarding. Depend-
ing
upon
the
service or device, the caller mayor
may
not
be
aware that the
call
has
been
diverted.
call
duration The period of time
from
actual con-
nection
of
the
call,
until
its
termination.
On

phone
lines
and
data networks, call duration information
is
used
for
statistical purposes
for
tuning
the
system,
determining peak hours,
and
billing.
It
may
also
be
used
to
detect and diagnose fault conditions.
call
establishment
The
process ofrouting
and
con-
necting a phone call
or

data transmission
path.
Call
for
Votes
CFY.
A
formal
process
used
as
part of
the
sequence ofevents necessary
to
create a
new
pub-
lic
news
group
on
USENET.
Call
Forward
Asurcharge or bundled phone service
that permits
the
subscriber
to

automatically redirect
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
an
incoming
call
to
another
number.
It
is
useful
in
cases
where
the
callee
is
temporarily
at
another
lo-
cation,
or
where
the
callee
wishes
someone
else
to

handle
calls
(such
as
an
answering
service).
On
con-
sumer
systems,
the
call
forwarding
is
usually
enabled
by
using
a
touchtone
phone
to
dial
a
code
(72#
on
a
touchtone

phone
or
11
72
on
a
rotary
phone
in
N
.A.)
followed
by
the
number
to
which
the
calls
are
being
forwarded.
It
is
disabled
by
dialing
a
code
(73#

or
1173
in
N.A.).
Some
newer
phone
systems
have
an
indicator
light
to
show
that
the
calls
are
being
for-
warded
to
prevent
the
subscriber
from
forgetting
to
deactivate
Call

Forward
after
returning
to
the
origi-
nallocation.
See
Call
Forward
Busy,
Call
Forward
No
Answer.
Call ForwardBusy
Similar
to
Call
Forward,
except
that
calls
are
rerouted
to
a
predetennined
number
only

if
the
called number
is
busy; otherwise it rings
through
to
the
original
number.
See
Call
Forward.
Call Forward
No
Answer
Similar
to
Call
Forward
Busy,
except
that
calls
are
rerouted
to
a
predetermined
number

only
if
not
answered
after
a
specified
num-
ber
of
rings.
See
Call
Forward
Busy,
Call
Forward.
Call Forward VariableA
combination
of
Call
F
or-
ward
Busy
and
Call
Forward
No
Answer

in
which
the
call
is
rerouted
to
a
predetermined
number
ifa
busy
signal
is
encountered,
or
if
there
is
no
answer
after
a
specified
number
of
rings.
See
Call
Forward

No
Answer,
Call
Forward
Busy,
Call
Forward.
Call Girls
One
of
the
many
colloquial
names
given
to
the
early
female
telephone
operators.
Others
in-
clude
Hello
Girls,
Central,
and
Voice
with

the
Smile.
See
telephone
history.
call handofT In
mobile
phone
systems
based
upon
passing
the
transmission
on
to
another
transceiver
while
the
call
is
taking
place,
as
in
cellular
commu-
nications,
the

handoff
is
the
point
at
which
the
call
is
transferred
during
the
conversation.
Mobile
provid-
ers
strive
to
create
systems
where
the
handoff
is
seam-
less
and
does
not
create

delays,
noise,
or
significant
volume
changes.
Call Hold A
surcharge
phone
service
or
multiline
subscriber
feature
in
which
the
subscriber
can
put
a
call
on
hold,
accept
or
place
a
second
call,

and
then
return
to
the
original
call.
This
service
is
similar
to
a
hold
button
on
a
multiline
phone,
and
the
person
on
hold
is
not
able
to
hear
the

second
conversation.
call horn alertA
mobile
system
set
to
beep
a
car
hom
to
signal
an
incoming
call,
when
the
driver
is
away
from
the
mobile
handset
or
receiver.
call
mix
Telephone

calls
are
of
many
kinds,
as
are
logons
on
a
computer.
In a
telephone
system,
the
calls
may
be
long
or
short;
busy,
abandoned,
or
completed;
local
or
long-distance.
On
a computer

system,
the
logons
may
result
in
downloads,
modem
access,
run-
ning
of
applications,
file
maintenance,
etc.
The
call
mix
is
a
statistical
look
at
the
types
of
usage
that
oc-

cur
on
a
network.
call not accepted signal
In
telecommunications,
a
call
control
signal
sent
by
the
receiving
data
termi-
nal
equipment
(DTE)
to
indicate
rejection
of
the
in-
coming
call.
Call
ParkA

subscriber
service
or
console
feature
that
allows
a
user
to
set
the
call
so
it
can
be
answered
on
any
other
phone
on
the
system.
Call
Park
is
useful
in

situations
where
the
callees
are
moving
around,
and
where
they
may
be
alerted
to
the
presence
of
the
call
through
a
paging
system.
The
parked
call
can
then
~~~~~~:.
::::~:e:~~::

::~::i::
~::i::~
tB
subscriber
feature
that
permits
a
subscriber
to
inter-
cept
a
call
to
another
prearranged
number
by
typing
in
a
code
and
then
answering
the
other
call.
Suppose

you
and
your
housemate
have
separate
lines,
and
your
housemate
has
asked
you
to
answer
his
or
her
calls;
you
can
do
so
from
your
own
phone.
See
Call
Pickup

Group.
Call Pickup Group
CPUG.
All
the
phones
in
a
sys-
tem
through
which
Call
Pickup
is
activated
and
that
can
intercept
the
calls
of
the
others.
See
Call
Pickup.
call processingA
combination

of
computer
and
hu-
man
operations
in
which
the
call
is
often
set
up
and
connected
electronically
and
then
handed
off
to
a
credit
collector,
researcher,
telemarketer,
technical
supporter,
or

other
agent,
once
the
connection
has
been
established.
See
call
center.
call progress signalA
telephone
switching
signal
that
indicates
whether
the
call
is
generating
a
busy
tone,
a
ringback
tone,
or
an

error.
See
ringback.
Call Record A
data
record
of
call
details,
which
in-
cludes
information
such
as
date
and
time,
call
dura-
tion,
call
routing,
stations
used,
time
on
hold,
etc.
This

information
may
be
used
for
billing
and
administra-
tion.
Call Rejection A subscriber
surcharge
or
bundled
telephone
service
that
enables
the
callee
to
reject
an
unwanted
call.
There
are
two
ways
to
put

Call
Re-
jection
into
effect.
The
subscriber
can
dial
*60
(in
N
.A.),
and
follow
instructions
for
entering
an
origi-
nating
number
to
be
rejected,
or
can
activate
Call
Rejection

immediately
after
hanging
up
from
a
call
that
is
unwanted
in
the
future.
Call
Rejection
can
be
deactivated
by
dialing
*80
(in
N.A.).
call release time
The
duration
during
which
a
call

is
shut
down
and
the
line
released
for
the
next
call.
call reoriginationA
handy
feature
in
which
calls
can
be
initiated
one
time
during
a
multicall
session
with
a
debit
card,

charge
card,
credit
card,
or
calling
card
account.
In
other
words,
a
series
of
calls
can
be
made
at
the
same
time
without
having
to
re-enter
codes
or
having
to

re-
insert
the
card
to
make
the
subsequent
calls.
Between
calls,
a
code
is
usually
pressed,
and
the
caller
receives
a
signal
to
continue
with
the
next
call.
This
feature

is
particularly
useful
when
having
to
make
several
calls
at
an
airport
to
let
peop
Ie
know
your
flight plans
have
been changed
and
you
are
catching
a
plane
at
a
different

departure
gate.
call restrictor A physical
or
virtual
call
blocking
mechanism
that
controls
the
type
of
outgoing
calls
that
can
be
made
on
a
line.
Examples
include
block-
ing
long
distance
calls
from

a
phone
near
a
public
area,
or
blocking
900
calls
from
phones
used
by
teen-
agers.
155
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
Call Return A subscriber surcharge option that
allows
the
last caller, whether
the
call
was
answered

or
not,
to
be
dialed
back
automatically.
It
can
be
handy
for
crisis
centers
and
other emergency services.
call
routing
tree
A diagrammatic representation of
call
routing configuration
and
logic.
See
call
tree.
call screening
The
most

familiar call screening
is
a
receptionist
who
says
the
boss
is
in
a meeting
and
can't
be
reached
at
the
moment
when
the
boss
is
ac-
tually watching
the
World
Series with
his
or
her

feet
up
on
the
desk.
More legitimate
uses
ofcall screen-
ing involve getting enough information
from
the
caller
to
direct
the
call
to
the
best person equipped
to
handle
it.
In
automated systems,
call
screening
is
a
setup
that

uses
Cal1er
ill,
or
some
other identifica-
tion
tool,
to
monitor
the
origin of
the
call
and
to
patch
it
through accordingly,
or
that
uses
a speech recogni-
tion
system
to
direct
the
call.
call

sequencer
An
automated system
for
evaluating
incoming calls, queuing
them
if
necessary,
and
as-
signing
them
to
agents
depending
upon
priority,
avail-
ability,
or
cal1er
characteristics.
call
setup
time
In a circuit-switched network,
such
as
most

phone
networks,
the
amount oftime
it
takes
to
patch
through
the
route
from
the
caller
to
the
des-
tination
in
order
to
set
up
an
end-to-end path for
the
communications. During
the
course ofa call,
the

re-
sources
are
dedicated
to
that
communication
and
can-
not
be
used
by
others.
For aphone
cal1,
the
call
setup
time includes
the
time
it
takes
to
dial
and
for
the
cal1

to
be
switched through
the
system
and
the appropri-
ate
trunks
to
the
destination. This
time
is
usually
not
billed
for
land
lines
(wireless
may
be
bil1ed
for
air
time)
since
it
is

not
known
during setup whether
the
call will
be
answered
and
how
long
it
will
last.
call shedding A situation
in
which automatic
cal1
handling
systems
are
used
to
drop
(shed)
aphone
con-
nection
if
no
sales agent

is
available
to
talk
to
the
callee
when
he
or
she
picks
up
the
line.
If
all
agents
are busy
when
a
cal1ee
answers
an
automatically
di-
aled
cal1,
the
cal1ee

may
hear arecorded message
and
be
put
on
hold.
More
commonly,
however,
the
call
is
shed;
the
callee
hears
a click
and
a
dial
tone
and
has
no
opportunity
to
speak
to
a

human
agent.
This
prac-
tice
is
very annoying
and
illegal
in
many
areas.
call
sign
See
callsign.
call
splitting
Asubscriber
surcharge
or
private
branch
service
in
which a conference call participant
can
speak
to
anyone of

the
other members of
the
confer-
ence
privately,
that
is
in
nonconference
mode.
When
a phone attendant
is
involved
in
the
call,
the
atten-
dant
may
relay
the
information privately
to
one
of
the
called

parties.
Call
Stalker
An
AT&T
commercial software pack-
age
providing
911
emergency service agents
with
in-
formation
about
the
caller,
such
as
address
and
call-
ing
phone
number.
call
supervision
Aprocess
for
determining whether
a telephone communication

was
actually answered,
so
billing
is
not
activated
unless
a
connection
was
made.
Call
Trace
Asurcharge phone service
or
emergency
service
in
which
the
tracing
of
the
origin of
the
last
156
call
is

provided
and
recorded
in
case
it
may
be
needed
later
for
legal reasons. The results
of
the
trace
are
not
given
to
the
customer underprivacy
laws
but
may
be
revealed later through proper legal channels.
Call
Transfer
A surcharge phone service,
or

capa-
bility ofa multiline phone system, that allows a
call
to
be
transferred
to
any
other phone
on
the
system.
Transfers
are
accomplished
by
typing
in
codes
and
the
transfer number,
or
by
keying a transfer button
followed
by
the
cal1ee's
line.

Cal1
transfer
is
com-
monlyused
in
business,
and
the
console often staffed
by
afull-time operator
or
receptionist. Callers
are
not
tolerant
of
cal1s
that
are
incorrectly transferred or ac-
cidentally terminated,
and
it's important
that
person-
nel
responsible
for

transferring calls
are
well trained
on
the
equipment
and
in
business etiquette.
call
tree
A diagrammatic representation of call se-
quence information (usage)
used
for
statistical analy-
sis
and
planning. See
cal1
routing
tree.
Call
Waiting
CWO
Asurcharge
or
bundled
phone
ser-

vice
that becomes active ifa
cal1
comes
in
while the
callee
is
already engaged
in
a
call.
Call
Waiting
sig-
nals
the
callee, either
by
an
audio signal
or
blinking
light,
that
there
is
another party trying
to
call,

and
pro-
vides
the
callee
the
option
of
ignoring, terminating,
or
holding
the
current call
and
then
answering the
second incoming
cal1.
This
is
useful
for
emergency
calls
or
for
ending a casual conversation
to
carry
on

with other calls.
Cal1
Waiting
can
interfere with atransmission,
or
even
cut
offa call
if
the
line
is
connected through a
com-
puter modem. Call
Waiting
can
usually
be
tempo-
rarily disabled
to
avoid
this
problem,
or
the
modem
can

be reconfigured
to
ignore
this
type
of interrup-
tion.
The
first option
is
easier
and
preferable. Infor-
mation
on
how
to
disable Call
Waiting
is
listed
at
the
front
of
most
local phone directories.
Cal1
Waiting
for

ISDN
is
specified within
ITU-
T
Q.83
and
Q.733
cal1
completion services.
Call
Waiting
ill
Asurcharge
or
bundled phone ser-
vice
that
combines
Call
Waiting
and
Caner
ill
capa-
bilities.
This
enables
the
callee

to
determine
the
Caller
ill
(origination) ofa call that
is
queued
and
waiting
through
Call
Waiting
services.
The
service requires
aCaner ill-capable phone with adisplay
to
show
the
Caller
ill
data.
See
Call
Waiting,
Caller ill.
Callan, Nicholas
J.
(1799-1864)

An
Irish priest
and
educator who devised a historic induction coil
in
1836.
He
also researched various aspects ofelectro-
magnets,
condensors,
and
batteries.
See
induction
coil.
callback facsimile A system
in
which
you
(1)
dial
a
cal1back
service,
(2)
key
in
your callback
phone
num-

ber,
(3)
identify
the
documents that
are
of interest
(usually
from
a numerical list given
by
a voicemail
system),
(4)
hang
up,
and
(5)
wait
for
a callback-en-
abled facsimile machine
to
automatically
dial
your
fax
machine
and
deliver

the
documents requested. A
significant proportion
of
computer industry techni-
cal
support
and
product information
is
now
delivered
this
way.
In
the
future,
callback
fax
systems
wil1likely
be
superseded
by
more
flexible
and
economical
email
document delivery systems.

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
callback modem A
modem
that
is
set
to
receive
a
phone
call
through
a
network
that
acts
as
a
callback
request. A password
may
be
required,
and
then
a
phone
number
to
be

dialed
is
provided
to
the
system.
The
modem
then
is
set
by
the
computer
to
dial
the
number
provided.
Why
do
this
instead
of
dialing
di-
rectly?
This
system
provides

better
security,
so
there
is
a
record
of
numbers
that
have
been
connected
to
the
network
and
data
access.
Sometimes
toll
charges
are
reduced;
the
toll
is
billed
to
the

network
number
and
handled
by
the
business
accounting
office,
rather
than
being
billed
to
an
employee.
Callender Rapid Phone Company
One
of
the
ear-
liest
automatic
switching
phone
services,
established
in
England
in

1896
by
musician
and
inventor
Ro-
maine
Callender.
Callender, Romaine A
Canadian
music
teacher/in-
strument
maker
and
associate of
A.
Graham
Bell,
Callender founded the Callender Telephone
Ex-
change
Company
in
Ontario,
Canada.
Between
1892
and
1896,

he
submitted
three
series
of
patents
for
tele-
phone
switching
inventions.
He
failed
in
trying
to
implement
them
in
Ontario
and
subsequently
traveled
to
New
York
to
seek
financing
and

open
another
firm.
Traveling
with
him
were
two
brothers,
George
Will-
iam
Lorimer
and
James
Hoyt
Lorimer,
who
assisted
him
in
further
experiments.
The
brothers
finally
suc-
ceeded
in
developing

an
automatic
switching
system
in
1895.
They
later
returned
to
Brantford,
Ontario,
and
Callender
sailed
to
England
in
1896,
where
he
formed
the
Callender
Rapid
Telephone
Company.
See
Lorimer,
George

and
James.
Callender switch A very rudimentary, early tele-
phone switching system developed
by
Romaine
Callender
and
the
Lorimer
brothers
in
the
late
1800s.
See
Callender,
Romaine;
Lorimer
switch.
Caller
ID, Call Display A phone carrier 'added
value'
pay
service
that
provides
the
call
recipient

with
the
phone
number
identity of
the
calling
party.
You
may
have
to
pay
local
and
long-distance
Caller
ill
charges
separately.
In
North
America,
the
Caller
ill
information
is
usually
passed

to
the
receiving
phone
between
the
first
and
second
ring.
You
need
two
things
to
take
advantage
of
Caller
ill:
a
subscription
through
the
phone
carrier
to
the
Caller
ill

service
and
a
phone
or
separate
device
with
a
Caller
ill
display.
See
call
blocking,
Class,
ANI.
Caller Independent Voice Recognition An
auto-
mated
voice
recognition system that
can
interpret
voice
input
without
being
specifically
tuned

to
a
par-
ticular
caller's
voice.
It
is
useful
in
phone
applica-
tions
that
accept
spoken
numbers
or
commands
for
processing
a
call
and
in
voice
recognition
word
pro-
cessing

applications.
Caller Name A
phone
carrier
added
value
pay
ser-
vice
that
takes
an
incoming
Caller
ill
number
(assum-
ing
the
call
is
not
blocked),
looks
it
up
in
a
directory
listing

database,
and
transmits
the
Caller
ill
number
and
its
associated
listing,
ifit
exists,
to
the
recipient's
add-on
Caller
Name
display
or
to
a
phone
providing
Caller
Name
display.
This
is

not
as
flexible
as
a
user-
configured
system
where
you
can
associate
any
name
or
code
you
wish
with
a
specific
incoming
number,
but
it
is
very
useful
for
identifying

a
first-time
caller
or
stranger
(and
it
may
be
possible
to
use
them
to-
gether
if
you have
compatible
peripherals).
See
Caller
ill,
call
blocking.
calling
card
A
remote
or
off-premises

phone
service
provided
by
common
carriers
to
allow
local
and
long-
distance
calls
to
be
charged
back
to
the
subscriber's
local
phone
number
or
other
authorized
billing
num-
ber.
There

mayor
may
not
be
surcharges
associated
with
such
a
call.
The
name
derives
from
a
wallet
card
typically
issued
to
the
subscriber
with
instructions
and
digits
to
be
dialed
to

gain
access
to
the
service.
In
many
cases,
you
don't
need
the
physical
card
to
make
the
call,
but
automated
phones
are
becoming
preva-
lent
in
which
the
card
is

physically
inserted
in
a
slot
or
swiped
through
the
phone
to
expedite
the
process-
ing
of
the
call.
Bell
Canada
claims
a
trademark
over
the
Calling
Card
name,
but
the

term
is
widely
used
in
the
generic
sense,
making
it
difficult
to
enforce
the
trademark.
calling
jack
In
manual
switchboard
systems,
the
jack
that
is
used
by
the
operator
to

connect
the
call
that
came
in
through
the
answeringjack
to
the
circuit
for
the
subscriber
who
will
be
receiving
the
call.
calling
number
display
See
Caller
Name,
Caller
ill.
callingparty,calling stationA

person
or
entity
origi-
nating
a
call.
See
call.
Calling
Party
Number
CPN.
In
telephony,
a
com-
mon
channel
signaling
(CCS)
parameter
in
the
ini-
tial
address
message
that
identifies

the
calling
num-
ber
and
is
sent
to
the
destination
carrier.
calling sequence
The
sequence
of
numbers,
letters,
steps,
and
other
information
needed
to
connect
a
call
through
a
traditional
phone

line
or
digital
computer
phone
system.
When
calling
through
a
modem,
the
calling
sequence
includes
not
just
the
number
being
dialed,
but
also
the
parameters
for
the
line,
the
baud

rate,
whether
it
is
pulse
or
tone,
the
speaker
level,
pauses,
wait
for
tone
to
continue
with
extension
num-
bers,
etc.
In
computer
software,
the
calling
sequence
may
include
linking

to
an
address
book
or
other
da-
tabase
and
saving
statistic
information
gathered
on
the
call.
CallPath A computer telephony integration
(CTI)
software
product
developed
by
ffiM
for
integrating
voice
and
data
communications
for

telecommunica-
tions
call
centers,
thus
enabling
them
to
function
as
more
advanced
contact
centers.
CallPath
is
open
ar-
chitecture
software
supporting
multiple
computer
and
telephony
switch
platforms.
CallPath
can
be

inter-
faced
with
Web-based
applications
and
other
in-house
front-end
applications.
JTAPI
implementations
such
as
JavaTel
can
be
run
on
top
of
Call
path.
In
May
2001,
Genesys
Telecommunications
Labora-
tories,

a
subsidiary
of
Alcatel,
announced
plans
to
pur-
chase
the
Callpath
assets
with
the
intention
of
work-
ing
jointly
with
ffiM
to
deliver
contact
center
solu-
tions based
on
Genesys interaction management
products

and
ffiM
DirectTalk
and
WebSphere
plat-
forms.
callsign, call sign
In
radio
communications,
a
series
157
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
of
identification characters assigned by local
regulating
authorities
to
every
licensed
radio
opera-
tor
or

station.
The
callsign
identifies
the
country,
and
sometimes
also
the
region
of
the
country.
One
of
the
most
famous
callsigns
in
radio
history
is
8XK
which
Frank
Conrad
used
from

his
Pennsylvania
garage,
and
which was later licensed
as
the history-making
KDKA
radio
broadcast
station.
See
KDKA.
calorie A unit
of
expended thermal energy -
the
amount
required
to
raise
the
temperature
of
one
gram
of
water
by
one

degree
centrigrade
(C)
from
14.5
to
15.5°C.
One
calorie
equals
4.186
joules.
(Note:
a
di-
etary
calorie
is
actually
1
kilocalorie
-
1000
calories).
See
calorimeter,
joule.
calorimeter An instrument
for
measuring

energy
expended
as
heat.
For
example,
calorimeters
can
help
assess
the
power
ofa
laser
by
providing
a
reading
on
the
amount
of
heat
absorbed
by
the
beam.
A
calorimeter
can

be
designed
in
a
tower
geometry
that
includes
scintillating
tiles.
The
application of
energy
in
the
active
scintillator
elements
produces
light,
some
of
which
may
be
re-emitted
