Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary - Part 80 ppsx

Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
late
1980s
and
the
1990s
and,
more
recently,
has
in-
troduced
Super
DLTtape
technologies
that
provide
fast
transfer-rate,
high-capacity
storage
on
tape
car-
tridges.
See
Super
DLTtape.

Quantum
Flow
Control
QFC.
In
ATM
networks,
a
congestion
avoidance
scheme
proposed
for
use
on
available
bit
rate
(ABR)
connections.
For
example,
in
a
network
in
which
VCI
tunneling
is

implemented,
the
ATM
device
will
send
only
after
receiving
explicit
credit
from
a
receiving
ATM
device
at
the
other
end
of
the
connection.
If
tunneling
is
not
used,
buffer
al-

location
and
a
credit
manager
must
be
included.
If
the
buffer
allocation
is
exceeded,
noncomplying
cells
will
be
discarded.
quantum mechanics
The
study
of
atomic
structure
and
behaviors
using
various
measuring

instruments
and
techniques.
See
Heisenberg
uncertainty
principle,
quantum.
quantum
noise
When
using
a
detector
to
investigate
quantum
characteristics
in
electromagnetic
phenom-
ena,
there
may
be
noise
from
random
variations
or

fluctuations
in
the
average
rate
of
incidence
of
quan-
tum
interactions
with
the
detector.
These
may
be
ex-
pressed
in
terms
of
photons.
quantum
well
QW.
A
quantum
phenomenon
associ-

ated
with
a
structure
fabricated
from
ultrathin
alter-
nating
layers
of
wide
bandgap
(barrier)
and
narrow
bandgap
(well)
materials.
When
an
electron
is
caught
in
a
well
formed
between
the

barriers,
the
probabil-
ity
of
escaping
the
well
is
limited
and
the
electron's
energy
level
is
affected.
The
quantization
effects
re-
sulting
from
these
events
are
related
to
the
height

and
width
of
the
fabricated
barrier
and
can
be
derived
through
quantum
mechanical
calculations.
Quantum
well
exhibiting
structures
can
be
constructed
using
crystal
growth
techniques
(for
use
in
quantum
cas-

cade
lasers,
for
example).
Quantum
well
components
have
unique
properties
that
can
be
exploited
for
a
variety
of
optical
communications
technologies.
Quantum
well
physics
can
be
used
to
create
modula-

tors
through
the
application
of
an
electrical
field
per-
pendicular
to
the
surface
of
the
quantum
well
or
al-
ternately
to
its
sides.
Thus,
the
optical
absorption
of
the
QW

is
changed
sufficiently
to
make
it
useful
for
signaling.
This
phenomenon
can
be
exploited
for
semiconductor
design
to
make
small
optical
modu-
lators
with
two-dimensional
optical
arrays.
A
quantum
well

infrared
photodetector
(QWIP)
is
a
multiple
quantum
well
device
based
upon
layered
high-bandgap
semiconductor
fabrication.
Bandgap
discontinuity
associated
with
the
layers
of
differing
materials
creates
quantized
sub
bands
in
the

potential
wells.
The
phenomena
associated
with
the
layers
is
a
photoexcitation
of
electrons
between
ground
and
first
excited-state
subbands.
The
carriers
resulting
from
the
photoexcitation
are
then
able
to
escape

from
the
potential
quantum
wells
to
generate
a
photo
current.
In
the
U.S.
Naval
Research
Lab,
quantum
well
phys-
ics
has
been
used
to
develop
a
number
of
types
of

semiconductor
lasers
emitting mid-infrared
light.
Using
"wavefunction
engineering,"
engineers
have
designed
complex,
layered
quantum
well
structures.
782
This
has
a
number
of
possible
applications,
includ-
ing
laser
radar
(ladar).
Researchers
at

Imperial
College
demonstrated
a
new
quantum
well
solar
cell
(QWSC)
that
may
be
more
efficient
than
previous
solar
energy
sources.
In
1997,
scientists
described
an
uncooled
strained
quantum
well
laser

that
could
be
used
in
SONET/
SDH
networks,
especially
short-
and
medium-haul
transmissions.
See
electroabsorption,
quantum
cascade
laser,
self-
electro-optic
effect
device.
Quarter Common Intermediate Format
QCIF,
Quarter
CIF.
A
standard
for
the

transmission
of
video
frames
in
the
lTU-T
H.261
standard.
QCIF
consists
of
144
lines
of
luminance
and
176
pixels
per
line
(144
x
176
CIF
format
is
optionally
supported
by

H.261).
This
relatively
low
resolution
creates
an
im-
age
that
has
a
soft-focus,
indefinite
appearance,
but
has
the
advantage
of
using
fewer
system
resources
and
less
bandwidth.
In
fact,
the

standard
was
devel-
oped
with
the
needs
ofcircuit-switched
networks
in
mind.
For
small
windows,
simple
images,
and
small
display
devices,
it
has
practical
applications,
and
it
is
widely
favored
for

videoconferencing,
especially
on
ISDN
networks.
H.261
is
usually
implemented
in
conjunction
with
other
related
standards.
See
Com-
mon
Intermediate
Format.
QuarterInch CartridgeDrive Standards
QIC.
An
international
association,
established
in
1987,
to
pro-

mote
the
acceptance
and
use
of
quarter-inch
readable/
writable
data
cartridge
drives
and
media.
These
types
of
storage
media
are
commonly
used
for
computer
backup,
secondary
storage,
and
temporary
storage

for
files
that
need
to
be
transported.
More
than
100
QIC
standards
have
been
developed
since
1988.
QIC-40,
QIC-80,
QIC-3101,
and
QIC-
3020
have
been
particularly
prevalent
in
the
tape

car-
tridge
field,
although
they
are
now
being
superseded
by
higher
capacity
formats.
A
complete
list
and
fuller
description
of
each
standard
are
available
on
the
QIC
Web
site.
/>quarter

wave
The
distance,
or
elapsed
time,
in
a
con-
ducting
line
or
through
a
conducting
space,
which
is
90°
to
a
wave
disturbance.
This
information
in
used
in
the
design

of
antennas
and
in
the
quadrature
trans-
mission
of
signals, particularly
in
modulation
schemes.
See
quadrature.
quartz A
silicon
dioxide
mineral
found
or
synthe-
sized
in
crystal
fonn
and
in
crystalline
masses,

which
is
widely
used
in
scientific
research
and
telecommu-
nications
due
to
its
oscillating
qualities.
Quartz
is
transparent,
harder
than
glass,
and
varies
in
its
oscil-
lating
frequencies
depending
upon

its
size
and
shape.
Quartz
crystal
watches
are
extremely
accurate,
and
quartz
arc
lamps
are
used
for
sterilization,
due
to
the
way
ultraviolet
light
passes
through
the
crystal.
See
piezoelectricity.

QuartzA2D
graphics
engine
from
Apple
Computer,
based
upon
the
standardized
Portable
Document
F
or-
mat
(PDF).
Quartz
is
incorporated
into
Mac
OS
X.
quartz (symb. - Si0
2
)
A
mineral
silicate
of

the
sili-
con
dioxide quartz group with a unique helical
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
structure
and
piezelelectric
properties
that
have
many
applications
in
electronics.
quartz crystal component A
piece
of
quartz
cut
to
a
precise
size
for
a
specific
purpose.
Quartz
has

re-
markable
constancy
in
its
vibratory
qualities,
mak-
ing
it
suitable
for
extremely precise
time
devices.
These
vibratory
qualities
can
be
controlled
by
ma-
nipulating
the
shape
and
size
of
the

crystal.
Early
ra-
dio
sets
were
called
"crystal
detectors"
as
they
used
crystals
(galena
and
carborundum
were
popular)
to
detect
(rectify)
and
channel
a
radio
wave.
Quartz
is
commonly
used

in
oscillators
and
filters.
Quartz
crys-
tals
are
used
to
provide
timing
in
watches
and
to
stabi-
lize
broadcast
waves.
See
quartz,
quartz
crystal
filter.
quartz crystal filter
The
properties
of
quartz

crys-
tals
make
them
useful
for
a
variety
of
applications
that
require
highly
selective
electrical
circuitry,
and
hence
they
are
used
in
the
creation
of
various
types
of
filters.
Synthetic

quartz
crystals,
developed
in
the
1950s,
furthered
the
manufacture
of
quartz
filters
for
use
as
electronic
components.
There
were,
in
fact,
few
other
materials
that
offered
the
advantages
of
natural

or
synthetic
quartz
until
the
development
of
lithium-tantalate
crystals
in
the
Bell
Laboratories.
See
lithium-tantalate,
quartz,
quartz
crystal.
quartz tuning fork
QTF.
A
specialized
instrument
exploiting
the
piezoelectrical
properties
of
quartz.
In

1995,
it
was
suggested
by
Karrai
and
Grober
that
QTFs
could
be
used
for
measuring
shear
forces
on
scanning
near-field
optical
microscope
(SNOM)
fi-
ber
tips.
Subsequent
research
has
led

to
the
develop-
ment
of
QTF
mechanisms
for
non-optical
distance
stabilization
in
atomic
force
microscopes
(AFMs)
for
the
realization
of
apertureless
SNOM.
See
scanning
near-
field
optical
microscope.
quaternary phase-shift keying
QPSK.

A
modula-
tion
technique
which
is
used
to
encode
digital
infor-
mation
to
be
transmitted
over
wire
or
fiber
networks.
It
is
a
subset
of
phase
shift
keying
(PSK),
and

is
es-
sentially a
four-level
version of
phase
modulation
(PM).
QPSK
divides
the
bit
stream
into
two
streams,
and
sends
them
alternately
to
in-phase
and
out-of-
phase
modulators,
where
they
are
subsequently

de-
modulated
at
the
receiving
end.
QUBE
An
Interactive
TV
information
utility.
Warner
instituted
the
QUBE
interactive
educational
TV
net-
work
in
the
late
1970s.
The
first
interactive
televi-
sion

concert,
broadcast
live
over
the
QUBE
system
in
1978,
featured
Todd
Rundgren,
pioneer
multime-
dia
recording
artist.
quench
To
bring
to
a
sudden
halt,
to
cool
rapidly,
to
quickly
extinguish

a
flame,
spark,
or
gas
emission.
quench oscillatorIn
some
super-regenerator
circuits,
a
type
of
ultrasonic
oscillator
which
serves
to
quench,
or
rapidly
reduce,
the
regeneration
when
it
has
almost
increased
to

the
point
of
oscillation.
quenched sparkgap
Early
wireless
transmitters
used
spark
gaps
in
their
spark
transmitters,
with
several
types
of
gaps:
open
gaps,
rotary
gaps,
and
quenched
gaps,
each
with
different

strengths
and
weaknesses.
Quenched
gaps
employed
a
racklike
series
of
metal
plates
separated
by
thin
layers
of
mica,
resulting
in
a
very
small
spark
that
is
quickly
quenched
and
does

not
tend
to
overheat
as
do
open
gaps.
Due
to
improve-
ments
in
technology
and
the
need
for
regular
clean-
ing
to
keep
quenched
gap
transmitters
working
opti-
mally,
they

were
eventually
superseded
by
continu-
ous
wave
(CW)
transmitters.
query
1.
Request
for
data,
in
which
the
content
of
the
data
is
the
desired
result.
Common
in
database
applications.
2.

Request
for
data
which
provides
in-
formation about
the
state (operating parameters,
mode,
security, etc.) or functioning (availability,
readiness,
status,
responsiveness,
etc.)
ofa
system.
Usually
at
a
low
operating
level
and
generally
trans-
parent
to
the
user.

query by example
QBE.
An
idea
introduced
in
the
1970s
whereby
a
user
interacts
with
a
front
end
to
a
database
by
supplying
examples
of
the
type
of
infor-
mation
that
the

user
wants
to
retrieve.
Sometimes
this
is
more
practical
than
querying
by
keywords
or
al-
gorithms.
A
number
of popular
database
programs
provide
this
capability.
query language A
programming
language
intended
to
facilitate

search
and
retrieval of
information,
usu-
ally
from
a
database.
Query
languages
are
frequently
in
the
form
of interpreted scripting languages
or
graphical
report
generators,
with
commands
that
are
similar
to
common
English
words,

to
make
them
easier
to
program
by
those without programming
backgrounds.
Query on Release
QoR.
A
telephone
number
port-
ability
mechanism
suggested
by
Pacific
Bell
to
trig-
ger
a
database
query,
depending
upon
circumstances

related
to
a
subscriber's
current
carrier.
In
QoR,
a
tele-
phone
call
setup
signal
is
routed
to
the
end
office
switch
to
which
the
dialed
phone
number
was
origi-
nally

assigned
(e.g.,
the
NPA-NXX
of
the
dialed
num-
ber).
If
the
dialed
number
has
been
transferred
to
an-
other
carrier's
switch,
the
database
is
queried
for
rout-
ing
information
and

the
call
completed
to
the
new
switch.
The
system
is
also
called
Look
Ahead.
In
1997,
the
Federal
Communications
Commission
affirmed
its
conclusion
that
this
(interim)
solution
was
not
acceptable

over
the
long
term
because
it
violated
a
statutory
requirement
for
consumers
to
retain
num-
bers
without
impairment
of
the
quality,
reliability,
or
convenience
when
switching
carriers.
The
Commis-
sion

felt
that
degradation
in
service
in
terms
of
post-
dial
delays
could
compromise
QoR
forwarding
and
supported
Location
Routing
Number
(LRN)
as
statu-
torily
acceptable.
See
Release
to
Pivot.
queue A

stream
of
items
or
tasks
waiting
to
be
pro-
cessed
or
executed,
such
as
calls
to
an
operating
sys-
tem,
a
network,
or
a
phone
system.
Queues
are
used
to

maximize
the
use
of
existing
resources,
especially
on
shared
systems.
It's
expensive
to
put
a printer
on
every
computer
in
a network
and,
since printing
doesn't
happen
as
often
as
data
input/output,
it's

not
efficient
either.
By
allocating
one
printer
to
every
few
workstations,
user
print
requests
can
be
handled
ef-
ficiently
by
the
network,
with
simultaneous
requests
administered
through
a
set
of

parameters.
This
also
can
improve
resource
choice.
By
sharing
printers,
it
783
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
may
be
possible
to
offer avariety of
types
ofprinters
and
paper
sizes,
which
is
more

practical
and
economi-
cal
than
trying
to
purchase
several
printers
for
each
computer.
See
queuing.
queue administration
Queues
are
widely used
to
manage
resource-sharing
on
a
network.
Whether
the
resource
is
a

printer
or
modem,
applications
program,
data
file,
or
gateway
to
the
Internet
or
Web,
computer
systems
create,
manage,
authorize,
and
prioritize
ac-
cess
to
these
resources
and
services
through
queues

which
are
usually transparent
to
the
user.
On
phone
networks,
queue
administration
may
in-
volve
putting
a caller
on
hold,
checking
to
see
if
and
when
agents
are
ready
to
take
the

call,
playing
peri-
odic
messages
to
the
caller,
and
assigning
the
call
to
the
appropriate
agent.
On
computer
networks,
queue
administration
may
involve
logging
in
users
as
they
sign
on

to
the
sys-
tem,
checking
for
the
existence of
devices
when
a
resource
request
occurs
(e.g.,
a printing job),
deter-
mining
if
others
are
in
the
queue,
and
where
to
slot
the
new

request
(the
size
of
the
print
job,
or
relative
priority of
the
user
requesting
the
job
may
be
taken
into
consideration),
and
may
even
change
the
queu-
ing
arrangement
dynamically
if

another
printer
comes
online
or
a
print
request
is
canceled
before
the
job
is
run.
Queued
Telecommunications Access
Method
QTAM.
An
IBM
communications
control
protocol
which
handles
some
applications processing
tasks.
QTAM

is
used
in
a
number
of
telecommunications
applications,
including
message
switching,
data
pro-
cessing,
etc.
queuing delay
QD.
In
its
most
general
sense,
a
de-
lay
caused
by
queues or lineups within a system
through
which

objects,
information,
or
data
are
chan-
neled.
As
a
simple
example,
shopping
in
a
downtown
store
with
a
queue
at
the
cash
register
can
result
in
a
delay
that
causes

a
shopper
to
receive
a
parking
ticket.
When
placing
a
phone
call,
a
delay
may
be
imposed
on
the
caller
by
congested
trunk
lines
or
by
the
vari-
ous
switchers,

routings,
and
routing
priorities
inher-
ent
in
or
configured
into
a
system.
Queuing
delays
can
have
many
negative
effects including
customer
frustration,
loss
ofrevenue, extra costs,
and
even
death
(in
the
case
of

emergency
calls),
so
queuing
theories
and
solutions
are
considered
to
be
an
impor-
tant
aspect
of
telecommunications.
The
queuing
delay
in
a transmission
system
can
be
assessed
in
terms
ofparticular
legs

within a
route
or
in
terms
ofatransmission
as
a
whole,
from
sender
to
recipient.
This
is
often
a
dynamic
process without a
single catch-all solution. Queuing delay
is
often
evaluated
in
conjunction
with
other
types
of
delays,

including
processing,
propagation,
and
transmission
delays.
Queuing
refers
to
those
aspects
where
data
or
objects
"bump
up"
against
one
another,
in
the
sense
that
(usually)
similar
objects
congregate
"behind"
one

another
in
order
to
pass
through
a
gateway
or
other
channel
that
cannot
accommodate
the
queued
enti-
ties
simultaneously.
In
cell-based
transmissions,
a
queuing
delay
is
a
de-
lay
imposed

on
a
cell
due
to
the
current inability of
784
the
cell
to
be
passed
on
to
the
next
element
or
func-
tion
(because
of
congestion
or
errors). Depending
upon
the
system
and

priorities,
significant
delays
may
have
several
results;
the
buffered
cell
data
may
be
re-
turned
or
destroyed.
See
queuing
theory.
queuing theory
Queuing,
in
its
broadest
sense,
in-
volves
an
understanding ofmathematics, statistics,

modeling,
data
flow,
and
human
behavior
as
they
re-
late
to
the
ways
in
which
machines
may
be
config-
ured,
tuned,
and
operated
so
as
to
carry
out
worth-
while

tasks
and
processes
in
an
efficient
and
orderly
manner.
Researchers
in
queuing theory regularly
come
from
fields
such
as
probability mathematics,
complex
systems
theory,
and
simulation
research.
In
the
context of
networking,
queuing
theory

focuses
on
understanding,
describing,
and
predicting
patterns
in
transmission organization, priorities,
delay,
loss,
and
standards
for
quality ofservice
(QoS).
One
of
the
most
important pioneers of
queuing
con-
cepts
was
Danish telephone engineer
A.K.
Erlang,
who
studied

and
described telephone traffic
in
its
mathematical
context
and
practical
applications
in
the
early
1900s.
Another significant contributor
to
the
body
of
knowledge
in
queuing theory
is
Leonard
Kleinrock,
who
was
involved
in
the
early

develop-
ment
of
the
ARPANET
and
who
authored
Informa-
tion
Flow
in
Large
Communication
Nets,
in
1961.
He
subsequently wrote
Communication
Nets,
in
1964,
which
provides
design
and
queuing
theory
for

build-
ing
packet
networks,
in
spite
ofa
common
sentiment
at
the
time
that packet switching wouldn't
work.
Queuing
theory
is
an
important
aspect
of
performance
evaluation
and
configuration
in
communications
net-
works.
Without a theoretical

model
for
installing,
configuring,
and
tuning
a
network,
much
time
can
be
wasted
in
trying
out
the
many
different
ways
in
which
network traffic
can
be
routed,
especially
in
aheavily
used

system
in
which
congestion
and
"bursty" traf-
fic
occur.
Queuing
applies
to
a
broad
range
ofenvi-
ronments,
from
individual circuit transmissions
to
global
distributed
networks.
A single
queue
system
is
one
of
the
most

basic
mod-
els
discussed
in
queuing
theory.
When
all
traffic
is
routed
through
a
single
channel
on
a
first-come,
first-
served
basis
(e.g., a single
cash
register
in
a comer
grocery
store),
the

impact
ofextra
traffic
and
over-
flow
may
be
different
from
traffic management
in
multiple
queue
systems
(a
supermarket
with
multiple
cash
registers
or
multiple tumstyles
at
a
sports
sta-
dium).
The
same

concepts
can
be
applied
to
telecom-
munications
systems.
A single
phone
routed
through
a dedicated
line
will
be
managed
differently
from
a
single
line
through a public
phone
system
(wireline
or
wireless)
where
congestion

might
occur.
The
prob-
lems
of
queuing
become
more
intricate
when
mul-
tiple
users
ofmultiple
phones
(or
modems)
are
shar-
ing
network
resources
over
a
public
network,
espe-
cially
in

distributed
networks
where
individual
nodes
mayor
may
not
be
available
at
any
particular point
in
time.
See
Erlang,
Agner;
queuing
delay.
QUICC
See
Quad
Integrated
Communications
Con-
troller.
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
quickconnection blockA
connection

block
for
more
quickly
and
easily making electrical connections
without
the
necessity
of
learning
to
use
specialized
tools
and
wiring
codes.
Quick
connection
blocks
are
typically
made
of plastic
or
other nonconductive
materials
with
metal

terminal
connecting
points
and
may
be
preterminated
for
ease
of
installation.
They
are
sold
for
a
variety
of
uses,
including
electrical
wir-
ing,
quick
installation
of
multiple
lights,
computer
network

connections,
and
internal
telephone
line
in-
stallation,
especially
for
multiphone
systems.
Quick
connection
blocks
are
especially
appealing
to
small
businesses
installing
their
own
phone
systems.
These
blocks
enable
wires
to

be
inserted
with
easily
available
screwdrivers,
pliers,
and
wire
cutters
rather
than
punchdown
tools.
One
common
configuration
for
telephone
quick
connection
blocks
is
a
premade
66
block,
so-called
because
it

supports
up
to
66
cross-
connections.
Panasonic
has
a
commercial
Quick
Connect
Block,
a
premade
66
block,
that
connects
to
the
standard
building
wiring
and
supports
up
to
eight
analog

or
digital
phone
stations
for
each
block
(depending
upon
the
phone
model).
Homaco,
Inc.
provides
premade
66
blocks
for
tele-
phone
connections
in
25-,
50-,
and
100-pair
sizes.
Comm-Omni
International

supplies
cable
termination
and
surge
protection
for
cables
for
multiple-family
residences
and
office
buildings
(e.g.,
private
branch
exchange terminations) with a quick connection
block
accessory
with
50
6-pin
interconnected
rows.
QuickFileAccess
QFA.
A
system
for

enabling
faster
access
to
data
on
tape-based
storage
systems
such
as
computer
cartridge
drives.
Prior
to
QFA
and
similar
systems,
tape
drives
had
to
read
through
blocks
of
data
sequentially

to
find
the
desired
data,
resulting
in
slow
read
times,
especially
if
the
desired
data
were
near
the
end
of
the
tape.
With
tapes
and
data
stored
on
tapes
getting longer, this

became
impractical.
Thus,
a
system
of
commands
known
as
Quick
File
Access
enables
a
block
number
to
be
read
so
that
the
tape
can
be
fast-forwarded
to
the
appropriate
place

in
the
tape
to
locate
the
data.
Since
the
block
infor-
mation
pointers
cannot
be
easily
manipulated
on
tape,
they
are
usually
held
in
a
database.
Unfortunately,
if
the
database

is
compromised
(or
logging
disabled),
then
data
location
can
be
a
problem
(especially if
it
is
a
backup
tape
to
restore a
crashed
system
upon
which
the
database
was
stored).
Nevertheless,
QFA

is
much
more
convenient
than
traditional
serial-ac-
cess
tapes.
quick-break fuse A
type
of
fuse
which
breaks
a
cir-
cuit
very
quickly
ifa
surge
or
other
anomalous
elec-
trical
condition
occurs.
Quick-break

fuses
are
espe-
cially
useful
with
electronics
components,
which
are
sensitive
to
electrical
fluctuations
and
prone
to
damage.
QuickDraw
A widely used proprietary computer
drawing
and
display
specification
from
Apple
Com-
puter
Inc.
QuickDraw

can
display
screen
images
and
processing
PostScript
files
so
they
can
be
printed
on
nonPostScript-equipped
printers.
quicksilver
colloq.
mercury.
QuickTime Aproprietary
cross-platform
computer
display, audio,
and
animation environment
from
Apple
Computer
Inc.
that

runs
on
Macintosh,
Power-
Mac,
Windows
95,
Windows
NT
4.0,
Windows
ME,
and
Windows
2000.
QuickTime
is
actually
a
suite
of
software
applications
for
supporting
picture
display,
multimedia
authoring,
and

server
support
for
stream-
ing
audio/video.
QuickTime
allows
some
interesting
applications
to
be
developed
and
distributed,
including
frame-based
animation,
whiteboarding,
video
clips,
teleconferenc-
ing
applications,
virtual
reality
environments,
games,
and

more.
The
QuickTime
fonnat
is
widely
supported
on
the
Internet,
with
many
Web-based
multimedia
applications
distributed
in
QuickTime.
Many
digital
cameras
also
support
the
QuickTime
format.
Most
recently,
QuickTime
has

been
enhanced
to
sup-
port
streaming
media
in
Internet
browsers
(HTTP,
RTP,
RTSP)
to
support
more
than
30
different
audio
and
video file formats
(AIFF,
BMP,
GIF,
JPEG,
MPEG-l,
MP3,
M3U,
PICT,

PNG,
SGI,
Targa,
TIFF,
VR,
Wave,
and
more),
and
added
modules
for
sav-
ing
digital
video
(DV)
camcorder
formats
for
the
de-
velopment
of
digital
video.
Most
QuickTime
software
is

freely
distributed,
in-
cluding
the
QuickTime
Player
and
Picture
Viewer.
The
QuickTime Streaming Server and Darwin
Streaming
Server
are
also
freely
distributed,
with
no
streaming
data
license
fees.
See
QuickTime
chart.
quiet tuning
In
radio

receivers,
a
tuning
character-
istic
in
which
the
signal
is
kept
quiet,
that
is,
not
broadcast
to
the
listener,
except
when
the
tuner
is
~~~:
i~~~:?~~l~:J~~~~~~.a
I~~~~~~~J:.e~cr;
II
isn't a
good

signal,
the
receiver
mutes
the
sound
to
save
the
listener
from
the
distraction
of
weak
or
noisy
stations.
Quorum
International
The
marketing
and
distribu-
tion
arm
of
Applied
Electronics,
a

Hong
Kong-based
Original
Equipment
Manufacturer
(OEM).
Applied
Electronics
supplies
many
major
computer
and
com-
munications companies, including National
Semi
Conductor,
IBM,
Texas
Instruments,
and
others.
Products
include
security
systems
and
pagers.
In
con-

junction
with
MCI,
the
MCI-Q
Program
was
devel-
oped
to
enable
Quorum
to
purchase
communications
products
and
services
at
special
rates.
Through
the
Quorum
Associate
Distributor
(QuAD),
distributors
receive
discounted

Mel
Q-Connection
rates
and
ac-
cess
to
additional
services
(pagers,
calling
cards,
etc.).
Quorum
Teleconferencing Bridge A
commercial,
integrated
voice
and
data
device
from
AT&T
to
fa-
cilitate
conference
call
set
up

and
administration.
The
Quorum
Teleconferencing
Bridge
connects
and
con-
trols
multipoint
conference
calls.
It
enables
a
local
operator
to
set
up,
control,
and
monitor
up
to
four
si-
multaneous
conference

calls
from
participants
in
up
to
seven
locations
for
each
call
(or
a
single
meeting
with
up
to
28
locations).
QWERTY A ubiquitous computer
and
typewriter
keyboard
configuration
designation,
named
after
the
six

lettered
keys
on
the
top
left
side.
Although
each
785
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
computer keyboard
has
different symbol
and
func-
tion keys,
most
follow
common
QWERTY
configu-
rations.
QWERTY
was
originally designed

to
slow
down
typing
to
prevent jamming
on
old
manual
type-
writers (they jam easily).
Other keyboard layouts have since been proposed
which consider ergonomics
and
physical properties,
the
most
recognized being
the
keyboard designed
by
August
Dvorak.
The
Dvorak
keyboard
was
developed
on
the

basis
of
studying finger
motion
and
lettering
combinations which
were
easier
and
more
efficient
to
execute,
and
incorporating
them
into
new
keyboard
character arrangements. A number of variations of
this
by
other people
have
also
been
called Dvorak
keyboards,
even

when
they
differ
from
that
developed
by
A.
Dvorak.
Unlike typewriters, it's
easy
to
remap
key
positions
on
computer
and
alternate
keyboards
can
be
designed
to
put
the
letters anywhere
the
user desires.
In

spite
of
this,
QWERTY
keyboards remain prevalent,
and
manufacturers
and
teaching institutions
are
reluctant
to
change
to
other systems.
Qwest Communications A telecommunications
company establishing fiber optic networks
in
over
100
U.S.
and
Mexican cities. Commercial services
provided include dedicated business Internet access,
Internet faxing, Internet phone (Q.talk),
and
video.
In
June
2000, Qwest Communications International

Inc.
completed a merger with U.S.
West,
Inc. an-
nouncing
an
$85
billion market capitalization with
services
in
14
states.
In
October 2001, Qwest
and
its
principal shareholder, Anschutz Company, an-
nounced plans
to
purchase
14
million
and
6 million
shares, respectively,
of
the Netherlands company
Koninklijke
KPN
N.V.

The company further an-
nounced plans for acquiring Global TeleSystems,
Inc.,
to
embark
on
a significant European expansion.
QZ
billing Atelephone subscriber service
in
which
the
time
and
charges
for
an
outgoing call (usually a
toll
call)
can
be
obtained
from
the
phone company.
This
is
especially useful
for

business professionals
and
educational institutions that
bill
back
to
the call-
ing
department.
QZ
billing
is
being superseded
by
automated
call
accounting information.
QuickTime Applications
Application Description
QuickTime
3D
Apple Computer's
3D
QuickTime cross-platform
3D
rendering software.
QuickTime
Conference
QTC.
Designed

on
Apple
Computer's QuickTime compression technology,
QuickTime Conference supports videoconferencing
in
a
window
on
the
com-
puter screen. Electronic whiteboarding
is
also supported,
so
participants can
communicate
and
collaborate
on
shared drawing,
text,
or
other projects.
The
software
can
be
used
to
deliver

Web
events using QuickTime
Live!
software.
See
Simple Multicast Routing Protocol.
QuickTime
Player
A software application
for
playing back audio
and
video files created
by
QuickTime
Pro
authoring software
and
other applications that export the
QuickTime
Pro
authoring
file
format.
QuickTime 5
has
support
for
skip pro-
tection

for
streaming sources with uneven video delivery, media "skins"
to
enable
the
user
to
customize
the
look
of
the
player, Internet
TV
channel dis-
play
and
audio control
features,
and
support
for
plugins
from
Apple
and
third-
party developers.
QuickTime
Pro

Alow-cost, commercial authoring system
for
creating QuickTime multime-
dia
images
and
presentations.
It
SUpp0l1S
many
popular file formats that
may
be
played
on
freely-downloadable QuickTime Player programs.
QT
Streaming
Server An extension
to
QuickTime
to
deliver realtime multimedia over
the
Internet
using
the
Real-Time
Transport
Protocol/Real-Time Streaming Protocol

(RTP/
RTSP).
Thus,
it
can
deliver video-on-demand and, when combined with
broadcasting software,
live
streaming news, interviews,
or
entertainment
through a
network.
QuickTime Streaming Server
is
available
in
Mac
as x
Server
and
the
Darwin
Streaming Server
is
available
through
the
Darwin
open

source project.
The
Streaming Server
is
available
on
a variety
of
platforms
and
the
open
source
software
makes
it
possible
to
port
to
additional platforms.
The
software provides
Web-based
server configuration, TCP-based broad-
cast support,
skip
protection,
and
other features.

QuickTime
VR
An extension
to
QuickTime that
adds
cross-platform virtual reality capabili-
ties
through amovie-like presentation of
images.
The
user
can
move
through
the
scene,
pan
the
surroundings, interact
with
objects,
and
much
more.
Quick-
Time
Authoring Studio
can
be

used
to
create virtual reality scenarios
for
dis-
play
in
QuickTime
YR.
QTYR
Make
Cubic enables users
to
build
Cubic
Vir-
tual
Reality software.
786
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
r
abbrev.
roentgen
(rentgen).
See
roentgen.
R
1.
symb.
range.

2.
symb.
resistance.
See
resistance.
R interface In
ISDN,
a
number
of
reference
points
have
been
specified
as
R,
S,
T,
U,
and
V
interfaces.
To
establish
ISDN
services,
the
telephone
company

and
ISDN
subscriber
typically
have
to
install
a
num-
ber
of
devices
and
links
to
create
the
all-digital
cir-
cuit
connection
necessary
to
send
and
receive
digital
voice
and
data

transmissions.
The
R
interface
is
the
portion of
the
link
between
an
ISDN
terminal
adapter
(TA)
on
the
customer pre-
mises,
and
customer
non-ISDN
station
equipment
(TE-2)
such
as
phones,
facsimile
machines,

comput-
ers
using
modems,
etc.
Some
communications
de-
vices
are
being
manufactured
with
ISDN
terminal
adapters
built
in,
in
which
case,
the
R
interface
is
not
needed
(or
is
considered

to
exist
inside
the
compo-
nent
itself).
See
ISDN
interfaces
for
a
diagram.
R reference point In
ISDN,
the
point
in
the
digital
communications
path
at
which
non-ISDN
TE-l
de-
vices
connect
to

a
Terminal
Adapter
(TA).
See
R
in-
terface.
R Series Recommendations A
series
oflTU-T
rec-
ommended
guidelines
for
radio
systems,
operations,
and
spectrum
use.
These
guidelines
are
available
for
purchase
from
the
lTU-

T.
Since
lTU-
T
specifications
and
recommendations
are
widely
followed
by
ven-
dors
in
the
telecommunications
industry,
those
want-
ing
to
maximize
interoperability
with
other
systems
need
to
be
aware

of
the
information
disseminated
by
the
lTU-
T.
A
full
list
of
general
categories
is
listed
in
Appendix
C
and
specific
series
topics
are
listed
un-
der
individual
entries
in

this
dictionary,
e.g.,
S
Se-
ries
Recommendations.
See
R
Series
Recommenda-
tions
chart.
R-Y
red-luminance.
In
the
YUV
video
color
model
in
which
chrominance
and
luminance
are
separate,
the
color R

(red)
minus
Y (luminance) equals
V,
which
is
used
to
calculate
color
differences.
Associ-
ated
with
this
is
the
color
B
(blue)
minus
Y
(lumi-
nance)
equals
U.
Ifboth
calculations
were
to

be
zero
(0),
it
would
indicate
no
color
(chrominance).
In
video
engineering,
R-Y
(red
-luma) andB-Y
(blue
-luma)
are
multiplied
by
defined
values
to
derive
V
and
U,
respectively.
Color difference
components

with
luma
removed
are
represented
as
R'-V'
and
B'-Y'.
Color
component
removal
is
a
mathematical
approach
to
decomposing
a
YUV
video
signal
that
is
useful
for
a
variety
of
reasons,

including
as
a
means
to
reduce
bandwidth
for
transmission
and
for
special
effects.
It
is
used
in
the
PAL
analog
video
standard
and
CCIR
601
digital
video
standard.
RlT
1.

See
realtime.
2.
receive/transmit.
RIW
read/write.
R&D
See
research
and
development.
R&E
1.
See
Research
and
Education.
2.
research
and
engineering.
R&S
research
and
statistics.
787
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated

Dictionary
Rl
signalingA
type
of
signaling
scheme
commonly
used
in
channelized
voice
networks
in
North
America
and
Japan
that
is
typically
implemented
through
aTl
line.
It
enables
supervisory
and
address

signals
to
be
transmitted
between
network
switches
using
a
single
frequency
for
supervisory (line) information
and
multiple
frequencies
for
address
(register)
informa-
tion.
Tl
signaling
is
specified
in
ITU-T
recommen-
dations
Q.310

to
Q.
331.
See
channel-associated
sig-
naling,
R2
signaling.
R2
signalingA
type
of
signaling
scheme
commonly
used
in
channelized
voice
networks
outside
North
America
and
Japan.
In
association
with
E1

networks,
it
is
similar
to
channelized
T
1.
R2
implementations
tend
to
be
variants
ofITU-T
Q.400
to
Q.490
recom-
mendations;
there
is
some
flexibility
in
the
chan-
nelized
signaling
parameters

for
setting
the
param-
eters
for
specific
countries,
an
important
capability
in
the
multicultural
European
Union.
Signal
types
are
configured
as
line
signals
and
interregister
signals.
See
channel-associated
signaling,
RI

signaling.
RA
1.
radar
altimeter.
2.
rate
area.
A
region
desig-
nated
to
receive
products
and
services
at
described
rates
for
the
purposes
of
administration
and
billing.
3.
See
RealAudio.

4.
Reliability
Action
Center.
RA
number
See
return
authorization
number.
RA-EN
See
Radio
Amateur
Emergency
Network.
RAC
1.
See
Radio
Amateurs
of
Canada.
2.
Radio
Austria
Communications.
Based
in
Vienna.

3.
See
re-
mote
access
concentrator.
RACE
1.
random
access
computer
equipment.
2.
See
Research
in
Advanced
Communications
in
Europe.
RACES
See
Radio
Amateur
Civil
Emergency
Ser-
vice.
raceway A
duct

or
channel
system
designed
to
hold,
protect,
and
direct
interior
wiring
circuits.
Raceways
are
typically
plastic
or
metal
modular
construction,
with
a
variety
of
fittings
so
individual
sections
can
be

interconnected
and
holes
can
be
punched
where
needed.
Raceways
can
be
mounted
on
or
in
walls
or
floors.
See
molding
raceway.
RACF
1.
See
Radio
Access
Control
Function.
2.
See

resource
access
control
facility.
rack, trayA
support
structure
designed
for
the
easy
insertion,
removal,
and
configuration of modular
component
systems.
Racks
are
frequently
equipped
with
rollers,
although
large
ones
may
be
attached
to

a wall
for
better support.
They
are
generally
as-
sembled
from
rigid
metal
strips,
interconnected
to
produce
a
strong
open
structure
so
the
components
can
be
quickly
slid
in
and
out
of

the
individual
bays
from
the
front,
and
cabled
to
one
another
at
the
back.
Racks
are
commonly
used
in
the
broadcast
TV
and
video
editing
industries;
they
can
also
be

found
in
telephone
switching
installations
and
on
large
com-
puter
networks
with
a
variety
of
storage
media.
See
distribution
frame,
rack
unit.
rack mountable A
component
designed
to
specifi-
cations
so
it

will
fit
easily
and
securely
into
a
storage
and
support
rack
ofa
standard
size
for
components
from
that
industry.
See
rack,
rack
unit.
rackunit
RU.
A
measure
of
distance
based

on
physi-
788
cal
rack
structures
that
are
common
within
various
industries.
Rack
sizes
have
long
been
standardized
in
the
power
distribution,
audio/visual,
and
portions
of
the
retail
sales
industries.

Racks
are
especially
common
for
supporting
video
processors,
frame
synchronizers,
frame
grabbers,
and
other
video
editing
and
broadcast
components.
In
the
video
industry,
the
rack
width
for
rack-mountable
audio
and

video
components
is
typically
19
in.
and
the
vertical
rack
unit
(RU)
is
1.75
in.
Thus,
a3.5-in
high
component would
be
described
as
having a
height
of2RU.
See
rack.
racon
See
radar

beacon.
RACS
1.
remote
access
calibration!controVcomput-
ing
services/system.
RACT
remote
access
computer/control
terminal.
rad
radiation
absorbed
dose.
A
quantification
of
ra-
diation
energy
that
describes
how
much
radiation
is
delivered

to
1gofa
substance
by
100
ergs
of
energy.
Radiation
absorbed
by
body
tissue
is
measured
in
roentgens.
RAD
1.
rapid
application
development/design.
2.
See
Radiance.
3.
random
access
device.
4.

recorded
an-
nouncement
device.
5.
remote
antenna
driver.
radar
radio
detection
and
ranging.
In
its
basic
form,
radar
is
a
means
of
detecting
distant
or
unseen
ob-
jects
by
emitting

radio
frequency
electromagnetic
waves
and
measuring
the
reflected
response.
As
such
it
can
operate
at
night,
during
fog,
and
in
situations
where
something
is
too
distant
to
be
seen
by

unaided
eyes.
Radar
works
on
the
principle
that
radio
waves
will
deflect
offof
solid
or
sufficiently
dense
objects
in
a
way
that
can
be
anticipated
or
controlled
so
the
returning

signal
can
be
analyzed
for
the
presence
of
the
objects,
their
general
shape
and
size,
and
their
distance.
Radar
is
a
powerful
and
flexible
technol-
ogy
that
has
become
an

intrinsic
aspect
of
navigation,
reconnaissance,
and
imaging
systems.
Radar
typically operates
in
ultra
high
frequencies
(UHF)
and
microwave
frequencies.
See
radar,
his-
tory;
sonar;
Taylor,
A.H.
radar, history
Radar
and
sonar
originated

in
much
the
same
way
in
the
late
1800s
and
the
two
technolo-
gies
still
share
many
terms
and
general
principles.
Johann
Christian
Doppler
(1803-1853)
made
impor-
tant
contributions
to

both
radar
and
sonar
history
by
studying
the
way
in
which
compressions
arising
from
motion
could
alter
sound
frequencies,
relative
to
the
position
of
the
viewer
(or
sensing
instrument).
It

was
discovered
that
this
characteristic
was
also
applicable
to
electromagnetic
phenomena
like
radio
waves
and
light,
resulting
in
Doppler
radar
technologies
about
100
years
later.
The
fact
that electromagnetic
waves
could

be
re-
flected
was
first
demonstrated
by
Heinrich
R.
Hertz
(1857-1894)
in
1886.
In
1904,
Christian
Hiilsmeyer
(1881-1957)
patented
a
"far-moving
scope"
which
used
reflected
radio
waves
(
early
radar)

for
detect-
ing
marine
vessels
in
order
to
prevent
collisions
at
sea,
a
system
that
eventually
superseded
searchlights
for
detecting
nearby
vessels
in
the
dark
or
fog.
In
1906,
William

R.
Blair
described
the
use
ofelectro-
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
magnetic
oscillations
to
determine
the
incident
en-
ergy
returning
from
various
reflecting
surfaces.
By
1916,
interest
in
radio
sensing
devices
was
spread-
ing

rapidly.
Dominik
and
Scherl
had
invented a
ra-
dio
echo
sensing
device
in
Europe
and
in
1917
Nicola
Tesla
wrote
about
radar concepts
in
the
Electrical
Experimenter
in
America.
The
earliest
commercial

use
of
radio
frequencies
for
bouncing
signals
was
in
the
1920s
and
1930s,
where
it
was
used
to
determine
the
presence of
marine
ves-
sels
and
aircraft
to
help
prevent collisions.
By

the
mid-1930s,
when
cathode-ray tube displays were
becoming commercially viable, radar
was
used
in
both
military
and
commercial navigation
and
docu-
mented
in
engineering
textbooks.
With
the
onslaught
of
World
War
II,
interest
in
radar increased dramati-
cally
and

substantial
resources
were
devoted
to
its
im-
provement
and
adaptation for military purposes.
Since
then,
radar
has
been
adapted
to
many
indus-
tries
and
continues
to
be
used
for
its
original
purpose,
navigational

safety,
and
for
many
diverse
military
and
commercial
applications.
See
radar.
radar
beacon A
device
associated
with
a particular
location
or
object
that
is
capable ofemitting aradar-
range
radio
signal
to
indicate
its
geographic

location.
Apassiveradar
beacon
is
one
that
sends
out
a
ra-
dar
signal
from
time
to
time
that
can
be
sensed
by
an
appropriately tuned radar receiver
within
range.
However,
it
does
not
have

a
re-
ceiver
and
cannot detect whether aradar
sig-
nal
has
been
aimed
in
its
direction.
An
active
radar beacon
includes
both
a radar
re-
ceiver
and
a
radar
transmitter.
The
receiver
en-
ables
the

beacon
to
sense
a triggering pulse
from
a
remote
radar that
causes
the
beacon
to
broadcast
a returning
signal
or
a series of
re-
turning signals.
The
information contained
within
the
signal depends
upon
the
system
used,
but
can

provide
range,
bearing,
and,
op-
tionally,
identification information.
Because
radar
technology
tends
to
be
expensive,
ra-
dar
beacons
are
more
often
installed
in
industrial
ship-
ping
facilities
and
military applications
than
in

con-
sumer devices. Sometimes they
are
used
in
light-
houses.
Some
less
expensive
radar
beacons
do
exist,
however,
in
the
form
ofpolice
speed
detectors.
The
speed
de-
tector
determines
a vehicle's speed
by
sending
out

a
radar
pulse
that
essentially
acts
as
a beacon
to
any
suitably
tuned
automobile
radar
detection
units
within
range.
radar
detectorA
device
designed
to
detect
the
pres-
ence
of
radar-range
radio

signals.
These
are
used
in
military
applications
to
detect
or
interpret
radar-range
communications.
They
are
also
sold
for
civilian
use
in
the
form
ofcar-mountable
devices
to
detect police
speed-detection radar
systems.
The

use
ofradar
de-
tectors
is
regulated
and
prohibited
in
some
areas.
See
radar,
radar
beacon.
radar
screen/scope A
small
display
device,
usually
round
or
rectangular,
which
shows
target
signals
as
illuminated

dots
or blips. There
may
be
grids
and
other alignment and location
marks
superimposed
over
the
illuminated
blips
on
the
screen
to
aid
in
track-
ing
and
location.
The
term
radar "scope"
comes
from
the
early

days
when
cathode-ray
tubes
(CRTs)
were
being adapted
for
use
as
oscilloscopes
and
various
types
of
radar
screens.
See
radar.
radar
systems
Devices
incorporating
radio
waves
to
detect
the
presence
and

characteristics ofdistant
or
otherwise unseen objects. Although radio echoes
were
observed
in
the
1920s
and
put
into
practical
use
in
the
1930s,
developments
in
radar
guidance,
detec-
tion,
and
identification
systems
did
not
flourish
until
the

second
World
War.
See
cavity
magnetron.
RADARSAT
A
Canadian
satellite
system
launched
in
November
1995.
The
satellite
supports
a
synthetic-
aperture
radar sensor that
can
deliver
data
in
seven
sizes
based
upon

25
beam
positions.
Images
vary,
depending
upon
the
way
the
sensors
are
angled
and
the
Earth
viewed.
Each
beam
position
has
a specific
elevation
angle
and
size.
The
two
beam
modes

are
single beam and multiple-beam ScanSAR.
RADARSAT
is
part ofthe
RADARSAT
Network
System.
Radar Scope
Much attention has been given to the development
of
radar technologies
for
navigation
and
military
trackingpurposes. This radarscope, on boarda
u.s.
aircraft carrier, is used
for
aircraft approach control.
Civilian
and
military air traffic controlpersonnelen-
sure the safe
and
orderly
flow
of
air traffic

in
com-
mercial airports
and
on military vessels
at
sea. This
photo was taken during NATO Implementation Force
(IFOR) patrols
of
the waters
of
the Adriatic Sea.
The
U.S.
Air
Force C-14B aircraft was the first to
use ground-based radio beacons
for
a completelyau-
tomated landing in August 1937. The system
offive
transmittingbeacons used to accomplish thisfeat was
developed by Carl
J.
Crane. [Detail
of
DoDphoto by
J.
Hendricks,

U.S.
Navy.J
radial accelerationAcceleration
in
acircular
traj
ec-
tory, characteristic of a spinning solid or liquid
789
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Fiber
Optics
Illustrated
Dictionary
substance.
Radial
acceleration
is
used
in
centrifugal
separators
to
isolate
particular
particles
or
substances.
The
radial

acceleration
characteristics
of
various
spi-
raling
entities
are
of
interest
to
astronomers.
In
opti-
cal
media,
radial
acceleration
is
one
of
the
charac-
teristics
measured
to
determine
conformance
with
ex-

pected
properties
or
standards,
along
with
axial
ac-
celeration
and
radial
ronout.
Radiance
RAD.
A
native
file
format
for
Radiance,
a
public
domain
Unix-compatible
radiosity
rendering
engine.
The
file
extension

.
rad
may
be
used
to
dis-
tinguish
RAD
files.
radiant
energy
Transmitted
electromagnetic
energy
such
as
heat,
light,
or
radio
waves.
Radiant
energy
is
typically
measured
in
calories,
ergs,

or
joules.
radio An
appliance
or
other
device
designed
for
the
transmission
and/or
receipt
of
radio
wave
communi-
cations.
There
are
many
types
of
radio
technology:
amplitude
modulation
(AM),
frequency
modulation

(FM),
shortwave, cellular, short-range (cordless
phones,
wireless
intercoms),
etc.
With
increased
de-
mand
for
wireless
communications,
harnessing
and
using
radio
waves
efficiently
has
become
extremely
important
in
both
scientific
and
commercial
research.
More

details
about
radio
communications
can
be
found
under
individual
listings
in
this
dictionary.
See
crystal
detector, detector.
Radio
The
publication
name
ofa
widely-distributed
Soviet
electronics
journal
which,
in
June
1957,
an-

nounced
the
Soviet
Union's
plans
to
soon
launch
a
satellite
("sputnik"
in
Russian),
and
provided
details
of
the
planned
launch
date,
modulation
techniques,
and
frequencies
to
be
used.
Sputnik I
did

in
fact
launch
at
the
end
of
that
year.
See
Sputnik
I.
RadioAccess Control Function
RACF.
In a
PACA-
E Personal Communications System (PCS), the
RACF
intercommunicates
with
a
number
of
entities
while
handling
the
service
logic,
including

the
Ra-
dio
Control
Function
(RCF)
and
the
Call
Control
Function
(CCF)/Service
Switching
Function
(SSF).
See
Priority
Access
and
Channel
Assignment.
Radio Act of1912
With
increasing
interest
in
radio
broadcasting
and
demand

on
airwaves,
the
U.S.
Con-
gress
passed
an
act
which
granted
the
U.S.
Depart-
ment
of
Commerce
the
authority
to
regulate
amateur
broadcasting
in
order
to
prevent
interference
with
government

stations
and
to
increase
maritime
safety,
largely
due
to
the
sinking
of
the
Titanic.
See
TItanic.
Radio Act of 1927
As
a
response
to
the
enormous
rising
demand
for
broadcast
channels
in
the

early
part
of
the
century,
a
conference
was
held
to
sort
out
the
chaos.
As
of
the
Radio
Act
of
1912,
the
U.S.
Depart-
ment
of
Commerce
took
control
of

radio
broadcast-
ing.
Zenith
Radio
Corporation
applied
for
a
license
to
operate
at
a
frequency
that
was
being
used
by
other
stations
as
well,
and
so
was
granted
a
license

to
broad-
cast
at
a
different
frequency.
Zenith
changed
frequen-
cies
to
one
that
had
already
been
granted,
instead
of
using
the
one
that
had
been
licensed.
In
the
process

of
investigating
the
violation,
it
was
found
that
the
Department
of
Commerce
didn't
have
sufficient
ju-
risdiction
to
stop
the
actions
of
the
broadcaster,
and
790
one
of
the
consequences

was
the
creation
of
the
F
ed-
eral
Radio
Commission
(FRC)
in
1927.
This
was
later
to
become
the
Federal
Communications
Commission
(FCC)
through
the
Communications
Act
of
1934.
See

Communications
Act
of
1934,
Federal
Communica-
tions
Commission.
RadioAmateurCivil EmergencyService
RACES.
A
public
emergency
service
provided
by
reserve
vol-
unteer
communications
personnel
to
assist
regular
emergency
services
in
times
of
extraordinary

need.
The
organization
was
established
in
1952.
Planning
guidance
for
RACES
deployment
is
provided
by
the
Federal
Emergency
Management
Agency
(FEMA).
/>Radio
Amateur
Emergency
Network
Raynet.
Raynet
was
established
as

a
result
ofa
violent
storm
that
pummeled
the
eastern
coast
of
England
in
Janu-
ary
1953.
Coastal
towns
and
villages
were
ravaged
and
more
than
300
drowned.
Since
telephone
lines

were
destroyed
as
well,
there
was
no
reliable
com-
munication
into
or
out
of
the
area
during
the
storm.
The
police
authorities
appealed
to
radio
amateurs
to
help
and
the

Home
Office
gave
permission
for
ama-
teur
radios
to
coordinate
rescue
services,
saving
many
lives.
Thus
RA-EN
was
born,
and
grew
in
capabili-
ties
in
1989
when
legislation
restriction
was

lifted
to
enable
the
organization
to
provide
greater
help.
It
is
now
known
as
Raynet.
Radio
Amateur
Satellite
Corporation
RASC,
AMSAT-NA.
This
is
the
North
American
branch
of
the
international

amateur
radio
satellite
community,
a not-for-profit
agency
founded
in
1969.
Over
the
decades,
radio
amateurs
have
made
signifi-
cant
contributions
to
the
evolution
of
satellite
broad-
casting
technologies
in
spite
of

the
budget
constraints
typical
of
amateur
organizations.
AMSAT-NA
sup-
ports
and
promotes
scientific
research
and
develop-
ment
in
radio
communications
satellites
and
space
science
in
the
public
interest.
The
air

waves,
by
legal
right
in
the
U.S.,
belong
to
the
people,
and
radio
ama-
teurs
are
exercising
not
only
their
right
to
use
this
wonderful
resource,
but
have
furthered
the

art of
wire-
less
communications
in
countless
ways.
AMSAT
has
successfully
launched
more
than
two
dozen
noncom-
mercial
radio
communications
satellites
into
Earth
orbit
since
the
historic
OSCAR
satellites
of
the

early
1960s.
See
AM
SAT,
OSCAR.
/>Radio Amateurs
of
Canada
RAC.
RAC
provides
liaison,
coordinating
functions,
and
policy
decisions
for
the
benefit of
Canadian
amateur
radio
organiza-
tions and individual amateur radio operators.

radio broadcasting
Commercial
radio

broadcasting
began
in
the
early
1900s,
arising
out
of
the
experi-
mental
broadcasts
of
inventor
R.
Fessenden
in
1906.
There
were
many
amateur
broadcasts
between
1906
and
1920,
including
the

regularly
scheduled
shows
by
Charles
"Doc"
Herrold,
at
the
Herrold
College
of
Wireless
and
Engineering
in
California,
and
the
pre-
KDKA
broadcasts
from
the
garage
of
F.
Conrad
in
1919.

CFCF
and
KDKA
are
acknowledged
as
the
first
commercial
stations,
beginning
in
1920.
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Commercial broadcasting
in
Europe
was
underway
by
1913,
and
the
Eiffel
Tower
still stands
as
a his-
toric
reminder of

the
lofty ambitions
of
the
broadcast
pioneers.
It
was
built
for
the
Paris World's Fair
in
the
1800s
and
there
have
been
several
attempts
to
remove
it
since
then,
but
its
usefulness
as

a giant antenna
is
one
of
the
reasons
it
was
preserved. Lee
de
Forest
participated
in
one
of
the
first
transcontinental broad-
casts
from
the
world's largest radio
tower.
The
Ra-
dio
Corporation
ofAmerica
(RCA),
founded

in
1920,
is
one
of
the
best known
and
most influential
of
the
early
radio
pioneers,
and
much
of
its
history
is
related
to
the
activities ofDavid Sarnoff. Sarnoff
was
also
instrumental
in
forming the National Broadcasting
Corporation

(NBC),
in
1926.
The
following year
the
Columbia Broadcasting System
(CBS)
was
formed
(originally Columbia Phonograph Broadcasting un-
til
William
S.
Paley bought out
the
company
in
1928).
From
1921
to
1922
the
number of commercial sta-
tions
in
the
U.S.
increased

from
five
to
over
500.
In
the
early
1930s,
record companies became nervous
about competition
from
radio stations
and
began re-
stricting
the
open
broadcasting
of
audio
recordings.
From
that
point
on,
royalties
and
other means
of

en-
forcing payment
for
broadcasts
were
instituted.
By the
late
1930s
the
wonderful
music
from
bands
and orchestras around the world could be heard
through
the
magic
of
radio, and listeners
who
had
never been
to
a theater
to
hear a
live
performance
enjoyed

the
new
form
of
entertainment.
The
advent
of
radio
meant
the eventual death ofvaudeville, but
some
of
the
vaudevillian actors, perhaps best exem-
plified
by
George
Bums
and
Gracie Allen,
made
a
successful transition
to
radio,
and
eventually
to
TV

programming.
By the early 1940s, frequency modulated (FM)
broadcasting,
made
possible
by
the tireless efforts
of
inventor
Edwin
Armstrong,
was
beginning
to
catch
on
and,
while it didn't supersede
AM,
it provided
clean, clear transmissions that were favored
by
pub-
lic
broadcast
and
classical music stations.
The
inven-
tion

of
the
transistor created a revolution
in
minia-
turization
and
manufacturing.
By
the
1950s,
radio
had
competition
from
TV
broadcast stations, but unlike
many
technologies,
it
didn't lose
its
practicality
and
appeal.
Radio
stations
in
NorthAmerica still
outnum-

ber
TV
stations, and radio sets continue
to
be
in
de-
mand.
The
next majormilestone
in
radio broadcasting
came
with Sputnik
and
the
exploration ofspace.
In
1969,
American astronauts sent sound
and
images
from
the
Moon
to
Earth.
Soon
communications satellites
were

being
launched
into
orbit
in
the
1970s
and
1980s.
This
provided a
means
to
develop mobile communica-
tions,
and
linked computers
and
radios
as
never be-
fore.
Many
of
the
pioneer communications efforts
and
new
technologies were contributed
by

amateur radio
enthusiasts,
most
notably through
the
OSCAR
and
AMSAT
satellite programs.
With
digital electronics, laptops,
and
cell phones,
the
importance of radio continued
to
grow,
as
wireless
communications were integrated into increasingly
mobile lifestyles.
One
of
the
significant recent events
in
radio broadcasting
is
the introduction
of

digital
broadcasting, pioneered
by
Sweden in
1996.
See
AMSAT;
ANIK.;
CKAC;
Emergency Alert System;
KDKA;
OSCAR; Radio Corporation
of
America;
Sarnoff, David; radio history.
radio
broadcasting
regulations
Many
different
sets
ofguidelines
and
regulations
have
been developed
to
manage
radio broadcasting.
Some

of
these were
in-
tended
to
curtail unfair business practices, such
as
more powerful transmitting stations deliberately
drowning out less powerful ones, and some were
implemented
to
organize
and
coordinate
the
use
of
limited airspace, that
is,
the limited availability
of
broadcast frequencies. Others were put into effect
in
wartime
to
shut
down
broadcasting almost entirely,
curbing
the

broadcast pirates, but
also
curbing
respon-
sible amateurs.
In
1963
the
Emergency Broadcasting
System
(EBS)
was established, recently replaced
in
1997
by
the
Emergency Alert System
(EAS).
Several Radio Acts
and
later Telecommunications
Acts
have
controlledAmerican broadcasting over
the
decades.
The
jurisdiction has changed
hands
a

num-
ber
of
times,
from
the
u.S. Secretary
of
Commerce
to
the
Federal Radio Commission (FRC)
in
1927,
to
the
Federal Communications Commission
(FCC)
in
the
mid-1930s. The
FCC
has
retained
its
wide-rang-
ing
licensing and regulatory powers
up
to

the
present
time.
See
EmergencyAlert System, Federal
Commu-
nications Commission, Radio Act
of
1912.
radio
button
Aphysical button
on
a component, or
iconic
button
in
a software program, which permits
selection
of
only
one
option
from
a group of
mutu-
ally
exclusive selections. Selecting anyone option
automatically
deselects

the
previous
option.
The
name
derives
from
the
action
of
pushbutton
radio
sets
in
which buttons can be pretuned
to
selected stations,
and
then
pushed
for
the
desired station,
one
at
a
time.
Software radio buttons
are
often seen

on
input
forms
on
Web
pages.
Radio
Club
of
America
This historic amateur radio
group
is
still
operating
after
its
birth
in
the
early
1900s.
It
held
its
first meeting
in
1909
and
was

founded
as
the
Junior
Wireless
Club
Limited
in
1910
in
New
York
City.
The
organization changed its
name
the
follow-
ing
year
to
the
Radio Club
of
America.
The
young
members
of
the club successfully lobbied

for
the
in-
terests
of
amateur radio enthusiasts before
the
U.S.
Senate Commerce Subcommittee.
The
first official
meeting
of
the
organization under
its
new
name
was
in
November
1911.
As
it grew, some
of
the
great
names
in
radio history became associated with

the
club,
including Paul
Godley,
Edwin Armstrong,
and
David
Sarnoff
It
exists
for
the
charitable,
educational,
and
scientific furtherance
of
radio communications
and
provides scholarship
funds
for
needy
and
wor-
thy
students
of
radio communications.
See

Junior
Wireless
Club
Limited.
/>Radio
Common
Carrier
RCC.
Service providers
of
mobile telephone and paging services employing ra-
dio
technology,
as
opposed
to
land line transmissions.
791
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC