Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary - Part 50 doc

Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
Certification
Consortium
(ISC2),
offering
comprehen-
sive
certification
for
information
security
profession-
als.
/>Information Technology Association
of
America
ITAA.
A
trade
association
representing
the
u.s.
in-
formation
technology
(IT)
industry.

The
ITAA
re-
sponds
to
developments
in
governmental
and
inter-
national
IT
policy,
promotes
the
interests
of
its
mem-
bers,
and
participates
with
other
organizations
in
de-
veloping
Internet
policies.

/>Information Technology Association
of
Canada
ITAC.
A
trade
organization
supporting
Canadian
in-
formation
technology
providers,
ITAC
identifies
and
focuses
on
issues
affecting
the
IT
industry
and
advo-
cates
initiatives
promoting
its
growth

and
develop-
ment.
/>Information Technology
Industry
Council
ITI,
ITIC.
Formerly
CBEMA,
the
Computer
and
Business
Equipment Manufacturers Association,
ITIC
is
a
trade
organization
representing
leading
U.S.
provid-
ers
of
information
technology
(IT)
products

and
ser-
vices.
It
includes
well-known
vendors
such
as
3Com,
Amazon.com,
Apple,
Computer,
Inc.,
Cisco
Systems,
Inc.,
Hewlett-Packard
Company,
mM
Corporation,
and
many
more
well-known
finns.
ITIC
produces
an
industry

Data
Book
with
statistical
information
on
computers
and
telecommunications
equipment
and
services.
See
Information
Security
Exploratory
Com-
mittee.
/>Information Technology Research Center
ITRC.
There
are
many
research
centers
operating
under
this
name
(or

slight
variations
of
the
name),
so
only
ex-
amples
are
listed
in
the
Information
Technology
Re-
search
Centers
chart,
but
since
most
of
them
are
di-
rectly
concerned
with
advancements

in
telecommu-
nications
technologies,
this
selection
gives
an
over-
view
of
some
of
the
Information
Technology
(IT)
centers
accessible
on
the
Web,
along
with
their
goals,
and
their
geographic
distribution.

information theory
The
pioneer
studies
in
queuing
theory
were
developed
and
described
by
A.K.
Erlang,
a
Danish
engineer,
in
the
early
1900s.
Information
theory,
an
evolutionary
cousin
to
queuing
theory,
is

a
field
of
inquiry
and
mathematical
modeling
that
was
largely
developed
and
disseminated
by
Claude
E.
Shannon
while
working
at
Bell
Laboratories
in
1948.
Shannon
took
a
theoretical,
mathematical
look

at
in-
formation,
in
terms
of
not
only
its
content
and
struc-
ture,
but
also
its
source
and
purpose.
Thus,
signals
and
their
frequencies,
bandwidths,
physical
compo-
nents,
and
electromagnetic

characteristics
were
set
in
the
broader
framework
of
information
and
its
human
sources.
This
provided
a broader
view
of
communi-
cations
and
groundwork
for
more
specific
measures
and
descriptors
of
content

and
capacity
that
have
real
world
usefulness.
Information
theory
can
be
used
to
develop
more
objective
system
evaluation
tools,
com-
pression
techniques,
and
practical
applications
such
as
voice-over
IP
systems.

See
erlang,
queuing
theory.
InfoWattA
new
electrical
conductor
technology
that
includes
a
fiber
optics
transmission
cable
in
its
core.
This
new
conductor
was
intended
to
solve
the
prob-
lem
of

getting
generated
power
more
efficiently
to
consumers
to
alleviate existing
distribution
bottle-
necks
and,
since
fiber
optics
are
not
affected
by
elec-
trical
current
in
the
same
way
as
other
electrical

wires,
a
fiber
optic
conductor
can
be
bundled
into
the
cable
in
an
electrically
neutral
core,
saving
space
and
open-
ing
up
new
opportunities
for
communications
net-
work
delivery.
The

cable
consists
ofa
fiber
optic
core,
a surrounding layer of thermoplastic composite
strength
members,
and
an
outer
wrapping
of
conduc-
tive
aluminum.
The
structural
components
are
non-
conducting
thermoplastic
composite
materials.
Test-
ing
is
undetway

and
initial
deployment
is
expected
around
2003.
InfoWatt
was
developed
by
W.
Brandt
Goldsworthy
&
Associates,
Inc.
infrared
Electromagnetic radiation with longer
wavelengths
which,
in
terms
of
frequencies,
fall
be-
tween
the
red

part
of
the
visible
spectrum
and
radio
waves.
Although
it
cannot
be
seen
by
humans,
infra-
red
radiation
is
of
commercial
importance
in
remote
sensing
systems,
remote
control
devices,
video

game
consoles,
and
fiber
optic
transmissions.
It
is
also
be-
ing exploited for local area wireless networks
(LAWNs).
Infrared
serial
data
link
standards
are
being
adapted
by
a
number
of
manufacturers.
Infrared
technology
can
be
used

to
detect
differences
in
heat
and,
conse-
quently,
movement
of
bodies
emitting
heat.
Infrared
detectors are used
in
many
industries including
electronics,
construction
(structural
fault
detection,
heating,
and
insulation
testing),
and
medical
imaging.

Infrared
film
is
used
in
specialized
photographic
ap-
IrDA
Network
Protocol
Layers
Layer/Protocol Notes
IrLMP
A
mandatory
link
management
protocol
which
manages
resources
and
services
and
higher-level
protocols
which
are
made

available
to
other
devices.
IrLMP
sets
up
and
maintains
multiple
connections.
IrLAP
layer
Link
establishment,
maintenance,
and
termination.
Similar
to
the
half-duplex
link
control
(HDLC)
protocol.
physical
layer
Provides
point-to-point

connections
and
communications
between
devices
with
cordless/wireless
serial
infrared
half-duplex
links.
482
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
plications.
See
Infrared
Serial
Data
Link,
snooper-
scope,
ultraviolet.
InfraredCommunicationSystems StudyCommit-
tee
ICSC.
A
research
committee
of
the

Association
of
Radio
Industries
and
Businesses
(ARIB),
study-
ing
and
promoting
awareness
and
use
of infrared
communications
systems.
Centered
in
Tokyo,
Japan.
Infrared
Data Association
IrDA.
An
organization
established
in
1993
to

support
and
promote
software
and
hardware
standards
for
cordless/wireless
infra-
red
communications
links.
IrDA
is
headquartered
in
California.
Infrared
can
be
used
with
remote
controls
to
control
various
consumer
electronics

devices
and
can
also
be
used
for
data
transmission
between
de-
vices
such
as
laptops,
desktop
computers,
and
periph-
erals.
See
Infrared
Data
Association
Protocol.
Infrared
DataAssociation Protocol
IrDA
Protocol.
A

multilayered
networking
structure
from
IrDA
for
defining
hardware
and
software
needs
for
infrared
network communications.
The
IrDA
protocol
stack
covers
physical
transfer
of
information,
guidelines
for
link
access,
and
link
management.