and
shifted
as
to

its
wavelength
with
coiled
wavelength-shifting
fibers
within
the
tile
structure.
The
light
can
then
be
transmitted
through
an
optical
fiber
to
a
photo
tube
or
photomultiplier
tube
where
it
is

converted
to
elec-
trical
energy.
See
calorie,
scintillator,
wavelength-
shifting.
CALS
Continuous
Acquisition
and
life-Cycle
Sup-
port
(formerly
Computer-aided
Acquisition
and
lo-
gistics
Support).
A
Department
of
Defense
(000)
strategy

for
the
creation,
use,
and
exchange
of
weap-
ons-related
digital
data.
CALSCH
The
calendaring
and
scheduling
working
group
of
the
IETF.
See
iCalendar.
cam
A
compact
digital
or
analog
video

camera
in-
tended
for
use
in
one
location
for
an
extended
period,
as
opposed
to
a
still
or
video
camera
that
is
carried
around
with
the
user
to
many
locations

(a
few
very
tiny
cams
are
intended
to
be
body-worn
or
carried
in
a
purse
or
briefcase).
Cams
are
also
distinguished
by
having
few
or
no
controls
other
than
basic

aiming
and
focusing
capabilities.
Cams
are
usually
mounted
on
small
stands
or
may
be
hidden
within
other
real
or
simulated
devices
such
as
clock
radios
and
smoke
de-
tectors.
They

may
be
wired
or
wireless
and
are
often
interfaced
with
a
computer
or
a
VCR
for
transmis-
sion
or
recording
of
the
cam
images.
Cams
are
becoming
very
popoular
for

videoconfer-
encing,
baby
monitoring,
Internet
security,
remote
monitoring
(children
at
a
day
care
center
or
wildlife
that
has
been
released
after
being
fitted
with
a
cam),
and
surveillance
activities.
In

recent
years
the
price
ofa
small,
high
resolution
color
camera
has
dropped
from
$600
to
less
than
$100.
See
camcorder.
cam,
stump A
small,
high-quality
video
camera
in
a
housing
that

resembles
a
bottle
cap
or
tiny
tree
stump.
These
are
favored
for
sports
broadcasting
applications
as
they
can
be
easily
mounted
on
helmets,
stadium
fences,
sporting
animals
(hunting
dogs,
polo

ponies,
etc.).
They
are
also
suitable
for
use
on
remote
sens-
ing
platforms
and
for
surveillance
applications.
158
CAM
1.
carrier
module
2.
Call
Accounting
Manager
3.
Call
Applications
Manager.

A
Tandem
telephony
software interface for linking computers with
telephone
switches.
4.
See
computer-aided
manufac-
turing.
5.
computer-assisted
makeup,
composition
and
makeup.
A
WYSIWIG
terminal
for
previewing
type
composition
and
page
layout.
6.
See
camcorder.

CAMA
See
Centralized Automatic
Message
Ac-
counting.
camcorder A
combination
digital
or
analog
video
recorder
and
camera
unit.
Increasingly,
consumer
camcorders
include
playback,
editing,
and
special
ef-
fects
capabilities.
Newer
digital
camcorders

can
be
used
as
both
digital
still-frame
and
motion
recorders
and
can
be
interfaced
directly
with
software
for
scan-
ning,
image
processing,
and
Web
applications.
Cam-
corders
may
eventually
supersede

analog
video
cam-
eras
and
still
film
cameras,
since
no
film
processing
is
required,
and
consumers
frequently
favor
conve-
nience
over
image
quality
(35mm
film
is
about
16
times
higher

resolution
than
current
consumer
digi-
tal
systems
but
digital
quality
is
improving
steadily).
See
cam.
Cameo
Personal
Video
System
A
Macintosh-based
commercial
videoconferencing product
from
Com-
pression
laboratories
Inc.
that
supports

audio,
video,
and
file
transfers.
It
works
over
Switched
56,
ISDN,
and
Ethernet
networks.
Cameo
uses
a
proprietary
ClI
PV2
compression
scheme.
See
Connect
918,
CU-
SeeMe,
MacMICA,
IRIS,
ShareView

3000,
VISIT
Video.
Campillo
See
Salva
i
Campillo,
Francesc.
campus
A
physical
and
geographic
environment
(pri-
marily
the
grounds)
associated
with
learning
and/or
research
facilities,
such
as
universities,
hospitals,
and

some
businesses.
campus backbone
The
primary
network
of
wires/
cables
that
interconnect
a
campus.
See
backbone
circuit.
Campus
Wide
Information
System
CWIS.
A
sys-
tem
of interactive kiosks
and
public information
sources
that
provides

directories,
product
or
course
offerings,
maps,
calendars,
and
other
general
public
services
ofinterest
to
educational
institutiotls,
busi-
nesses,
expositions,
and
shopping
complexes.
CAN
1.
Control
Area
Network.
2.
See
Controller

Area
Network.
CAN
in
Automation
CiA.
A
nonprofit
trade
asso-
ciation
founded
in
March
1992
to
provide
technical,
product,
and
marketing
information
to
promote
and
support
Controller
Area
Network
(CAN)

technology.
The
association
further
develops
and
supports
CAN-
related higher layer protocols,
including
the
CAN
Application Layer (CAL),
CAN
Kingdom,
CAN
open,
and
internationally
recognized
standards.
/>Canada Machine
Telephone
CTM.
One
of
the
ear-
liest
phone

companies
to
use
automatic
switching,
technology
that
was
developed
jointly
by
George
and
James
Lorimer
and
Romaine
Callender.
The
Lorimer
brothers
established
CMT
in
Peterborough,
Ontario,
Canada
in
1897,
and

there
produced
the
first
com-
mercial
Callender
Exchange.
The
Lorimers
contin-
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
ued
to
improve
upon
the
technology
until
it
bore
little
resemblance
to
the
original Callender switching
system.
The
company
lost its technical expertise

when
James
Hoyt
Lorimer
died,
but
his
brothers
George
and
Egbert
continued
to
market
the
products
in
NorthtAmerica
and
Europe.
Unfortunately,
due
to
lack
of
reliability
and
long
installation
times,

the
com-
pany
didn't
thrive
and
was
acquired
by
Bell
in
1925.
See
Lorimer
switch.
Canadarm A
remote
manipulator
system
designed
and
made
in
Canada
for
the
U.S.
space
shuttle
pro-

gram.
The
National
Museum
of
Science
&
Technol-
ogy
has
constructed
a
full-size
replica
and
produced
an
accompanying
video
for
a
traveling
exhibit.
Canadian
Amateur
Radio
Advisory
Board
CARAB.
Anonprofit

consulting
group
comprised
of
members
of
the
Radio
Amateurs
of
Canada
(RAC)
and
the
Radio
Regulatory
Branch
of
Industry
Canada
(IC).
CARAB
works
as
a
communications
liaison
between
RAC
and

IC.

Canadi.an Association
of
Broadcasters,
L'Association canadienne des radiodiffuseurs
CAB/
ACR.
A
trade
organization
founded
in
1926
by
13
broadcast
pioneers.
The
CAB
supports
over
500
radio,
television,
and
specialty
broadcast
providers
in

Canada.
Canadian Broadcast Standards Council
CBSC/
CCNR.
An
organization
incorporated
in
1990
to
en-
courage
high
standards
of
broadcasting
and
profes-
sional
conduct
by
private
radio
and
television
broad-
casters.
The
CBSC
keeps broadcasters informed

about
societal
issues,
administers
codes
of
industry
standards
referred
by
the
Canadian
Association of
Broadcasters
(CAB),
and
provides
information
re-
sources
to
the
public.

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
CBC.
The
primary
broadcasting
organization

of
Canada,
CBC
is
a
public
broadcasting
service
providing
television
and
radio
programming
in
both
English
and
French.
The
CBC
was
initially established
in
1936
to
ensure
Canadian
content
in
broadcasting.

CBC's
first
tele-
vision
broadcast
took
place
in
1952,
in
Montreal.
In
1966,
it
began
co
lor
broadcasting,
the
first
in
Canada
to
do
so.
SeeANIK.,
CKAC.

Canadian Business TelecommunicationsAlliance
CBTA.

A
national,
nonprofit
organization
represent-
ing
over
400
businesses
and
telecommunications
us-
ers
in
Canada.
The
CBTA
supports
members
and
fa-
cilitates
Canada's
competitive
participation
in
tele-
communications
markets
through

quality
and
inno-
vation.
Canadian Datapac
The
world's
frrst
public
data
net-
work
which
began
operating
in
1976.
Canadian Independent Telephone Association
CITA.
A
national
trade
association
supporting
inde-
pendent telephone service providers, founded
in
1905.
CITA
is

based
in
Toronto,
Ontario
and
supports
members
in
B.C.,
Ontario,
and
Quebec.
CITA
pro-
motes
the
advancement
and
use
of
telephone
services
in
communities
served
by
its
members
and
represents

its
membership
in
regulatory
matters.
http:www.cita.cal
Canadian Information Processing Society
CIPS.
Founded
in
1958
as
the
Computing
and
Data
Process-
ing
Society
of
Canada,
it
became
CIPS
in
1968.
CIPS
defines
and
promotes information processing

in
Canada
and
supports
the
information
technology
(IT)
profession.
Canadian
Journal
of
Communication
CJC.
A
schol-
arly
professional
journal
that
deals
with
many
histori-
cal
and
sociopolitical
aspects
of
communications

in
Canada
and
abroad.
Canadian National Museum
of
Science & Tech-
nology, Musee National Sciences
& Technologie
Canada's
largest
technological
museum,
located
in
southeast
Ottawa,
featuring
permanent
and
special
exhibits,
traveling
exhibits
available
for
loan,
school
programs, workshops, lectures, publications,
and

more.

Canadian Radio Television and Telecommunica-
tions Commission
CRTC.
The
Canadian
regulatory
commission,
based
in
Ottawa,
Ontario.
This
impor-
tant
organization
is
similar
to
the
Federal
Communi-
cations
Commission
(FCC)
in
the
United
States

in
that
it
allocates
frequency
spectrums
and
carries
out
other
commercial
and
amateur
radio
and
television
broadcasting
administrative
functions.
Canadian Satellite Users Association
CSUA.
A
trade
association
of
broadcasters
using
Telesat
facili-
ties

and
suppliers of
goods
and
services
to
CSUA
voting
members.
THE
CSUA
sponsors
an
annual
trade
convention.
See
ANIK.,
Canadian
Space
Agency.
Canadian Space Agency
CSA.
One
of
the
more
ambitious
of
the

CSA's
various
projects
was
the
Com-
munications
Technology
satellite
(HERMES)
project
which
was
undertaken
jointly
with
the
U.S.
Canada
was
to
supply
the
satellite,
and
the
U.S.
the
traveling
wave

tube
amplifier.
This
high
power,
high
frequency,
communications satellite project
got
underway
in
1971
and
was
intended
to
test
direct-to-home
broad-
casting technology. HERMES
was
successfully
launched
in
1976
aboard
a three-stage
rocket.
The
satellite

operated
for
almost
twice
its
expected
life-
time,
almost
four
years.
Canada
competes
at
the
international
level
in
space-
craft
assembly,
integration,
and
testing
through
its
David
Florida Laboratory
(DFL),
west

of
Ottawa,
Ontario,
established
in
1972.
Besides
the
HERMES
satellite,
the
CANADARM
and
various
ANIK
satel-
lites
have
been
developed
and
manufactured
at
the
DFL.
See
ANIK.
Canadian StandardsAssociation
CSA.
A

Canadian,
independent, not-for-profit standards-setting
body
established
in
1919.
The
CSA
is
a
strong
participant
in
international
standards
discussions
and
directions.
It
engages
in
a
consensus
approach
to
standards
adop-
tion
and
provides

educational
services,
including
pub-
lications,
conferences,
and
seminars.
The
CSA
oper-
ates
a Certification &
Testing
Division
and
indicates
that
products
or
systems
have
passed
a
fonnal
evalu-
ation
process
at
stated

levels.
The
CSA
is
recognized
by
the
U.S.
as
a
Nationally
Recognized
Testing
Laboratory
(NRTL),
in
order
to
eliminate
the
need
for
duplicate
testing
for
products
159
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics

Illustrated
Dictionary
marketed
in
both
Canada
and
the
U.S.,
and
provides
assistance
to
manufacturers
marketing
to
the
European
Union.
CSA
has
an
official
mark
recognized
as
indicating a
product
or
system

that
meets
certain
industry
stan-
dards.
See
Standards
Council
of
Canada.
CanadianTelecommunications ConsultantsAsso-
ciation
CTCA.
A
Canadian
association of
indepen-
dent
telecommunications consulting professionals.
/>CanadianWireless Telecommunications Associa-
tion
CWTA.
A trade association representing
the
Canadian
wireless
telecommunications
industry,
in-

cluding satellite,
cellular,
and
other
mobile
commu-
nications
services.
cancel
Stop
a
process,
function,
or
action.
On
a
copy-
ing
machine,
to
abort
the
current
copy
ifit
has
not
already
gone

through
the
machine
and
any
additional
copies
that
may
have
been
requested.
In a
computer
application,
to
stop
or
abort
the
cur-
rent
operation
or
process.
Control-C
(two
keys
held
down together), sometimes designated

as
AC
or
Ctrl-C
is
a
very
common
key
code
combination
for
aborting a
process.
It
should
be
used
with
care
as
it
may
abort
the
user
right
out
of
the

program.
In
many
applications,
a
Cancel
button
is
provided
to
close
a
dialog
or
window
without
carrying
out
any
actions
(when
you
change
your
mind),
or
to
stop
a
process

in
progress.
In
some
older systems, A Y
works
in
a
manner
similar
to
AC.
"Z
is
somewhat
related,
and
usually
less
dangerous;
it
may
suspend
the
current
process
(rather
than
closing
it

down)
and
allow
you
to
carry
out
other
activities,
so
you
can
later return
to
the
original process.
With
Unix
system
shell
com-
mands,
a
process
can
be
resumed
withfg
(foreground)
after

having
been
suspended
with
Al.
On
phone
systems,
many
services
are
enabled
and
disabled,
or
canceled,
by
typing
in
two
or
three
digit
codes,
sometimes
followed
by
a#
or
*

symbol.
This
applies
to
services
such
as
Call Forwarding, Call
Waiting,
etc.
It
is
advisable
to
cancel
or
disable
Call
Waiting
before
using
a
modem
on
a
phone
line
in
or-
der

not
to
be
interrupted
during
a
big
data
transfer.
The
codes
for
the
subscriber's
region
for
disabling
various
services
are
usually listed
at
the
beginning
of
local
phone
directories.
candela
(abbrev.

-
cd)
Aunit of
luminous
intensity,
originally
based
upon
the
quantity
of
light generated
by
a
single
candle,
it
was
later
more
precisely
defined
as
the
quantity ofillumination emitted
by
a black
body
heated
to

the
temperature
at
which
platinum
changes
from
aliquid
to
solid
state.
See
luminous
in-
tensity.
candlestick telephone A
style
of
desk
phone
popu-
lar
in
the
early
20th
century
that
is
characterized

by
a
broad
base
with
a
slender,
candle-like
stem
with
a
receiver
on
the
top.
The
speaker
was
usually a
sepa-
rate
unit,
attached
with
a
cord
to
the
stem,
which

was
hung
on
the
stem
when
not
in
use.
Some
versions of
the
candlestick
were
adapted
to
hang
on
a
wall,
with
asolid
or
accordian-style
mounting
bracket
(e.g.,
the
Western
Electric

accordian
candlestick).
160
CAP
1.
See
carrierless amplitude
and
phase
modu-
lation.
2.
See
CellularArray
Processor.
3.
See
Com-
petitive
Access
Provider.
Capabilities Exchange
In
Data Link Switching
(DLSw),
a Switch-to-Switch
(SSP)
control
message
that

describes
the
characteristics ofa
sending
Data
Link
Switching
(DLSw)
router
to
allow inter-router
information
exchange
and
to
provide
greater
compati-
bility
among
different implementations.
See
Data
Link
Switching.
capacitance (symb. -
C)
The
ratio between
an

elec-
tric
charge
and
the
resulting
change
in
potential,
or
the
time
integral of
the
rate
of
flow
ofelectric
charge,
divided
by
the
related electric potential. Capacitance
is
measured
in
farads.
See
capacitor, capacity, Ley-
den

jar.
capacitor An arrangement of
conductors
separated
by
dielectrics, which
may
be
fixed
or
variable,
de-
signed
to
store electrical
energy.
Capacitors
are
used
in
a
wide
variety
of
electronic
devices.
See
capaci-
tance,
capacity,

condenser,
Leyden
jar.
Historic Capacitor
From
Leyden jars
to
tiny solid state components,
various means
of
storing electrical
energy
have
been
devised over the years.
This
historic capacitor
from
the
American Radio
Museum
illustrates how
much
ca-
pacitors have
changed,
as
most electronic capacitors
now resemble stubby battery housings.
capacity

1.
The
maximum
number
of
objects
or
oc-
cupants
that
can
be
contained
on
or
in
a
system
or
environment
under
normal
operating
conditions
(such
as
load,
theater,
or
bridge

capacity).
2.
The
maximum
information-carrying capability ofa
communications
system.
The
unit
of
capacity
varies
from
system
to
system;
on
a
network,
it
might
be
described
gener-
ally
in
terms
of
number
of

users,
or
more
specifically
in
terms
ofa calculation based
upon
speed,
access,
or
load
upon
a
CPU,
or
it
may
be
based
upon
trans-
fer
rates
for
cells
or
frames.
Capasso, Frederico
(1940s-

) An Italian-born
Bell
Laboratories scientist
who
has
made
numerous
con-
tributions
to
electronics, particularly photonics.
Capasso
has
contributed
to
bandgap
engineering
in-
novations
in
optoelectronics, semiconductor, and
solid
state
electronics
and,
in
1994,
co-invented
the
quantum cascade laser

(QC
laser). Capasso has
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
developed components that function
in
ways
not
previously
observed
in
nature
and
that
are
based
on
relative
thickness
and
proximity,
rather
than
chemi-
cal
composition.
See
quantum
cascade
laser;
Townes,

Charles
H.
Cap'n
CrunchAn
infamous
phone
hacker
(phreaker)
from
the
1970s
and
1980s,
John
T.
Draper
(ca.
1943-
)
adopted
this
handle
(techie
nickname)
and
served
a
sentence
for
illegal

(albeit
creative)
tampering
with
the
phone
system
using
technology
and
tones
to
make
unpaid-
for
long-distance
calls.
His
adventures
and
discoveries
resulted
in
the
phone
company
making
some
significant
changes

to
their technology
and
plugging
a
number
of
security
loopholes.
Some
of
his
exploits
are
described
in
Stephen
Levy's
book
Hack-
ers
and
in
a
1971
article
in
Esquire
Magazine
entitled

"Secrets
of
the
Little
Blue
Box."
Legend
has
it
that
John
Draper's
monicker
stems
from
a
whistle
he
acquired
from
a
cereal
box
of
the
same
name,
one
which
produced a

2600-Hz
tone
which
could
be
processed
by
the
phone
trunk
system
as
a
hangup
signal
when
blown
into
the
telephone
mouth-
piece
(a
tip
he
received
from
a
blind
fellow).

The
line
would
stay
connected,
but
the
call
would
not
be
billed.
This
type
of
caller
signaling
is
not
possible
on
newer
phone
systems
which
use
out
of
band
signaling,

be-
cause
the
voice
conversation
and
the
phone
control
signals
are
on
different
circuits.
Draper
became
associated
with
Steve
Jobs
and
Steve
Wozniak
and
wrote
the
first
word
processor
for

the
Apple
II
computer,
called
TextWriter
(which
became
EasyWriter).
In
1985,
Draper
wrote
a
series
of
Amiga
computer
technical
tutorials,
which
he
distributed
free
over
the
net,
at
a
time

when
the
Amiga
was
an
underappreci-
ated
new
entrant
to
the
field
of
multimedia
microcom-
puting.
He
now
creates
computer
intrusion
detection
systems.
See
blue
boxing.
Capstone chipA
hardware
security
device

that
uses
the
same
SKIPJACK
cryptographic
algorithm
as
the
Clipper
chip.
It
incorporates
a
Digital
Signature
Al-
gorithm
(DSA),
a
Secure
Hashing
Algorithm
(SHA),
a
public
key
exchange,
and
various

associated
math-
ematical
algorithms.
It's a
complex,
powerful
system,
requiring
almost
1
Gigabyte
on
an
automated
design
system
to
set
up
the
chip.
The
chips
are
being
installed
in
various
electronic

devices
for
the
U.S.
Defense
Messaging
System.
See
Clipper
chip,
Pretty
Good
Privacy.
Capture
Division PacketAccess
CDPA.
A
packet-
oriented
cellular
communications
network
architec-
ture
designed
to
handle
constant
bit
rate

(CBR)
and
variable
bandwidth
multimedia
telephony
applica-
tions
such
as
videoconferencing.
Unlike
some
other
protocols,
CDPA
is
bandwidth-adaptable;
it
can
sup-
port
increased
channel
access
for
individual
users
for
brief

periods.
capture
effect, captive effect
In
radio
communica-
tions,
signals
often
compete
with
one
another
if
the
frequencies
are
very
similar
or
if
two
stations
are
coming
in
with
approximately similar
strength.
In

amplitude-modulated
(AM)
transmissions,
the
two
sound
sources
will
be
heard
overlapping
one
another,
and
it's
hard
to
make
out
what
is
being
heard.
In
fre-
quency-modulated
transmissions
(FM),
the
receiver

will
filter
out
the
weaker
signals,
resulting
in
the
cap-
ture
of
the
weaker
signal
and
the
exclusive
broadcast-
ing
of
the
stronger
one.
If
the
signals
are
equal
in

strength,
the
receiver
may
switch
back
and
forth
be-
tween
the
two,
but
it
won't
play
them
both
simulta-
neously
as
in
AM.
capture
ratio
The
capability
ofa
tuner
to

reject
un-
wanted
transmissions
(other stations,
interference)
that
are
on
the
same
frequency
as
those
desired.
The
capture
ratio
is
expressed
in
decibels,
with
a
lower
figure
indicating
better
performance.
CAR

computer-assisted
retrieval.
car
phone A
cellular
communications
unit
installed
in
a
vehicle.
While
handheld,
battery-operated
sys-
tems
are
often
called
car
phones,
the
phrase
more
properly distinguishes larger units that
use
power
from
the
car's battery

and
connect
to
an
antenna
physically
attached
to
the
car
(the
center
of
the
roof,
or
elsewhere).
Generally
they
consist
of
two
parts,
a
trunk
or
below-seat
unit,
and
a

handset.
Car
phones
generally
have
higher
power
and
better
transmission
than
handheld
cellular
phones,
although
they
lack
the
convenience
of
portability.
See
cellular
phone,
mo-
bile
phone,
AMPS.
carbon
dioxide laser, COl laser A

source
of
laser
illumination
based
upon
gaseous
molecular
action.
An
ammonia-based
infrared
laser
was
first
described
in
a
patent
application
in
1956
by
R.
Dicke.
Carbon
dioxide
lasers
were
developed

by
A.
Javan
in
the
early
1960s.
From
signaling
and
spectroscopy
to
welding,
steel-
cutting,
etching,
and
delicate
surgery,
the
carbon
di-
oxide
laser
is
suitable
for
hundreds
of
applications

where
power
and
precision
are
important.
It
has
even
been
shown
capable
of
halting
infections
and
prevent-
ing
extended
tissue
damage
that
could
require
am-
putation.
Early
in
2002,
Coherent

Photonics
Group
announced
that
they
had
developed
the
first
industrial
Q-switched
CO
2
laser.
The
laser
emits
high-energy,
high-repeti-
tion,
narrow
pulses
suitable
for
micromachining/drill-
inglPC
board
applications.
A
basic

COt
!aser
can
be
built
in
a
lab
with
off-the-
shelf
parts.
Note,
CO
2
lasers
generate
high-energy
beams
that
can
cut
through
steel.
Safety
knowledge
regarding
assembly
and
use

is
essential.
See
helium-
neon
laser,
laser
history.
carborundum
A
substance
with
rectifying
proper-
ties
that
was
used
in
early
radio
wave
crystal
detec-
tors.
Unlike
the
popular
galena,
which

required
very
delicate
contact
and
tuning,
carborundum
could
be
clamped
tight
and
sealed
firmly
within
the
detector
unit,
making
it
suitable
for
field
work
and
rough
han-
dling.
Much
of

the
pioneer
work
on
carborundum
detectors
was
done
by
H.
Dunwoody of
the
U.S.
Army,
who
received
apatent
in
1906.
carcinotronAn
electron
tube-based
backward
oscil-
lator
designed
to
generate
extremely
high

frequency
(EHF)
signals.
See
magnetron.
161
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC