Lecture insect disease - Use of Fungi for Insect Control pps

Agriculture and
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Agriculture et
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Use of Fungi for Insect Control
- Issues, Developments & Research Needs
Mark Goettel
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB
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Entomopathogenic Fungi
• Classification
• Pathogenesis
• Why fungi as BCA’s?
• Commercialization
• Registration
• Some examples
• Research
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Classification
• Kingdom Chromista (formerly Eumycota)
• Division Oomycota
– Water molds
–
–

Pythiales
Pythiales
»
»


Lagenidium
Lagenidium


giganteum
giganteum
–
–
Reproduce asexually
Reproduce asexually
–
–
Motile zoospores
Motile zoospores
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Classification
• Kingdom Eumycota (the fungi)
• Four Divisions
– Chytridiomycota

– Zygomycota
– Ascomycota
– Basidiomycota
– (Deuteromycota)
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Division Chytridiomycota
• Genera Coelomomyces
• Pathogen of aquatic Diptera
• Obligate pathogens
• Require alternate crustacean hosts
• Very host specific
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Division Zygomycota
• Order Entomophthorales
• Genera:
Conidiobolus, Entomophaga,
Entomophthora, Erynia, Pandora,
Zoophthora
• Mostly obligate pathogens
• Sexual & asexual spores
• Spores ejected forcibly
• Mostly restricted host ranges
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Division Ascomycota
• Order Clavicipitales
• Genera:
Cordyceps, Torrubiella
– Teleomorphic (sexual) state of many spp
within Deuteromycota
• Order Ascosphaerales
– Genera:
Ascosphaera
–
–
Mostly obligate pathogens
Mostly obligate pathogens
–
–
Sexual & asexual spores
Sexual & asexual spores
–
–
Mostly restricted host ranges
Mostly restricted host ranges
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Division Deuteromycota
•
Genera:

Aschersonia, Aspergillus,
Beauveria, Hirsutella, Metarhizium,
Nomuraea, Paecilomyces, Verticillium
(Lecanicillium)
• Most? anamorphic (asexual) state of
Cordyceps
• Mostly facultative pathogen
• Assexual, immotile spores, conidia
• Mostly wider host ranges
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Some examples
Aschersonia aleyrodis Cordyceps
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Metarhizium flavoviride Hirsutella
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Metarhizium anisopliae
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Torrubiella ratocaudata

Verticillium lecanii
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Pathogenesis
• Infection via external
integument
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Types of pathogens
• Facultative
• “Weakly” virulent
• Mass produced
in
vitro
• “Wider” host range
• Better suited for
insecticidal
approach
• Obligate
• “Highly” virulent
• Produced only
in
vivo
• “Narrow” host
range
• Better suited in

classical approach
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Types of pathogens
• Facultative
• Strong dose-
mortality
relationship
• Opportunistic
pathogens
• Less persistent
• Obligate
• Virulence strongly
influenced by
environmental
factors
• Closely adapted to
host
• Great potential for
epizootics
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Use of fungi
• Classical (introduction)
• Conservation
• Augmentation (insecticidal)

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Commercialization
• Insecticidal approach
• Niche products
• Regulations
• Profit margins too low for the big
conglomerates
• Shelf life
• Competition with chemicals
• Takeovers and failures
WR Grace
• Neem Products
• Mycoinsectcices
• Biofungicide
• Mycoherbercide
Agrisense
• Pheromone AI’s
• Traps/lures
AgriDyne
• Azadirachtin
Biosys
• Nematodes
• Baculovirus
Ciba-Geigy
• Bt aizawai
• Bt kurstaki
Novartis

Sandoz
• Bt kurstaki
• Bt israelensis
• Btt
IMC
Crop Genetics
• Baculoviruses
• Kleentek sugar cane
1996
2001
1997
1997
1996
1972
1995
1996
1993
1996
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What is available worldwide?
•
Beauveria bassiana
•
Beauveria brongniartii
•
Metarhizium anisopliae
•

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus
•
Verticillium (Lecanicillium) lecanii
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•
Beauveria bassiana
• Botanigard (Emerald)
• Naturalis-L (Troy
Biosciences)
• Whitefly, thrips, aphids
and mealybugs
• Registered in USA,
Mexico and South
American countries
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•
Metarhizium anisopliae
• Bio 1020 (Bayer AG)
• New Bio 1020
(Taensa)
• Black vine weevil
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•
Paecilomyces fumosoroseus
• PFR-97 & PreFeRal (Certis
USA)
• Priority (Stanes)
• Pae-Sin (Agrobionsa)
• Whitefly, some activity
against aphids, thrips,
spider mites
• Registered in Europe and
USA
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• Verticillium lecanii
• Mycotal (Koppert)
– White fly and thrips
• Vertalec (Koppert)
– Aphids
• New formulations with
improved efficacy
• Registered in Europe
and Japan
• Applied on “1000’s of
hectares”
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Innovative application:
thinking outside of the box!
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Innovation