The
layers
are
briefly
described
in
the
IrDA
Network
Protocol
Lay-
ers
chart.
Infrared LinkAccess Protocol
IrLAP.
A
serial
link
access
protocol
from
IrDA
which
provides
three
types
of
connectionless
services
and

six
types
ofconnec-
tion-oriented services with
four
types of
service
primitives.
IrLAP
provides
discovery,
address
con-
flict,
and
unit
data
services
over
connectionless
ser-
vices
and
connect,
sniffing,
data,
status,
reset,
and
dis-

connect
services
or
connection-oriented services.
IrLAP
is
primary-secondary
or
primary-multiple
sta-
tion
oriented.
The
IrLAP
layer
is
intended
to
facilitate
interconnec-
tion
of
computers
and
peripherals
over
a
directed
half-
duplex

medium
provided
through
the
physical
layer.
IrLAP
stations
can
be
operated
in
Normal
Response
Mode
(NRM)
or
Normal
Disconnect
Mode
(NOM),
which
correspond
to
connection
state
and
contention
state.
IrLAP

data
and
control
are
frame-oriented,
with
a
frame
including
an
address,
a
control
field
for
de-
termining
frame
content,
and
an
optional
information
field.
infrastructure
The
structural
underpinning
or
base

that
supports
the
other physical/conceptual layers
and
components
associated
with
a
system.
InGaAsN
See
indium
gallium
arsenide
nitride.
INGECEP
See
Integrated
Next
Generation
Elec-
tronic
Commerce
Environment
Project.
ingress
1.
Entrance,
point

of
entry,
way
in,
opening,
doolWay.
2.
In
Frame
Relay
networks,
frames
that
are
entering
toward
the
Frame
Relay
from
an
access
de-
vice.
The
opposite
of
egress.
initial address message
lAM.

In
Signaling
System
7
(SS7)
networks,
a signaling
message
sent
in
the
fOlWard
direction
that
initiates
seizure
ofa
circuit,
and
provides
address
and
routing information
for
the
connection
of
the requested call. See Signaling
System
7.

InitialDefense Communications SatelliteProgram
IDCSP.
A
project
of
the
u.S.
military,
IDCSP
first
launched
three
satellites
in
1967.
They
included
X-
band
transponders
in
the
26-MHz
bandwidth,
and
supported
experimental
terminals
for
evaluating

im-
ages,
voices,
digital
data,
and
teletype
channels
us-
ing
a
variety
of
modulation
schemes.
The
IDCSPwas
designed
to
shut
down
after
five
years
of
useful
life.
InitialMAC ProtocolData Unit
IMPDU.
In

packet-
switched
networking,
the
IMPDU
encodes
Media
Access
Control
(MAC)
Service
Data
Unit
informa-
tion.
A
number
of
MAC
Protocol
Data
Units
(pDU
s)
are
derived
from
the
segmentation
of

the
IMPDU.
See
Media
Access
Control,
Protocol
Data
Unit.
initial
program
load
IPL.
The
bootstrapping
of a
system
in
that
the
operating
system
is
loaded
up
first
to
make
it
possible

to
bring
the
other
hardware
and
software
systems
online
(monitors,
disk
drives,
in-
terface
applications,
etc.).
Some
systems
provide
a
means
to
"soft
boot"
a
machine
(reloading
the
ini-
tialization

software
and
OS
without
turning
the
power
off
and
on
again).
Many
systems
will
now
allow
the
user
to
set
the
de-
vice
from
which
the
computer
will
boot,
especially

if
the
computer
has
several
possible
boot
devices
such
as
hard
drives,
CD-ROM
drives,
and
floppy
diskette
drives.
At
the
present
time,
most
systems
have
mini-
mal
startup
programs
stored

in
ROM
chips
and
then
default
to
boot
the
rest
of
the
initialization of
the
OS
from
hard
drives.
They
will
typically
seek
operating
system
software
on
other
devices
if
it

is
not
found
on
the
default
drive
and
may
be
set
to
boot
from
a
CD-
ROM
or
diskette
first
(rather
than
the
hard
drive)
ifa
disc/diskette
is
present.
In

a
more
specific
sense,
this
same
bootstrapping
pro-
cess
occurs
with
many
computer
subsystems.
For
example,
there
may
be
components
or
peripherals
associated
with
a
computer
system
that
store
initial

parameters
in
ROM
chips
or
on
other
storage
devices
that
make
it
possible
to
bring
the
rest
of
the
device's
capabilities
online.
Initial Public Offering
IPO.
A
Securities
Commis-
sion
government-regulated
mechanism

for
a
com-
pany
to
offer
a
variety
of
types
of
shares
(usually
com-
mon
and
preferred
stock)
to
the
general
public.
There
are
a
number
of
categories
of
public

offerings,
both
state
and
federal,
with
levels
of
restrictions
and
guide-
lines depending upon
the
amount
of
investment
sought.
Telecommunications
and
biotech
are
two
of
the
hot
areas
of
recent
years,
and

some
high-profile
stock
offerings
have
been
carried
out
in
the
technol-
ogy
industry,
one
of
the
most
visible
being
Netscape
Communications,
developers
of
Web
browsers/serv-
ers
and
other
applications.
injection laser diode

!LD.
See
laser
diode.
inkjet printing An
inexpensive
color
printing
pro-
cess
in
which
inks
from
a
series
of
ink
''wells'
are
fired
through
a
tiny
opening
called
a
nozzle.
The
fir-

ing
is
accomplished
through
heating
the
ink
cham-
bers
to
a high temperature
so
a vapor bubble
is
formed,
which
rapidly
ejects
the
ink
through
the
end
of
the
nozzle
onto
the
printing
medium,

where
it
cools
and
adheres.
See
dye
sublimation
printing,
thermal
wax
printing.
483
·,·····:.'.'.:I1·.~,··

I.
\~f:
~~~,'
,
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
InmarsatJllternational Maritime Satellite
Organiza-
tion.
Originally
an
international cooperative

agency
established
in
1979,
Inmarsat
was
then
slated
for
privatization
for
I
January
1999.
It
launched
in
1992
and
has
provided
global
mobile
satellite
communi-
cations
services
(voice,
data,
facsimile), especially

maritime
services,
since
1993.
Inmarsat
now
serves
over
80
member
countries.
Inmarsat
has
a
system
offour geostationary satellites
orbiting
at
35,786
Ian
using
frequency
division
mul-
tiple
access
(FDMA).
It
provides
transportation

com-
munications
and
Internet
connect
services.
Five
more
are
scheduled
to
be
launched
by
the
end
of
the
cen-
tury.
Twelve
medium
Earth
orbit
(MEO)
satellites
are
also
planned.
Customers

purchase
services
from
avariety of
pack-
ages
depending
upon
whether
they
need
phone,
fac-
simile,
Internet,
emergency
services,
telemedicine,
etc.
The
ICONET
satellite
system
is
a spin-off ofInmar-
sat communications services, originally
known
as
Project
21.

See
Inmarsat
Service
Categories
chart.
See
ICO
Global
Communications.
l
INN
I.
See
InterNet
News.
2.
InterNode
Network.
INP
See
Interim
Number
Portability.
InPerson A consumer-priced SGl-based videocon-
ferencing system supporting video, audio, white-
boarding,
and
file
transfers
over

analog
phone
lines
and
Ethernet
networks.
Video
encoding
is
accom-
plished
through
HDCC
compression developed
in-
house
at
Silicon
Graphics
with
several
audio
com-
pression
formats.
input
Information,
in
the
form

ofa communication
or
signal, provided
to
a person, system,
or
circuit.
Computer
software
input
mechanisms
include
graphi-
cal
user
interfaces,
shell
windows,
buttons,
icons,
dia-
log
boxes,
etc.
Computer
hardware
input
mechanisms
include keyboards,
mice,

trackballs, touchscreens,
joysticks,
video
cameras,
and
microphones.
The
in-
put
device
on
a
telephone
is
relatively
simple:
a
small
speakerphone
or
diaphragm
(microphone)
in
the
tele-
phone
handset.
input device illev (ill
is
sometimes

used
but
may
be
confused
with
identification). An interface
device
for
receiving
and
transmitting information
from
an
input
source
(frequently
human)
to
aprocessing
sys-
tem
or
remote
location,
usually
a
computing
machine
or

electromechanical
device.
The
input
sensor
and
the
transmissions
unit
are
often
housed
together (e.g.,
telephone).
There
are
a
great
variety of
input
devices
including keyboards, mice, joysticks, light pens,
touch
screens,
microphones
(especially
with
speech
recognition
systems),

infrared
sensors,
video
cams,
etc.
The
invention
ofthe
mouse,
one
of
the
most
com-
mon
computer
input
devices,
is
attributed
to
Doug
Engelbart
in
the
1960s.
Many
of
the
input

devices
in
common
use
today
were
pioneered
by
Ivan
Suther-
land
in
the
early
1960s.
See
individual
input
devices.
INSPEC
The
world's
largest
English-language
bib-
liographic
database
in
physics,
computing,

and
elec-
tronics.
INSPEC
evolved
from
Science Abstracts,
which
was
first
published
in
January
1898.
The
da-
484
tabase
regularly catalogs
the
contents
of
over
4000
technology journals,
in
addition
to
conference
pro-

ceedings
and
other relevant literature. It currently
holds
more
than
6 million
records.
See
Institution of
Electrical Engineers.
Institute for Advanced Commerce
IAC.
An
IBM
forum
for
studying
fundamental
aspects
and
trends
in
business.
Through
academic
partnerships
and
con-
ferences,

the
Institute tracks business
and
market
characteristics
with
the
goal
of creating long-term
corporate solutions.
An important
focus
ofadvanced
commerce
is
the
application of computer
and
com-
munications technologies, collectively
known
as
e-
commerce.
Institute for Telecommunication Sciences
ITS.
The
applied research division of
the
U.S.

National
Tele-
communications
and
Information Administration
(NTIA).
The
ITS
develops,
tests,
evaluates,
and
pro-
motes
advanced communications
networks
and
do-
mestic
standards
through
its
Boulder, Colorado,
fa-
cility.
Institute of Radio Engineers
IRE.
The
IRE
was

a
historic
professional organization
formed
as
a result
of
the
merger
of
the
Society of
Wireless
Telegraph
Engineers (SWTE)
and
The
Wireless Institute
in
1912,
in
order
to
establish
and
promote
an
interna-
tional
orientation

for
the
consolidated organization.
It
served
as
a standards
body,
in
cooperation
with
the
U.S.
federal
government,
and
aprofessional support
group
for
its
members
and
the
radio
community
at
large.
See
American
Institute ofElectrical

Engineers,
IEEE.
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers,
Inc.
See
IEEE.
Institution of Electrical Engineers lEE. A U.K
based
professional engineering society
founded
in
1871
that
now
has
almost
140,000
members
world-
wide.
The
LEE
supports
and
promotes
advancements
in
electrical, electronic,
and
manufacturing sciences

and
engineering
and
provides
publications, histori-
cal
archives,
research
databases,
exhibitions,
and
edu-
cational activities
for
its
membership
and,
in
some
cases, for the general public.
LEE
prod~ces
the
INSPEC
engineering
science
database.
See
INSPEC.
/>Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Soci-

ety
ISA.
Astandards-setting, international,
nonprofit,
professional society supporting instrumentation
and
systems
engineers
in
more
than
100
countries.
ISA
provides
a number ofpublications
and
awards
relat-
ing
to
the
fields
ofinstrumentation
and
automation,
as
well
as
certification

resources.
l
Insulated Cable EngineersAssociation, Inc.
ICEA.
Anot-for-profit professional
trade
association
dedi-
cated
to
developing
cable
standards
for
the
various
control,
power,
and
telecommunications industries,
founded
in
1925.
ICEA
generates
documents
of
in-
terest
to

cable
designers,
manufacturers,
and
vendors.
l·
insulated wire
Conductive
wire
that
has
been
coated,
sealed,
rubberized,
clad,
sheathed,
or
otherwise
cov-
ered
or
processed
to
protect
it
from
electrical
leak-
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

age
and
external
electromagnetic
interference
or
cor-
rosion.
It
may
also
be
internally insulated if
the
wire
is
bundled
with
other
wires
or
fabricated
in
layers
that
could
interfere
with
one
another

if
not
separated
with
nonconductive
materials.
insulation A material
or
particulate environment
composed
of
atoms
that
do
not
readily
give
up
their
electrons.
This
inertial property
can
be
exploited
to
create
industrial
materials
resistant

to
the
flow
of
cur-
rent
and
exchange
of
heat
between
environments
with
disparate
temperatures.
Examples
of
common
insu-
lating
materials
include
rubber,
glass,
and
porcelain,
but
other
substances
can

be
insulators
because
insu-
lation
is
somewhat
contextual.
The
Earth's
atmo-
sphere
is
an
insulator,
shielding
the
planet
from
ul-
traviolet
radiation,
for
example.
When
a
storm
occurs
and
electrical

charges
accumulate
around
clouds,
they
may
overcome
the
air's insulating properties
and
manifest
as
lightning.
Historically,
insulation
was
crucial
to
the
successful
installation
of
underwater
telegraph
cables,
beginning
in
the
1800s.
Gutta-percha, a rubberlike

substance
with
excellent
industrial
properties
for
the
time,
made
it
possible
to
lay
cables
in
corrosive salt environ-
ments,
where
attempts
with
other
materials
had
failed.
Insulation
also
made
it
possible
to

install
underground
telegraph
and
telephone
wires
and
wires
that
could
be
used
in
harsh
wilderness environments.
In
the
1930s,
AT&T
introduced a
wire
with
improved
insu-
lation
for
telephone
transmissions.
There
are

many
primary
and
secondary
ways
in
which
insulation
is
used
in
telecommunications,
including
shielding
conductive
materials
from
heat
or
electrical
interference,
•
providing
protection
from
external
physical
damage
(erosion,
corrosion,

abrasion,
tamper-
ing),
•
providing
protection
and
spacing
among
or
between
proximate or layered electromag-
netic
influences,
•
providing
a
surface
upon
which
marks
or
col-
ors
can
be
imprinted
to
aid
in

installation
and
maintenance,
and
•
providing
protection
to
humans
handling
cur-
rent-carrying
wires.
There
are
some
differences
between
insulating
wires
and
fiber
optic
bundles.
Wired
telecommunications
typically
carry
one
signal

per
wire
and
wire
is
some-
what
resistant
to
breakage
if
it
is
bent
(a
180°+
bend
can
often
be
straightened
out
again
without
breaking
a
wire).
While
several
wires

may
be
bundled
together
(e.g.,
transatlantic
telegraph
cables
were
acollection
of
bundled
wires),
wire
assemblages
typically don't
have
the
high
number
of
strands
found
in
fiber
optic
cables,
and
tiny
fiber

optic
strands
can
break
or
eas-
ily
become
separated
from
the
assemblage
at
junc-
tion
points.
Wires
and
optical
fibers
are
also
subject
to
different
forms
of
environmental
damage,
result-

ing
in
different
choices
for
the
types
and
thicknesses
of
materials
used
to
protect
them.
A
small
gouge
or
scratch
may
not
significantly alter
the
overall
current-carrying characteristics ofa
wire
but
can
significantly

impair
a
tiny
fiber
from
trans-
mitting
a consistent
optical
signal.
Insulation
has
to
be
designed
to
accommodate
these
differences
and
stripping
tools
must
be
suitable
for
removing
optical
fiber
insulating

sleeves.
Further,
installers
must
be
aware
of
electrical shock hazards when working
around
current-carrying
wires,
which
is
not
a
prob-
lem
with
optical
fibers.
Industrial insulation
is
used
for
purposes
other
than
covering
wires.
It

may
also
be
used
to
regulate
the
air
temperature
in
facilities
where
material
tempera-
tures
or
operating
temperatures
are
important,
as
in
supercomputing applications
or
fabrication
plants,
where
the
room
or

chamber
environments
are
impor-
tant.
Insulation
is
further
used
in
atomic
research
fa-
cilities,
as
in
supercooled
environments,
for
study-
ing
specialized
computing
functions
(e.g.,
quantum
computing).
See
dielectric.
insulator

See
insulation.
Utility Pole Insulators
Insulators commonly sed
to
shedmoisture andsup-
portconductive
wires
on
utilitypoles.
They
were
once
constructed
of
glass
(the
early ones
handmade),
but
now ceramic insulators
are
generally used and old
glass insulators
are
collectibles.
insulator, utility pole
Historically,
the
fact

that
glass
would
make
a
good
insulator
was
suggested
by
E.
Cornell,
who
assisted
Samuel
Morse
in
installing
the
historic
1843
Washington,
D.C to-Baltimore
tele-
graph
line.
He
originally proposed
glass
plates

and
later described a
more
knob-like
design,
a
larger
ver-
sion
ofwhich
eventually
became
standard
and
widely
used
on
utility
poles
until
the
1970s.
Utility
pole
glass
insulators
are
thick,
threaded,
mug-

or
thermos-sized
objects,
in
clear
glass
or
a
variety
of
colors,
most
often
blue
or
green.
A
number
of
hand-
blown
insulators
were
created
in
the
late
1880s.
The
oldest

commercial
mass-produced
ones,
originating
some
time
in
the
early
1850s,
lacked
threads
but
were
colored.
Molding
processes
for
creating insulators
were
patented
in
the
1870s.
The
Oakman
beehive
in-
sulator
was

favored
by
Western
Union
for
telegraph
poles.
Western
Union
used
many
thousands
ofBrookfield
and
Hemingray
insulators
over
the
years.
The
move
to
standardize
insulators
occurred
around
1910;
clear
insulators
were

not
produced
until
the
1930s.
Ceramic
485
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
insulators
were
introduced
around
1908
by
Locke
In-
sulator,
in
order
to
undercut
the
cost
of
glass
insula-

tors.
Insulators
were
developed
in
many
shapes
and
sizes,
in
a
rainbow
of
gem-like
hues.
They
provide
a
legacy
of
poetically descriptive category
names
such
as
slashtops,
bat
ears,
eggs,
beehives,
and

teapots.
Well-known glass insulator manufacturers, like
Hemingray,
shut
down
by
the
mid-1960s.
Historic
glass
and
ceramic
insulators
are
found
occasionally
in
secondhand
stores
and
antique
auctions,
and
older
or
more
interesting
ones
are
favored

by
collectors
and
sometimes
sell
for
hundreds
of
dollars.
INTEGRAL
International
Gamma
Ray
Astrophys-
ics
Laboratory.
A
medium-size
scientific
mission
se-
lected
in
June
1993
by
the
European
Space
Agency

(ESA)
for
the
Horizon
2000
program.
The
ESA-Ied
orbiting
observatory
mission
is
being
carried
out
with
contributions
by
NASA
and
the
Russian
Federation.
INTEGRAL
is
involved
in
imaging
and
spectroscopy

of
celestial
gamma-ray
sources.
Observations
will
be
telecommunicated
to
ground-stations
and
made
avail-
able
to
the
global
scientific
community.
IntegratedAccess Device
lAD.
A
data
communica-
tions
device
that
provides
data
and

voice
services,
usually
to
small-
and
medium-sized
businesses.
lADs
have
generally
been
used
to
provide
circuit-switched
services,
but
as
of
January
2001,
lADs
supporting
migration
to
packet-switched
IP
services
were

being
offered
commercially
by
Cisco
Systems,
Inc.
Integrated Broadband Communications
mc.
A
European
Community-wide
system
of
communica-
tions
capable
of
supporting
a
wide
range
of
service
providers
that
was
emerging
in
the

mid-1980s
and
whose
development
was
formally
supported
in
a
de-
cision
of
the
European
Community
(EC)
in
Decem-
ber
1978.
It
was
felt
by
the
European
Council
that
telecommunications
systems

would
benefit
the
EC's
international
competitiveness
in
general
and
the
tele-
communications
sector
in
particular.
It
was
also
stated
that
a
system
that
united
rather
than
regionalized
com-
munications
would

be
preferable
and
that
common
specifications
were
necessary
but
not
sufficient
to
bring
this
about.
The
Single
European
Act
was
ex-
pressed
to
provide
a
good
political
and
legal
base

for
developing
a
European-wide
scientific
and
techno-
logical
strategy
and
industrial
competitiveness
in
tele-
communications.
One
of
the
important
contributors
to
the
development
of
the
mc
is
the
Research
and

Development
in
Ad-
vanced
Communications
in
Europe
(RACE)
pro-
gram.
RACE
was
involved
in
overall
mc
develop-
ment
and
more
specifically,
the
development
of
the
Mobile
Broadband
System
(MBS)
being

integrated
with
the
mc.
In
1995,
at
the
end
of
its
specified
term,
RACE
evolved into Advanced Communications
Technologies
and
Services
(ACTS)
to
represent
the
third phase of
IBC
implementation.
See
Mobile
Broadband
System,
Research

in
Advanced
Commu-
nications
in
Europe.
Now
that
many
of
the
initial
steps
in
establishing
mc
have
been
taken,
it
is
expected
that
more
Europeans
486
will
stay
at
home

to
work,
study,
and
socialize
over
computer
networks,
etc.,
thus
increasing
the
impor-
tance
of
and
demands
on
mc.
It
is
also
expected
that
individuals
with
limited
mobility
can
benefit

from
IBC
and
that educational,
government,
and
health
care
services
will
be
an
important
aspect
offfiC.
integrated circuit
IC.
A
single
electronic
component
that
incorporates
what
would
normally
require
many
traditional
electrical

circuits.
This
enables
complex,
sophisticated capabilities
to
be
bundled into tiny
packages
and
also
often
increases
the
speed
of
inter-
actions
and
processing.
A
computer
central
process-
ing
(CPU)
chip
is
one
particular

type
of
integrated
circuit;
a
combination
of
circuits
and
chips
included
on
a
single
card,
like
a
peripheral
card,
is
also
an
ex-
tension
of
the
concept
of
an
IC.

Very
large
scale
in-
tegration
(VLSI)
technology
is
the
combination
and
interaction
of
many
circuits
in
a
combined
package.
In
Canada,
the
Integrated Circuit
Topography
Act
(1990)
exists
to
protect
registered

integrated
circuit
designs
as
a
form
of intellectual
property.
Various
U.S.
and
foreign
copyright
and
patent
laws
also
pro-
tect
and
publicly
disseminate
information
on
unique
ICs.
Pioneer Integrated Ciruit
In 1958, JackKilby constructeda historicintegrated
circuit (IC) using germanium as the semiconductor,
at

about the same time that
R.
Noyce was working on
the
Ie
concept
at
FairchildSemiconductor. Kilbyscir-
cuit wasprimitive bytoday
sstandards, mountedon a
transparent synthetic base with
four
wire leads pro-
truding from one side, but the invention was one
of
the most important
in
electronics history, following
the milestoneinventions
of
the triode in the early 1900s
and
the transistor in the 1940s.
The
concept
for
making
resistors, capacitors,
and
other

common
hardware
on
circuit
boards
out
ofsili-
con
was
new
in
the
1950s.
Engineers
from
the
old
school
evolving
out
of
decades
of
experience
with
vacuum
tubes
and
discrete
components

didn't
imme-
diately
conceive
the
idea
of
using
the
new
semicon-
ductor
technology
for
modeling
all
(or
many)
aspects
ofa
circuit
design.
The
earliest
ICs
included
only
a
single
transistor.

Now,
astonishingly,
more
than
100
million
transistors
can
be
packed
into
an
IC.
Credit
for
the
introduction
of
ICs,
in
1959,
has
long
been
attributed
to
Robert
N.
Noyce,
a

Dane
who
was
working
at
Fairchild
Semiconductor
and
who
helped
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
form
the
Intel
Corporation
in
America.
Noyce
was
awarded
a
u.s.
patent
in
1961.
However,
it
appears
Jack
St.

Clair
Kilby,
a
Texan,
is
the
original
"Father
of
the
IC."
Kilby
apparently
introduced
the
concept
in
September
1958,
and
Texas
Instruments
Incorpo-
rated
(TI)
applied
for
a patent
on
Kilby's

concept
a
few
months
later.
It
has
been
reported
that
Kilby's
patent
was
still
being
assessed
as
the
Noyce
patent
was
granted.
In
recent
years,
Kilby's
contribution
has
been
acknowledged

and
lauded
and
Texas
Instru-
ments
has
named
a
research
center
in
his
honor.
His-
torians
generally
consider
the
two
inventors
to
have
independently
developed
their
ideas
at
about
the

same
time.
In
engineering
circles,
the
abbreviation
IC
is
often
used
as
a
pun
to
refer
to
both
integrated
circuit
and
"I
see."
See
semiconductor,
very
large
scale
integra-
tion.

See
Kilby,
Jack;
Noyce,
Robert.
integrated dataaccess
IDA.
A
phrase
usually
applied
to
database
access
through
shared
resources
or
auto-
mated
lookup
tools
that
facilitate
information-
find-
ing.
A
number
of Web-accessible government

ar-
chives
are
said
to
be
IDAs.
IDA
also
applies
to
a
num-
ber
of
commercial
database
products
that
have
vari-
ous
database
discovery,
search,
and
retrieval
func-
tions
built

into
the
product
so
that
it
can
be
readily
deployed
by
an
institution
to
set
up
information
de-
livery
services
without
a
lot
of
time
spent
on
in-house
programming.
Integrated Digital Loop

Carrier
IDLC.
A
system
designed
to
integrate Digital
Loop
Carrier
(DLC)
systems
with
existing
digital
switches
as
in
a
SONET
network
system.
A
basic
installation
consists
of
in-
telligent
remote
digital

terminals
(ROTs)
and
digital
switch
elements
known
as
integrated
digital
termi-
nals
(lOTs),
interconnected
by
a
digital
line.
See
Digi-
tal
Loop
Carrier.
Integrated Digital Network
IDN.
A
digital
network
in
which

both
the
switching
and
the
transmission
are
digital.
Traditionally,
communications
switching
has
been
analog,
even
if
the
data
transmission
was
digi-
tal,
necessitating
modulation
and
conversion
that
lim-
ited
transmission

integrity
and
speeds.
Gradually
digi-
tal
switches began
to
replace analog
and
digital
phone;
data
services
for
general
consumers
began
to
become
widely
available
in
the
late
1990s.
A
computer
with
a

modem
is
an
example
ofa
hybrid
digital/analog
transmission
system.
A
computer
gen-
erates
digital
data
that
is
sent
to
the
modem
for
con-
version
to
analog
signals
for
transmission
through

traditional
copper
phone
lines.
At
the
destination,
it
is
remodulated
back
to
digital
data
and
interpreted
by
a
computer.
While
the
transmission
was
in
effect,
the
phone
line
would
be

tied
up
to
preclude
voice
trans-
missions.
With
the
evolution
and
installation
of
digi-
tal
circuitry
throughout
the
phone
system,
a
gradual
transition
to
digital
services
such
as
ISDN
and

ATM
is
enabling
enhanced
communications
services
for
business
and
residential
customers
as
end-to-end
digi-
tal
transmissions
systems
are
gradually
supplanting
analog
or
hybrid
systems.
It
is
now
possible
to
trans-

mit
data
and
digital
voice
services
over
the
same
sub-
scriber
line.
Terminal
devices
rather
than
traditional
modems
are
used
to
interconnect
subscriber
premises
to
digital
services
over
public
networks

through
both
copper
and
fiber
optic
media.
See
ISDN,
Signaling
System
7.
Integrated Dispatch
ID.
In
general,
computer-en-
hanced dispatch administration and/or
messaging
services integrated
with
traditional
radio
dispatch
communications.
This
is
of
particular
interest

to
emer-
gency
services
call
centers,
where
accountability
and
response
times
are
important,
and
also
to
companies
that
have
sophisticated
dispatch
tracking
needs.
See
Enhanced
Specialized
Mobile
Radio.
integrated injection logic IlL. A
form

of bipolar
logic, reduced power circuit intended
to
provide
greater
efficiency
over
TTL
chips.
IntegrateIS-IS A
proprietary
routing
protocol
using
~l~i;:{{~~;~:~~~E!Z:~~:~;:~i~~~i.
routing
protocol
called
IS-IS.
The
DEC
implemen-
tation
provides
support
for
a
number
of
other

open
and
proprietary
protocols
by
encapsulating
them
into
Internet
Protocol
(IP).
Integrated
Internet
Information
Architecture
IlIA.
An
effort
by
Weider,
Mitra,
Sollins,
et
al.
to
de-
velop
protocol
specifications
and

enhancements
for
some
of
the
widely
used
Internet
information
systems.
Based
on
the
concepts
that
one
solution
will
not
fit
all
users
and
that
users
need
a
way
to
transition

to
other
systems
as
their
needs
mature
or
change,
the
developers
have
focused
on
creating
object-oriented
informational
and
functional
models
for
an
Internet
information
architecture.
integrated messaging, unified messagingA
term
to
describe
the

combination
and
consolidation
of
mes-
saging
services
such
as
voice,
video,
facsimile,
email,
etc.
through
a
networked
computer
system.
With
a
computer
phone
set,
a
scanner,
and
a printer
attached
to

a
microcomputer,
it
is
possible
to
have
all
the
capabilities of
these
various
technologies
in-
tegrated
into
one
system.
In
fact,
setting
up
the
sys-
tem
this
way
provides
more
capabilities

than
these
services
have
individually,
since
the
computer
soft-
ware
can
be
configured
to
monitor
the
calls,
store
ac-
counting
information,
transfer
data
among
the
vari-
0us
systems,
and
use

files
directly,
as
in
directly
fax-
ing
a
document
from
the
word
processor,
without
printing
it
and
sending
it
through
a
dedicated
fac-
simile
machine.
When
a
facsimile
is
received,

it
can
be
processed
to
tum
it
into
text
and
images,
or
docu-
ment
and
PostScript-format
files
can
be
sent
directly,
without
any
scanning
or
translation.
By
attaching
an
Internet

phone
set
to
the
computer,
the
computer
can
check
the
time
at
the
desired
desti-
nation,
dial
the
call
automatically
from
a
database
of
names,
connect
the
call,
signal
an

alert
when
it
is
con-
nected,
keep
track
of
the
duration
of
the
connection,
alert
you
while
making
the
call
if
you
are
attending
to
other
business,
and
log
the

call,
if
desired,
for
fu-
ture
reference
or
statistical
or
business
tracking.
By
using
an
integrated
voice,
file,
email
service,
you
487
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
can
speak
into

the
headset
or
a
microphone
and
record
a
mail
message,
send
it
the
same
as
normal
email,
which
means
the
recipient
can
access
it
whenever
he
or
she
is
online,

and
listen
to
it
played
on
the
desti-
nation
computer
as
a
sound
file.
This
message
can
easily
be
combined
with
text
files
with
binary
files
as
attachments.
The
NeXTStep

operating
system
has
had
this
flexible
type
of
voice/emaiVfile
capability
built
into
its
email
system
since
the
late
1980s,
and
Smalltalk
object-oriented
systems
had
it
even
sooner,
so
it
is

by
no
means
a
new
concept.
Unfortunately,
it
is
not
yet
implemented
on
many
commonly
used
plat-
forms.
integrated model A
network
traffic
routing
solution
supporting
an
exchange
of
routing
information
be-

tween
ATM
routing
and
higher
level
routing.
This
provides
timely
external
routing
information
within
the
ATM
routing
and
provides
transit
of
external
rout-
ing
information
through
the
ATM
routing
between

ex-
ternal
routing
domains.
Integrated
Next
Generation Electronic Commerce
Environment Project
INGECEP.
A
trio
of
experi-
mental
projects
to
test
online
business/financial
en-
vironments.
INGECEP
was
proposed
by
the
Telecom
Services
Association
of

Japan
(TELESEA)
to
the
APEC
Telecommunications
Working
Group
as
an
international
interconnection
of
electronic
commerce
test-beds.
In
Japan
project
funding
is
provided
by
the
Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.
INGECEP
is
promoted
by
the

member
companies
of
the
Cyber
Business
Association
(CBA)
as
follows:
• a
debit-based
commerce
system
introduced
as
a
pilot
project
in
1995.
It
is
associated
with
multimedia
information
(online
malls,
educa-

tional
institutions,
government
sites,
muse-
ums,
etc.)
provided
by
regional
SMEs
in
co-
operation
with
the
Telecom
Services
Associa-
tion
of
Japan
(TELESA)
on
the
backbone
net-
work
using
TCP/IP

over
ATM.
• a
secure
electronic credit-based
commerce
system
utilizing
Japanese
cryptologic
technol-
ogy,
HTTP,
and
MOSS
carried
out
at
the
Ja-
pan Electronic Messaging Association
(JEMA)
an
electronic
money
system
launched
to
pro-
mote

content-based
business.
The
fIrst
INGECEP
trials
between
Japan
and
Singa-
pore
were
conducted
in
July
1998.
Increased
interest
after
this
trial
necessitated
guidelines
for
intercon-
necting
multiple
cross-border
economies.
This

is
an
important
electronic
commerce
globaliza-
tion
effort.
It
defines,
specifies,
and
tests
cross-bor-
der
remote
technologies
in
the
context
of
consumer
trust,
privacy,
and
language
differences
while
also
taking

into
consideration
consumer
protection,
cur-
rency
differences, import/export regulations,
and
money
transfer
transactions.
After
initial
testing,
a
new
approach
labeled
the
Electronic
Market
system
was
employed
to
increase
the
scope
of
the

project
around
the
Asia-Pacific Region, including
South
Korea,
Malaysia,
and
the
United
States.
488
Integrated Services Digital Network
See
ISDN,
Signaling
System
7.
integrated service A
type
of
service
more
recently
being
designed
and
deployed
on
the

Internet
in
addi-
tion
to
best
effort
services
traditionally
provided.
in-
tegrated services support special traffic handling
based
upon
bandwidth,
network
latency,
and
other
requirements
not
usually
handled
with
best
effort
ser-
vices.
Examples
include

guaranteed
service
and
con-
trolled
load
service.
Intel Corporation
One
of
the
best
known
of
the
chip
manufacturers
serving
the
desktop
computer
market,
rivalled
mainly
by
Motorola.
Intel's
chips
are
widely

installed
in
microcomputers
worldwide.
Intel
evolved
out
of
an
earlier
company
founded
by
Gordon
Moore
and
Robert
Noyce,
who
had
worked
together
at
the
Schockley
lab
in
Palo
Alto.
They

founded
a division of Fairchild
Camera
to
exploit
semiconductor
technology,
called
Fairchild
Semicon-
ductor.
They
later
cofounded
Intel
Corporation,
which
continues
today
as
one
of
the
world's
leading
chip
design
and
manufacture
firms.

The
Intel4-bit
108
kilohertz
4004
microprocessor
be-
came
an
important
historical
impetus
in
the
design
of
desktop
computers,
with
its
successor,
the
8008,
becoming
the
world's
first
commercially
significant
programmable

central processing
unit
(CPU).
The
4004
was
developed
by
Marcian
(Ted)
Hoff,
intro-
duced
in
November
1971.
Three
other
chips
accom-
panied
the
4004,
offered
as
the
MCS-4
chip
family.
The

Scelbi
computer,
first
promoted
in
1974,
and
the
Altair,
which
came
out
as
a
kit
a
few
months
later,
incorporated
the
successor
to
the
MCS-4
family,
the
MCS-8,
based
around

the
200-kHz
8008
(the
8008
was
an
enhanced
version
of
the
4040)
8-bit
micro-
processor.
The
4004
was
incorporated
into
many
automated
sys-
tems,
including
light
controls,
appliances,
calculators,
musical

instruments,
etc.
Gary
Kildall
developed
a
programming
language
for
the
early
Intel
processors
called
PL/M.
The
8080
was
incorporated
into
the
Altair
8800,
as
it
was
in
some
of
the

S-100
bus
(Altair
bus)
computers
that
became
competitive
with
the
historic
Altair.
Since
then,
the
most
significant
evolution
in
Intel
desktop
computer
chips
is
the
Pentium
series,
introduced
in
the

early
1990s.
The
Intel
Overview
table
is
not
comprehensive,
but
it
provides
an
encapsulated
look
at
some
of
the
high-
lights
in
Intel
chip
development
for
microcomputer
CPUs
since
the

mid-1970s.
See
Hoff,
Marcian;
inte-
grated circuit; International Business Machines;
Kildall,
Gary;
Moore,
Gordon;
Motorola;
Noyce,
Robert.
Intel
Video
Interactive
IVI.
Intel
purchased
the
Digi-
tal
Video
Interactive
(DVI)
chipset
technology
and
developed
it

into
Indeo
2
and
Indeo
3,
now
known
as
IVI.
IVI
has
a
number
of
interesting
features,
including
transparency
(e.g.,
for
background
overlays),
scaling,
and
the
use
of
an
interframe

codec
for
compression,
based
on
relatively
new
wavelet
compression,
encod-
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
ing
the
images
into
frequency
bands
so
the
image
data
can
be
represented
at
different
resolution
levels.
Data
can

be
password-embedded for protection.
Key
frames
can
be
incorporated
as
reference
points
for
random
access.
Brightness
and
contrast
settings
can
be
adjusted
to
adapt
to
the
characteristics of
the
play-
back
system.
intelligent agent A software application precon-

figured
or
trained
to
handle
tasks
dynamically,
or
that
has
been
trained
to
recognize
certain
characteristics
of
the
input,
which
might
be
a person's
voice,
hand-
writing,
or
other
specialized
type

of
input
that
may
vary
from
user
to
user.
An
intelligent
email
agent
may
be
configured
to
screen
out
"spam,"
unsolicited
com-
mercial
messages,
to
sort
messages
into
folders
ac-

cording
to
sender
or
priority,
or
to
forward
messages
to
another
address
if
the
user
is
traveling
or
reading
mail
at
another
location.
The
difference
between
a
custom
agent
and

an
intel-
ligent
agent
is
that
the
custom
agent
is
explicitly
con-
figured
by
the
user,
whereas
the
intelligent
agent
con-
figures
itself
on
the
basis
of
monitoring
the
user's

habits
and
interaction
history.
The
agent
then
estab-
lishes
actions
and
parameters
based
on
intelligent
analysis
of
the
user's
actions
and
preferences.
In
other
words,
a
custom
agent
would
require

that
the
user
explicitly
instruct
the
email
client
to
put
all
messages
with
"make
money
fast"
in
the
subject
line
into
a
spam
bucket,
a
file
that
contains
unsolicited
email.

An intelligent
agent
would
notice
that
15
messages
in
a
row
with
"make
money
fast"
in
the
subject
line
were
moved
to
the
other
file
area,
and
would
subse-
quently
do

the
transfer
automatically
on
behalfof
the
user,
perhaps
prompting
the
first
time
it
makes
this
decision
in
order
to
confinn
that
it
is
canying
out
user
preferences.
See
artificial intelligence,
expert

sys-
tem.
intelligent answering A
telephony
industry
market-
ing
phrase
for
telephony-computer
applications
that
pop
up
an
information
box
on
a
computer
screen
based
on
the
number
that
has
been
called
or

answered.
The
pop-up
box
provides information about
the
caller/callee
contained
within
publicly
available
da-
tabases
or
in-house
client
lists
or
contact
databases.
Intelligent
110
An
open
standard
designed
to
provide
a
device-independent

device
driver
architecture.
Ap-
plied
to
redundant
array
of
inexpensive
disks
(RAID)
systems,
Intelligent
I/O
provided
faster
drive
access.
intelligent load balancing
In
computer
telephony
integration
(CTI)
applications,
a
mechanism
for
bal-

ancing
call
volume
in
centers
that
handle
many
calls
or
that
forward
calls
to
subsidiary
call
centers.
Load
balancing
is
based
on
statistical
models
for
evaluat-
ing
queues,
call
durations,

call
priorities,
and
the
num-
ber
of
agents
available
to
handle
the
calls.
The
intent,
of
course,
is
to
streamline
the
service
so
that
calls
are
handled
quickly
and
efficiently,

and
distributed
well
over
the
types
and
numbers
of
agents
available.
Overview
of
Some Common Intel Desktop Computer Central Processing Units
Processor
Data Data
Address
Clock
Year
Notes
Int.
Bus
Ext.
Bus
Bus
Speed
Introd.
4004
4/8
4

12
1
MHz
1971
Separate program
and
data
memory;
46
instructions
4040
1972
Enhanced 4004
with
14
additional
instructions,
and
more
space
for
programming
and
stack
8008
8 8
14
2
MHz
1972

Similar
to
4040
8080
8
8
16
2
MHz
1974
Seven
8-bit registers,
some
of
which
could
be
combined into
16-bit
register
pairs;
256
I/O
ports
8085
1976
An
update
to
the

8080
8086
8
8
20
5
MHz
1978
Based
upon
the
8080
and
8085;
8-bit
64K
I/O
80286
16 16
24
8
MHz
1982
80386DX
32
32
32
16
MHz
1985

80386SX
32
16
24
16
MHz
1988
80486DX
32 32
32
25
MHz
1989
On-board cache, pipelines,
integrated floating point
unit
80486SX
32
32 32
20
MHz
1991
Pentium
32
64
32
66
MHz
1993
Separate caches; superscalar

Pentium
Pro
64
32
133-200
MHz
1995
CISC-RISC
Pentium
IT
64
32
233-333
MHz
1997
MMX
Pentium
ill
500
MHz
1999
MMX2
Pentium
IV
1400
MHz
2000
489
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber

Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
Intelligent Music Workstation
IMW.
A five-year-
long project which resulted
in
the
1994
release
of
a
musical software/hardware environment
in
which
commercial products
can
be
integrated
as
modules.
Developed
at
the
Laboratory
for
Musical Informatics
of
the

Department ofInformation Sciences of
the
Uni-
versity
of
Milan, Italy, funded
by
the
Italian National
Research Council.
Intelligent Network
LN.
See Advanced Intelligent
etwork.
Intelligent Networks Call ModeILNCM. Gaddis
et
al.
described a
Call
Model
for
multipoint communi-
cations
in
switched networks
in
the
early
1990s.
The

model
provided
dynamic
multipoint,
multi
connection
communication channels (calls)
for
network clients.
Protocols
were
defined
for
clients
to
create, manage,
and
manipulate telecommunications
calls.
The
Model
provided
basic
interconnection services
for
local
and
wide area networks. At about
the
same

time,
Hill
and
Ishizaki described a
Cal1
Model
for
distributed
mul-
timedia communications intended
to
encompass a
number of
types
ofmedia rather
than
being restricted
to
aspecific
type
of
data
communication (e.g., video-
conferencing).
In
current practice,
the
LNCM
is
asignificant telecom-

munications Call
Model
central
to
advanced intelli-
gent networks (AINs) that are typically implemented
over
SS7
networks.
In
general,
this
Call
Model
is
a
representation ofservice switching point (SSP)
cal1-
processing functions for establishing, maintaining,
and
taking
down
a
cal1.
The
Call
Model incorporates
Points
in
Call (PICs), Trigger Detection Points

(TDPs), and
the
triggers themselves.
LNCM
is
also
sometimes called
the
Basic
Cal1
Model. See Univer-
sal
Call
Model.
intelligent routing I.
In
data
networks,
an
automated,
dynamic, self-configuring routing system that takes
most
of
the
workload of configuration
and
mainte-
nance
from
the

human
operator
and
handles
it
through
software algorithms. These days, most routers
and
switchers
are
designed
to
handle routing intelligently
and
the
distinction between routing
and
intelligent
routing
may
gradually disappear.
2.
In
telephony call
servicing, a marketing phrase
to
describe
the
auto-
matic routing ofa call

to
an
appropriate operator or
sales
rep
based
on
information
and
criteria contained
in
a list or
more
complex database.
As
an
example, if
a call comes
in
from
ABC
Copy Machines, from
which a company leases equipment, a scenario
can
be
set
up
to
route
ABC

Copy Machines' calls
to
the
equipment department or
the
print room, depending
upon
who
usually
talks
to
that
vendor.
Similarly a
new
caller, with a number that
is
not
yet
recognized
by
the
system,
might
be
routed
to
the
information desk
or

to
a
new
client sales
rep.
intelligent transportation systems
ITS.
Transpor-
tation systems that incorporate
new
computer tech-
nologies,
such
as
Global Positioning System (GPS),
to
improve efficiency.
See
Intelligent Vehicle High-
way Systems.
intelligent vehicle highway systems IVHS.
Ad-
vanced navigational systems which incorporate
490
computer technologies such
as
Global Positioning
System (GPS)
and
navigational databases.

IVHS
ve-
hicles
include sensors
and
compasses
to
interface
with
the
computer control mechanisms
and
incorporate
dead reckoning,
maps,
and
GPS
data
to
control
di-
rection
and
sometimes velocity.
IVH
systems
can
be
configured for optimum efficiency and safety
and

could apply extremely well
to
specially designed
mass
transit pods or automated commuter systems.
Even
regular traffic could benefit
from
IVHsystems.
See guidance system.
intelligentworkstation
IW.
Acomputer system with
advanced features
or
knowledge bases suitable for
business or scientific applications beyond that which
a
home
user
mi'ght
need,
for
example,
but
which
com-
bines these enhanced features with accessible inter-
face
design

so
that
the
user
need
not
be
a computer
expert
to
take advantage
of
their features.
Intelligent
Workstation
Architecture
IWA.
A
framework for a computing system with advanced
functions or applications such
as
expert knowledge
bases, decision-making algorithms, intelligent search
and
retrieval functions,
and
other features that offer
advanced computing wrapped
up
within

an
interac-
tive,
streamlined user interface design. Knowledge
bases for complex data sets (scientific, medical,
fi-
nancial, etc.) that
can
be
accessed
and
used
by
com-
puterusers
with
normal
computer operating skills,
but
without computer technical-expert skills are good
candidates for development within
an
IWA
frame-
work.
intelligibility In communications, the degree
to
which a message
can
be

understood
by
sound and
context. While articulation refers
to
the
specific abil-
ity
to
make
out a communication, intelligibility
is
the
ability
to
make out sentences
and
phrases based not
only
on
articulation, but also
on
context
and
infer-
ence. Thus, a poorly articulated transmission might
still
be
decipherable
in

context, especially when
enough information
is
given
to
figure out
the
nature
of
the
communication. Intelligibility
does
not
require
perfect articulation or
good
fidelity.
If
a listener hears
"Rog

ov

out"
at
the
end
of
a
CB

radio conversa-
tion
with a
lot
of noise
on
the
line,
it
is
still
intel1i-
gible
as
"Roger, over
and
out"
to
an
experienced ra-
dio
operator. See articulation, fidelity.
International Federation for Information Process-
ing
IFIP.
An international, nongovernmental, non-
profit organization comprised
of
organizations
in

the
field
of
information processing.
IFIP
was
established
in
1960
under UNESCO
as
a result
of
discussions
at
the
World
Computer Congress, Paris,
1959.
IFIP
sup-
ports
and
promotes
the
research
and
development
of
information technologies

for
the
benefit of
all
people.
It
hosts a number
of
Technical Committees
to
help
fulfil these aims. hrtp://www.ifip.or.atl
INTELSAT
International
Telecommunications
Sat-
ellites. The largest commercial not-for-profit satel-
lite communications services provider, founded
in
1964.LNTELSAT
is
a cooperative
of
more
than
140
member nations
and
has
20

communications satel-
lites
in
geostationary orbit, with further launches
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
planned.
INTELSAT
operates
as
a
wholesaler,
with
subscribers,
many
of
them
major
broadcasting
and
telephone
companies,
paying
for
services
according
to
their
type
and
duration.

INTELSAT
lays
claim
to
having
launched
the
world's
first
commercial
communications
satellite
in
1965
(Early
Bird)
and
the
first
global
communications
sys-
tem
in
1969.
In
1980,
they
launched
INTELSAT

V,
the
first
to
use
dual-polarization
transmissions
equip-
ment.
INTELSAT
VI
was
a
subsequent
series
of
five
satellites
built
by
Hughes
Aircraft
Company.
In
1995,
INTELSAT
began
providing
global
Inter-

net
access
services
through
its
satellite
system.
See
Early
Bird.
l
Intelsat
Business
Service
ms.
A
commercial
tele-
communications
service based
on
the
INTEL
SAT
satellite
communications
capabilities.
ms
provides
almost

10,000
communications
channels
for
a
wide
variety
of
services,
including
voice,
facsimile,
data,
videoconferencing,
and
telex.
Inter
Exchange
Carrier
IEC,
IXC.
A
telephony
ser-
vice
provider
permitted
to
provide
long-distance

ser-
vices
between
Local
Access
and
Transport
Areas
(LATAs),
but
not
within
a
LATA
region.
It
is
also
of-
ten
written
as
Interexchange
Carrier.
The
category
is
important
as
IECs

are
bound
by
a
number
of
regula-
tions
to
support
their
provision of
services
while
still
safeguarding
competitive
opportunities
for
other
tele-
communications
providers
who
do
not
fit
the
defini-
tion

for
IECs.
See
Local
Exchange
Carrier.
inter-
Prefix
for
between,
usually
between
external
and
internal
systems.
Inter-Access Point Protocol
lAPP.
A
specification
developed
by
Lucent
Technologies,
Aironet
Wireless
Communications,
and
Digital
Ocean,

lAPP
is
a
means
for
different
vendors
to
communicate
with
one
an-
other
through
roaming
wireless
mobile
communica-
tions.
lAPP
describes
a backbone-based
handover
process
for
mobile
stations
when
implemented
in

conjunction
with
the
IEEE
802.11
standard.
interactive
1.
Reciprocal communication, that
is,
with
a
back-and-forth,
or
query-and-answer
charac-
ter.
2.
Software
which
responds
to
the
individual's
input,
usually
in
realtime
or
near

realtime,
as
in
mul-
timedia
applications.
Video
games
are
highly
inter-
active,
whereas
archive
searches over
the
Internet
may
be
extremely
slow
(sophisticated
searches
can
take
days).
Depending
upon
the
circumstances,

pro-
grams
with
slow
interactivity
may
be
better
processed
as
batch
files.
Contrast
with
batch
processing.
interactive asynchronous communications lAC. A
means
of
interactively
communicating
over
an
asyn-
chronous
network
connection
that
allows
control

of
and
communication
with
devices
such
as
a
computer
modem
over
a
serial
connection.
Typically
the
trans-
mission
line
(e.g.,
serial
line
)
will
be
initialized
to
set
up
communications

parameters
before
carrying
out
interactive
communications.
lAC
is
useful
in
situa-
tions
where
the
status
and
operating
parameters
ofa
device
are
broadcast
back
to
the
user.
Interactive
Media
Alliance,
The

TIMA.
A
nonprofit
professional
organization
supporting
various
levels
of
technical
and
artistic
expertise.
TIMA
fosters
the
exchange
of
ideas
and
knowledge
regarding
interac-
tive
media
and
promotes
the
advancement
of

the
tech-
nology.
TlMA
is
affiliated
with
the
Technology
As-
sociation
of
Georgia.
/>interactive television Interactive
TV,
I-TV,
lTV.
TV
broadcasting
configured
to
provide
a
two-way
dia-
log
between
the
user
and

the
broadcaster,
enabled
by
computerization
and
two-way
transmission
circuits.
Interactive
TV
has
been
implemented
in
a
number
of
ways
since
the
late
1970s,
from
educational
program-
ming
to
interactive
music

concerts
and
on-demand
video,
but
the
potential
of
this
technology
has
only
been
hinted
at
so
far.
One
of
the
earliest
interactive
TV
networks
was
the
QUBE
system
from
Warner

Communications,
which
was
first
tested
in
Columbus,
Ohio.
Time
Warner
de-
veloped
subsequent
versions
of
this
technology.
De-
pending
upon
how
it
is
implemented,
interactive
TV
has
been
of
more

interest
to
educators
than
traditional
passive-interactive
TV
for
distance
and
self-directed
education.
See
QUBE.
Interactive
Television
Association
See
Association
for
Interactive
Media.
interactive
video
services
IVS.
Interactive
video,
in
its

broadest sense,
is
public
or
private
image
and
sound
broadcasting
through
public
or
private
net-
works
that
is
available
upon
request
by
the
user.
Due
to
the
convergence
ofbroadcast
and
computer

tech-
nologies,
it
is
now
feasible
to
provide
partial-
and
full-
service
interactive
video
services
through
a
number
of
transmissions
media:
twisted
copper
pair,
coaxial
cable,
fiber
optic
cable,
and

wireless.
However,
with
the
exception
of
fiber
optic
cable,
the
use
of
existing
technologies,
which
were
designed
for
other
services,
means
that
none
of
them
are
ideally
configured
for
IVS,

and
vendors
are
hurrying
to
find
ways
to
deploy
services
ahead
of
their
competitors.
Thus,
a variety
of
technologies
are
emerging,
in
spite
of
the
fact
that
the
marketability of
these
services

is
not
yet
fully
proven.
Interactive
video
services
potentially
include
games,
movies,
and
specialized channeling,
such
as
stock
quotations
and
industry-specific
news.
Some
of
these
have
been
tried
with
varying
success

in
different
in-
dustries
and
regions,
and
some
companies
are
devis-
ing
ways
to
offer
them
over
the
Internet.
interactive
voice
response
IVR.
Systems
that
re-
spond
to
voice
commands

or
voice
characteristics
and
may
also
prompt
the
user
for
further
information
or
clarification.
Phone
systems
that
can
recognize
and
respond
to
simple
spoken
commands
are
becoming
more
common,
and

software
programs
can
interpret
spoken
commands
and
prompt
users
through
synthe-
sized
speech.
Interagency Management Council for Federal
Communications
IMC.
A representative
body
for
telecommunications
executives
at
key
U.S.
federal
agencies,
including
the
Department
of

Commerce,
the
Department
of
Defense,
the
Department
of
Educa-
tion,
the
Department
of
Justice,
NASA,
the
U.S.
Postal Service,
and
others. It
was
established
to
491
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC