The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 136 pdf

Network(s) (continued)
as notation, 511–12
openness and, 514
as theory, 512–15
for X WITH Y construction, 522f
Neural sets, computational, 194
Neural Theory of Language (NLT), 39, 194, 1255
computational models and, 202, 214, 227–28,
326
website, 574
Neurocognitive linguistics, 574–75, 601
Neurocomputational models, 30–31, 39
Neurological modeling, 16
Neurology, embodiment and iconicity, in literary
form and affect, 1187–89
Neurophysiology, 30, 37, 39
Neuroscience, 26, 36–39, 206, 209n18, 325–26
Newman, John, 140
Newmeyer, Frederick, 579
Newport, Elisa L., 1115, 1119, 1210
Niemeier, Susanne, 243
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 599
Nikiforidou, Kiki, 155, 253–54
Ning Yu, 8
NLT. See Neural Theory of Language
Nominal classification, 676–96. See also
Classifier(s)
categorization, CL and, 690–92
central problems of, 686–90
systems of, 678–86
systems of, from world to nouns and, 677–78

Nominal semantics, 893–97
Nominalizations, 253–54
Nondiscreteness, 150, 151t, 990
Nonequality, 150, 151t, 990
Noun(s)
class systems, gender and, 679–80, 692n2
in construal, 54, 55f–56f
relational, 727
schematicity and, 91, 92f, 112n12
verbs and, 439–40, 452n29, 453n30
Noun-noun compounding, 666, 667f, 668, 672n8
attribute-listing and matching approach to,
668, 669f
multilevel templates and bottom-up approach
to, 666, 667f, 668
Noun-verb conversion, event schemas and, 664,
665f, 666t
Number, cardinal and grammatical, 1032–33
Nunberg, Geoffrey, 251, 468–70, 582
Oakley, Todd, 85, 109, 199, 1186
Object. See also Indirect objects; Subject, object
and
Object maps, 1053, 1056–57, 1059–60
Objective situation, 426
Objectivist Semantics, 25–27, 29
Objectivity. See also Subjectivity/objectivity
subjectivity v., 414n9
universalism, relativism and, 43–44
Obviation, 792–93
Occhi, Debra, 1063–64

Occurrent reference, alternatives v., 287 –88
O’Connor, Mary Kay, 466–68, 715–16
Ogawa, Roy H., 1063–64
O’Grady, William, 708
Okamoto, Yukari, 1032
Oliveira, Marco Antonio de, 952
Olivier, Donald C., 1030
Olson, David R., 1015
‘‘One meaning, one form,’’ 399, 641, 997
Ong, Walter J., 1015
Onomasiological profiles, 1003f, 1004
Onomasiology
case studies of variations in conceptual and
formal, 1000, 1001f–1005f, 1006
CL contribution to, 997–98, 999f, 1000
semasiology and, 989, 993–96
structural and pragmatic, 993
usage-based, 999f, 1000
Onomatopoeia, iconicity and, 394–95, 397–98, 402
Opacity, referential, mental spaces and, 358–63
Openness, networks and, 514
Optimality Theory (OT), 444, 581–82, 614, 628n2
Optimization, 356
Organon Model, 600–601, 1280–83, 1282f, 1289n13
Orientation
cultural models of space and theory of, 1059–61
deictic, 1053–54
spatial, 1052–54, 1055f, 1056–58
spatiocultural, 1052–65
OT. See Optimality Theory

Overlapping sets model, 154, 155f, 157f
Overt linguistic signals, 919
Pagliuca, William, 740, 870, 876, 946–49, 951–52,
982n3
Paine, Thomas, 1184
Palmer, Gary, 624, 1046, 1048, 1052, 1063–64,
1066n3, 1190
Pancake, Ann S., 1229
Pa
ˆ
nini, 322
Panther, Klaus-Uwe, 244, 247, 661–62, 664
Papafragou, Anna, 249, 250
Paradigms, 172, 595, 639, 643–46. See also Word-
Paradigm model
‘‘Parietal Hypothesis,’’ 326
Particles, 411, 415n18
Passives, 14, 777n5, 777n7. See also Voice
Pastiosity, 1187
1320 index
Path, 330–32, 333
Patient. See Actor-Patient; Agent-Patient; Voice
Patient subjects, 176
Pattern Completion Principle, 382
Paul, Hermann, 237, 997
Pauwels, Paul, 220
Payne, Thomas, 852
PDP (Parallel Distributed Processing), 1270–72,
1276, 1288n6
Pederson, Eric, 1015, 1017, 1019, 1020, 1023, 1027,

1033–34
Pederson, Mary A., 52, 324
Peeters, Bert, 601–2
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 394–95, 397–98, 1188, 1257,
1283
Pelyva
´
s, Pe
´
ter, 306–8, 314n11, 876, 884n16
Penfield, Wilder, 37
Perception
language and, 334
neuroscience, brain and, 26, 36–39
subjectification and, 26–27, 930
verbs of, 406
Pe
´
rez Herna
´
ndez, Lorena, 247, 249, 252
Perkins, Revere D., 870, 876, 982n3
Perspective(s)
construal and, 29, 53–54, 56, 58, 66–73, 68f, 77,
77n1, 1181–82
coordination of, 66–73, 68f
embodiment and, 29
explicit multiple, 70, 71f, 72–73
implicit multiple, 66–70, 68f–69f
system, 328

-taking, social cognition, culture and, 1096–98
Perspectivization, 9
construal and, 48–81
general grounding and, 63–65
specific grounding and, 65–66
Philippine languages, 852–53, 864
Phillips, Betty S., 952, 955–57
Philosophical Perspectives on Metaphor
(Johnson, M.), 596
Philosophy, 10, 29, 1241–65
CL challenge to, 1253–54
metaphors and, 207
of mind, conceptual structures and, 1249–52
of science and linguistics, in twentieth century,
1243–47
Philosophy in the Flesh (Lakoff/Johnson, M.),
1254
Phonemes, 113n14, 612–16, 628n1, 1280
Phonetics, 10
Phonic level, iconicity on, 402–3
Phonological alternations, life cycle of, 957
Phonology, 611–31. See also specific individuals
basic principles of, 611–22
cognitive, 611, 614, 618, 620, 628n2, 1193
Cognitive Grammar and, 443–47, 453nn39–40,
454nn41–44, 612, 615, 617–18, 623, 627–28
flap and stops in, 616–17, 619–20, 621, 623, 625,
628n4
Generative, 623
as human action, 626–28

inventories, prototypes and, 622–23
Natural, 590, 613–14, 618, 623, 625
neutralization and overlap with, 621–22
profiling and, 445, 454n41
radial sets and processes and, 615–20, 621f,
628nn4–8
sign languages and, 1114–15
usage-based models and, 624–26
Phrasal verbs, 1153, 1154f–1155f
Phrase Structure Grammar, 575
Physical size, in cognitive science theoretical
framework, 40, 41t–42t
Piaget, Jean, 125, 1095, 1267, 1276–77, 1289n9
PIBU. See Primary information-bearing unit
Pied-piping, 529
Pietrandrea, Paola, 1121
Pike, Kenneth L., 171, 613
Pine, Julian M., 502, 1101, 1102
Pinker, Steven, 112n12
Pires de Oliveira, Roberta, 1224
Pitch maps, 37
Pizzuto, Elena, 1101, 1115
Plank, Frans, 1233
Plato, 25, 1243, 1259
Cratylus, 395, 1289n13
Plato’s Problem (Laurence/Margolis), 143
Plungian, Vladimir, 638, 639, 869
Poetics, 214, 223–24, 1175–1202
Point of view, 48, 57, 58, 64–65, 68, 911–14. See also
Location of perspective point; Viewpoint

Poles
of human behavior, 601
phonological, 338, 426– 27, 444, 446, 451n7, 490,
497, 638, 1119
semantic, 338, 426–27, 444, 451n7, 490, 497, 638
Politeness and political correctness, 415n15
Polysemy, 34, 82. See also specific individuals
ambiguity, 142–43, 159
brain and, 158
classical, 140, 160n2
complementary, 160n2
Construction Grammar and, 162n14
domains and, 160n2
homonymy and, 139, 141–42, 144, 152–54, 159n1,
162n15, 342
image schemas and, 219–22
of individual words or constructions, 219–21
intra v. intercategorial, 147
intractability of, 1161, 1165–66
link, 487–88
index 1321
Polysemy (continued)
metaphor and, 592–97, 740
metonymy and, 592–97
monosemy and, 152–54, 161n8, 161n10, 161n12,
432, 871, 872f, 873
morphemes and, 273–74
prototypes and, 26, 90, 139–69, 160n5, 641, 733,
736
radial categories and, 26, 90, 139–69, 641

radial sets and, as extended version of
prototype theory, 147–49
of related words or constructions, 221–22
schematicity and, 82, 85, 90, 99
spatial, 326, 340–42
structured nature of, 1161, 1166–68, 1169f
systematic, 4, 154, 160n2
tests, 141–44, 154
vagueness and, 144, 154, 158, 160n2, 160n6
Polzenhagen, Frank, 1214, 1225
Pope, Alexander, 1193
Popova, Yanna, 1183
Popper, Karl, 322
Posner, Michael, 40
Postal, Paul M., 177, 399
Post-Whorfian relativity, fictive spaces, ground
and, 1061–62
Poulin, Christine, 363–64
Pourcel, Stephanie S., 325
Pragmatic(s), 13, 590
inferencing, metonymy, discourse functions
and, 248–51
model, of processing, 197
semantics v., 339, 431–32
Prague Linguistic Circle, 1280
Prague school, 590, 1267
Prefixation, 658, 659t, 660f
Prepositions, 128–30, 320, 733–38
Primary information-bearing unit (PIBU), 731
Prince, Ellen F., 467

Prismatic model, 244, 671n3
Processes
achievements and, 815
and change, acoustic-perceptual aspects of
phonological, 951
nature of online, in usage-based models,
625–26
radial sets and, phonology and, 615–20, 621f,
628nn4–8
reductive, 950
Processing
Best Fit Principle and, 517–18, 535
Natural Language, 570
pragmatic model of, 197
Word Grammar and, 517–18, 535
Profile(s), 434
composite, 904f
determinance, complement-modifier
distinction and, 106f, 107, 115nn31–32, 442,
903, 904f
determinant, 441–42
onomasiological, 1003f, 1004
Profile, base and, 182–83, 435. See also specific
individuals
metonomy and, 452n26
prominence and, 901, 902f–904f, 905–6
Profiling, 272, 434–37, 436f, 452n24
constructional, 776
phonology and, 445, 454n41
subject and object, 442, 453n37

Prominence, 435–36, 445. See also Profiling;
Trajector/landmark alignment
construal and, 53, 54, 56, 77n1
as factor in reference point selection, 898
Figure/Ground and, 899f, 900–901
pronominal anaphora and, 898, 899–907
voice and, 829, 831, 832, 864
Pronominal anaphora, 890–915
Pronouns, with construal, 51, 66, 72, 77n9
Protagoras, 677
Protoscene, 153, 161n10
Prototype(s), 434
categorization and, 26, 34, 88, 89f–90f, 91, 92f,
112nn10–12, 139–69, 145–46, 641, 989–90
effects, 145–46, 150, 151t
frames and, 173
Gestalt, Figure/Ground and, 1278–80
‘‘isa,’’ default inheritance and, 515–16
phonology, inventories and, 622–23
polysemy and, 26, 90, 139–69, 160n5, 641, 733,
736
radial categories and, 26, 90, 139–69, 641, 1149
in schematic network, 90f
schematicity and, in learning, 1148–51
Prototype theory, 144–51, 158, 590. See also Fuzzy
logic
prototype effects and, 145–46
radial sets and polysemy as extended version of,
147–49
standard version of, 147

Prototypical speaker, 400–401, 408, 413, 414n9
Prototypicality, 4, 9. See also specific individuals
additional features of, 149–51
isomorphism, polysemy and, 399
in lexical structure, 1161, 1162–65
literature and, 1177–79
Proverbs, 697, 698, 703–4, 717, 720
Proximate, distal v., 65
Psycholinguistics, 214, 224–25, 268, 324–25
Psychology, 10, 15. See also Behaviorism;
Cognitive psychology; specific individuals
Cognitive Science and, 1266–94
conceptual foundations in, 1270–83
1322 index
experimental, 17
of higher mental processes, 1268–69
Psychomechanics, 598
Pustejovsky, James, 252
Putnam, Hilary, 1164, 1260, 1261
Pu
¨
tz, Martin, 16
Quadri, Bruno, 997
Quantifiers, classifiers v., 681–82
Quantitative studies, 127
Queller, Kurt, 1144
Quine, Willard Van Orman, 141, 146, 358
Quinn, Naomi, 1204–7, 1217
Radden, Gu
¨

nter, 7, 238, 239–41, 245, 1145
Radial categories
can as, 872f
of constructions, 149, 773
-er suffixation and, 661–62
prototypes, polysemy and, 26, 90, 139–69,
641, 1149
Radial sets, 148, 154–55, 156f–157f, 452n16. See also
specific individuals
abstract representation of, 156f
development of, 990–91
polysemy and, as extended version of prototype
theory, 147–49
processes and, phonology and, 615–20, 621f,
628nn4–8
schematic network combining overlapping sets
model and, 157f
Raichle, Marcus, 40
Raising, 528f, 578
Cognitive Grammar and, 796–98, 799nn10–11
complements and, 795–97
description of, 795
Rakova, Marina, 161n12, 1254
Ramey, Martin, 1190
Rappaport, Hovav, 662
Rationalist and Romantic Models, 1235
Raven, Peter H., 150, 1016
Ravid, Dorit, 1178–79
Read, Charles, 1015
Reality

basic, known and immediate, 878
cognitive, of conceptual metaphors,
195–98
projected and potential, 309–11, 310f
return to, 1285
Reasoning
abductive, 646
argumentation theory and, 259n4
conditional, 1031–32, 1037n7
as journey through space, 314n11
with metonymic links, 248
within pretence cocoon, 203
Reciprocals, 856, 864n3
Reconstitution, process of, 286
Reddy, Michael J., 174, 189
Reductionism, 481, 496, 1250
Reductions, 947–48
Reference frames, 1033–34. See also Frame of
reference
Reference points. See also Point of view; Vantage
point
cognitive, 145
conceptual, 897–906
dominions and, 182, 897–98, 907, 911
factors determining selection of, 898–99
with Figure/Ground, 129, 135n4, 900
salience and, 133–34
transitivity and, 765–66
Referent, 327
Referential opacity, mental spaces and, 358–63

Referential triangle (me-you-it/speaker-listener-
topic), 1092
Reflexives, middle voice and, 859–62, 863f, 864 n5
Regier, Terry, 228–29, 326, 338, 1031
Region, 330, 331–32
grams, 743
Japanese locative nouns for, 331f
onstage, 425, 437
in spatial semantics, 330–32
Reh, Mechthild, 739
Reichenbach, Hans, 804–8, 811, 819, 822n4
Reinhart, Tanya, 818, 907
Reisig, 594
Relata, 410–11
Relational constructions, 726–52
head of, 730–31, 738, 745n1
syntactic relation of governance among
elements of, 730–33
themes for next decade regarding, 744–45
variation of, 729–33
Relational grams
boundedness of, 730, 745n1
grammaticalization of, 738–44
host of, 730
internal structure of, 730
order of landmark and, 729–30
in relational construction, 728–37
Relational nouns, 727
Relational trajector, 131, 327
Relationships, 440–41, 453nn32–33

atemporal, 440, 453n33
classification of, 518, 519f, 927–29
component-composite, schemas and, 107, 108f,
109, 115nn33–34
distinguishing, with and without labels, 520f,
521
index 1323
Relationships (continued)
form-meaning, inflectional morphemes and,
638–42
of schematicity, 83–84, 87, 89–91, 111n3,
112nn5–6
Relativism, 4, 43–44
Relativity principle, 598–99
Relator constructions, 411–13, 415nn17–20
Relator in the middle (RIM), 410–13
Relators
coordinate, 411
nonpredicative, 411–12
predicative, 411–12, 415n19
subordinative, 411–12
Relevance Principle, 382
Religious texts, 1190
Repeat identification, 905–6
Representation. See also specific types
abstract, 286–87
availability of, 288
degree of deviation from intended v. actual,
285–86
developing, situated, embodied mind and,

1284–87
diagrammatic, 576
factors involving occurrence of, 286–88
factors involving relation between reference
and its, 284–86
inclusion of, 286–88
intended v. actual reference and, 284–85
presence v. absence of explicit, 286–87
recency of, 288–89
reference v., 284
symbolization and, 1280–83, 1282f
Representational redescription, 1273
Research, 3–4, 9, 1087n6. See also Tasks;
Variable(s); specific subjects
empirical, 16–18, 159, 1187
Retiming changes, 949–50
Rey-Debove, Josette, 1161
Rhee, Seongha, 222
Rhetorica ad Herennium, 237, 258n1
Rhetorical Structure Theory, 547, 552
Rice, Sally, 7
empirical methods and, 17
on intuition, 1249
on polysemy, 159, 341
on spatial semantics, 322, 734, 736
on transitivity, 764
Rich, Adrienne, 1185
Richards, Jack C., 1141
Richardson, Alan, 1188
Ricoeur, Paul, 596

Riemer, Nick, 245, 258
Rijkhoff, Jan, 415n16
RIM. See Relator in the middle
Roberts, John M., 1030
Robotics
cognitive, 31
epigenetic, 343
Rockridge Institute, 175
Rodgers, Theodore S., 1141
Rohrer, Tim, 343n1, 1190, 1229
Role and Reference Grammar, 547, 549, 551 , 552,
554, 556, 730
Romaine, Suzanne, 224
Romeo and Juliet, 355, 356f
Rong Chen, 8
Rorty, Richard, 1260
Rosch, Eleanor
on categories, 146, 595, 691
on colors, 145, 1030
on entrenchment, 122, 123, 125
on word-formation, 668
Rostand, Edmond, 1186
Rowland, Caroline, 1102
Royen, Gerlach, 678, 690, 692n2
Rubba, Johanna, 444
Rubin, Edgar, 1279, 1289n10
Rubino, Rejane B., 1101
Rudzka-Ostyn, Brygida, 7, 17, 156, 1144, 1153–55,
1172
Ruhl, Charles, 152

Ruiz de Mendoza, Iba
´
n
˜
ez, 239, 243, 247, 249, 251,
252, 660
Rule(s)
constraints and, 581–82
loss/ordering, 959
schema v., 1270–72
syntax and, 12–13, 82
Rule/list fallacy, 568, 575, 584n1, 946
Rumelhart, David, 111n2, 1270–72
Russell, 358
Russo, Tommaso, 1121–22
Rutherford, William, 1145
Ruwet, Nicolas, 248, 249, 414n11, 792
Ryder, Mary Ellen, 662–64, 666–68
Sadock, Jerrold, 142, 526
Sag, Ivan, 468–70, 582
Salience, 119–20
attention and, 264–65
cognitive, 119–20
construal and, 56–57, 934
definiteness and, 133
Giora on, 159, 162n16
onomasiological, 125
ontological, 119–20, 132
reference points and, 133–34
semantic roles, clauses and, 131–33

spreading activation and, 119, 122, 135n6
1324 index
Salience and entrenchment, 87–90
attention with, 117, 127–28, 135n6
basic levels and, 117–38, 998
effects in syntax, 127–34
Saliency
clause structure and, 775–76
hierarchy, 132–33, 135n5
topicality and, 135n5
Samuel, A. G., 617
Sanction(s)
by components, 107, 108f
entrenchment and, 121, 134n1
of established and novel structures, 100, 101f
as mechanism of generativity with schemas,
99–100, 101f, 114n23
Sanders, Ted, 550, 926, 930
Sandikcioglu, Esra, 16, 1229
Sandra, Dominiek
empirical methods and, 17
on intuition, 1249
on polysemy, 153, 159, 341
on spatial semantics, 322, 324, 734
Sanford, Anthony J., 735, 922
Santa Ana, Otto, 1228
Santibanez-Saenz, Francisco, 660
Sapir, Edward, 1013, 1066
on phonology, 613, 618
on sign language, 1113

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, 598, 1012
Sapper system, 203
Saussure, Ferdinand de
on autonomy, 579
Humboldt v., 1203–4, 1205f
on iconicity, 394, 395, 397, 1117
influence of, 597–98, 600–602
on language/linguistics, 11–12, 1233, 1245,
1257
on langue and parole, 21, 324, 598, 602, 1233,
1280
on metaphors, 594
on oppositions and categories, 112n13
on phonemes, 612–13
structuralism and, 597–98
Saxton, Matthew, 1020, 1032
Sayings, 698
Scanning, summary v. sequential, 230
Scenarios, in anthropological linguistics, 1046,
1066n2
Scenes
in anthropological linguistics, 1046, 1050
commercial, 272–73
constructs and, 173
primary, 208n7
Schachter, Paul, 852
Schane, Sanford, 613
Schank, Roger C., 178
Schema(s). See also event schemas; Image
schemas; X-schemas

analogy and, 82, 100–101, 102f, 114nn24–26
blends and, 87, 109, 110f, 115n35
categorization with, 88, 89f–90f, 91, 92f,
112nn10–12, 214
classical and prototype-based categories with,
88, 89f–90f, 91, 92f, 112nn10–12
classification, coherence and gradation
between one and two with, 97, 98f–99f
component-composite relationship and, 107,
108f, 109, 115nn33–34
COMPULSION, 306f
computational, 111n2
Construction Grammar and, 97
constructional, 754–55, 757–60, 777n1,
1100–1103, 1105f
core, 335
domains and, 103–5, 114nn27–29
elaboration sites, syntactic coherence and, 105,
106f, 114n30
elaborations of, 83–84, 87, 96–97, 114n22
figurative language and, 82, 102, 103f
functions, in Cognitive Grammar, 88–110
generalizations, rules, patterns and
constructions with, 94–97, 113nn19–20,
114n21
headship and, 82, 106, 109, 115n32
idiom, 712–16
inference, 248–49
linguistic, metaphor and, 1277–78
metaphors, metonymy and, 102, 103f

metonymy and, 102, 103f, 104–5
nouns, verbs and, 93, 113n17
REMOVAL OF RESTRAINT, 307f
rhetorical, 216
rule v., 1270–72
sanction as mechanism of generativity with,
99–100, 101f, 114n23
self, autobiographic memory and, 1274–75
source-oriented and product-oriented, 499–501
spatial grams and, 734–36
superordinate concepts and substantive nature
of, 91–94, 112n13
syntactic rules as, 95–97, 96f
as term, 83, 111n2, 1046–47
Schemata, 111n1, 216, 1277
Schematic networks, 152–57
blends in, 109
combining overlapping sets model and radial
sets, 157f
comparing representational formats with,
154–57
cross-cutting classificatory schemas in, 97
granularity of definition with, 152, 154, 157
models, 153–54, 155f–157f, 161n13
index 1325
Schematic networks (continued)
parsimony or polysemy with, 152–54
polysemy and, 87
prototype in, 90f
Schematic systems, 267–68. See also specific

systems
Schematicity, 82–116
comparison and, 86–87, 89, 112n7, 112n9
construal and, 51, 53, 54–56, 77n3, 113n17
extension facilitating, 86–87, 112nn7–9
full and partial, 86–87, 89
hierarchies of, 84, 92–93, 94f, 113nn14–15
isomorphism and, 400, 414n4
nature of, 83–85
polysemy and, 82, 85, 90, 99
prototypes and, in learning, 1148–51
relationships of, 83–84, 87, 89–91, 111n3,
112nn5–6
similarity and, 86–87
ubiquity of, 85
valence and, 82, 106
word-formation and, 654–55, 656f, 666, 667f
Schematization, levels of, 230–31
Schieffelin, Edward L., 1063
Schiffrin, Deborah, 917
Schmid, Hans-Jo
¨
rg, 8
on basic levels, 95
on contrast, 658–59, 672n5
on entrenchment and salience, 87, 89
on iconicity, 1145
on overlapping sets model, 155
Scho
¨

n, Donald A., 174
Schuchardt, Hugo, 952
Schulze, Rainer, 17, 736, 1172
Schulze, Wolfgang, 830
Schwenter, Scott A., 742
Science. See also Cognitive Science
ideology and, 1232–33, 1234f, 1235
metaphors and, 1232–35
Scinto, Leonard F. M., 1015
Scope, 437
construal and, 56, 77n1
double-, blends, 378, 391–92
immediate, 437, 452n25
maximal, 437
of spatial semantics, 320–21
Scribner, Sylvia, 1015
Scripts
in anthropological linguistics, 1046, 1066n2
restaurant, 178
Searle, John, 192, 1255, 1260
Secondary figure, 131
Sectors, 425–26
Segments, 445, 454n42
Seiler, Hansjakob, 683, 685
Selective projection, 378, 380
Self
autobiographic memory, schema and, 1274–75
socially situating, 1286–87
Semantic(s). See also Compositional semantics;
Generative Semantics; Lexical semantics;

Spatial semantics; T-semantics; U-semantics
of adpositions, 726–28, 733–38
attenuation, 743
Cognitive, 294, 336, 553, 998–99, 1144, 1162, 1180,
1249
Cognitive Grammar and, 431–38
coherence, 757–58
conceptualization and, 431–38, 451n13, 452n24,
491
Continental Structural, 988
domains, 681, 687–88, 691–92, 693n9
extension, 652
general orientation, 1064–65
meaning and, 12–15, 25–27
neglect of, in Generative Linguistics, 573
nominal, 893–97
pragmatics v., 339, 431–32
prestructuralist, 593–94, 997, 1161–62
Truth-conditional, 29, 1248
word order in, 437–38
Semantic categories
as conceptual universals, 336–37
as emergent from interaction of motivation
and convention, 338
as usage-based, 337–38
Semantic change
causes/motivating factors of, 27, 160n4, 946
diachronic, larynx evolution and, 43
directionality of, 34
expressivity and efficiency as causes of, 160n4

frame-to-focus variation and, 222
generalization and, 222, 975
in grammaticalization, 975–79
image schemas and, 222–23
image schemas, grammaticalization and, 222–23
metaphors and, 222–23
metonymy and, 236–37, 255
subjectification and, 74–76, 222
from subsets, 991–92
Semantic field, 1183
Semantic interpretation, 468–70
Semantic maps
semantic similarity and, 501
typology and, 1083–86, 1087nn8–10
Semantic polygenesis, 991
Semantic roles
event types and, 760–63, 777n3
salience, clauses and, 131–33
Semantic similarity
closeness and, 500
semantic map model and, 501
1326 index
Semantic Structures (Jackendoff), 305
Semantic tagging, 159
Semasiological change, 74
Semasiology
diachronic, 989–92
onomasiology and, 989, 993–96
Semiotic Grammar, 504
Senft, Gunter, 1065

Senses, of expressions, 432–33, 451n16
Sequential markers, 917–18
Serra-Borneto, Carlo, 221–22
Set theory, fuzzy, 145
Sethuraman, Nitya, 1104
Seto, Ken-ichi, 258n1
Shaffer, Barbara, 1129
Shakespeare, William, 1183–85
Shape classification, 1031
Sharifian, Farzad, 1147
Sharwood Smith, Michael, 1145
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 1183, 1188
Shen, Yeshavahu, 1187
Shepard, Roger, 36–37, 1272
Shibatani, Masayoshi, 835–39, 852
Shore, Bradd, 204–5, 1063
Shwedder, Richard A., 1026
Sign languages, 10, 1113–36. See also Fingerspelling;
specific types
attention and, 265
CL and, 1117–25
classifiers in, 680
gestures and, 453n40, 1125–27, 1128f–1131f
iconicity and, 1117–22, 1188
linguistic research on, 1114–16
mental spaces, blends and, 1125
mental spaces, modality and, 354, 363–65
metaphor and, 1122–23
metonymy and, 1124
morphology of, 1115–16

phonology and, 1114–15
spatial semantics and, 335
spoken and, 1035–36, 1114, 1128
syntax and, 1116
Sign theories, 479, 1283
Signals, symbols v., 1281, 1282f, 1283, 1289 nn15– 17
Siironoinen, Mari, 1052
Silverstein, Michael, 132, 1013
Similarity
as ground, 191
metaphors and, 191–92
schematicity and, 86–87
Similes, 699–700
Simo Bobda, Augustin, 1214
Simons, Wim, 923
Simple clause patterns, Figure/Ground in, 131–33
Simpson, Paul, 1189
Sinha, Chris, 7
on experientialist nature of CL, 1007
on language acquisition, 30, 31, 226–27,
1060–61, 1098
philosophy and, 1251, 1253–54
on spatial semantics, 338–39, 737
Situation(s)
aspect, 816
speech and evaluative, 803, 822nn1–2
tense and, 803, 811, 822nn1–2
Skinner, B. F., 12, 1245
Skinner, Debra, 1207
Slang, 702

Slobin, Dan I.
on inflectional morphemes, 639–40
on language acquisition, 1098–99
on languages, 692
on linguistic relativity, 1025, 1029, 1034
on literary translation, 1192
on spatial semantics, 324
on ‘‘thinking for speaking,’’ 52, 547
Sloman, Steven A., 1034
SME (Structure Mapping Engine), 203
Smieja, Birgit, 8
Smith, Marion, 1013
Smith, Michael B.
on complements, 787
on datives, 774
on image schemas, 221, 222–23
on metaphors, 595
Smith, Neilson, 619
Social cognition, culture, perspective-taking and,
1096–98
Society, meaning, embodiment and, 1275– 76
Sociohistorical linguistics, 13
Sociolexicology, 995–96, 1000
beyond, 1006–7
Sociolinguistics, 10, 13
constraints on speaker of COOKIE and ME,
534f, 535
variation and, 10, 15–16, 1173
Word Grammar and, 534f, 535
Sociosemantic theory, 1164

Sociovariational analysis, 15–16
Soffritti, Marcello, 1151
Solomon, Karen Olseth, 1279
Solska, Agnieszka, 1144, 1146, 1152
Song, Nam Sun, 249, 250
Sound changes, 945–46
conclusions about, 957
gestures and nature of, 947–48
lexical diffusion of, 952, 953t, 954
perceptually motivated, 955–56
specifying class of, 946–47
theoretical consequences of lexically and
phonetically gradual, 954–55
usage-based approach to, 946–57
index 1327
Sound symbolism
iconicity and, 394
metaphors and, 207
Source and target domains
exact nature of, of metaphorical transfer,
307–8
with metaphors, 181, 190–91, 199, 202–3, 596,
642–43, 718–19
with metonymy, 239, 240–42, 243, 251
Source domains, 181, 190–91, 199, 202–3
backgrounding, 242
Space(s). See also Mental spaces; Spatial semantics
blended, 378
conceptual, 320, 501, 1085
construal and, 54, 77n3

cultural models of, orientation theory and,
1059–61
grounded, 364
input, blend and generic, 199
linguistic relativity and, 1033–34
viewpoint, 806–7
Space builders, 371, 925
Space Grammar, 320, 354, 591
Spaces, Worlds, and Grammar (Fauconnier/
Sweetser), 354
Spatial conceptualization, 231
Spatial grams
meaning components as uses of, 732–33
relational constructions and, 734, 741–42
schemas and, 734–36
spatial semantics and, 320, 734
Spatial language
conceptual metaphors and, 30–31, 39
spatial semantics and, 320
Spatial representations (SR), 337
Spatial semantics, 318–50. See also Landmark;
Motion; Path; Region; Trajector; Viewpoint;
specific individuals
basic concepts of, 326–34
computational models and, 228–29, 326
direction in, 332–33
image schemas and, 326, 330, 336
linguistic description, cross-linguistic
generalizations and, 334–36
methodologies for investigating, 322–26

scope of, 320–21
summary and guidelines for future research in,
342–43
theoretical issues and controversies with,
336–42
Spatiocultural orientation, 1052–65
Speaker
constraints on, of COOKIE and ME, 534f,
535
iconicity and closeness to, 408–9
prototypical, 400–401, 408, 413, 414n9
S(peaker) and H(earer), in Cognitive
Grammar, 77n6
Speech act
functions, metonymy and, 246–47
modality, 314n9, 872
relations, 927–29
Speech event, 803
Speech, parts of, 439
Speelman, Dirk, 17, 1003–6
Spha
¨
renmischung (missing of spheres), 600,
1277
Spivey, Michael J., 17
Spooren, Wilbert, 550, 926, 930
Sprachpsychologie (psychology of language),
1267
SR. See Spatial representations
Stage model, 311–12, 753–54, 761

nominal semantics and, 893, 894f, 895, 896f
Sta
´
hlin, Gustav, 596, 599
Stalking with stories, 1063
Stampe, David, 617–18, 623, 628n6, 947
Stanulewicz, Danuta, 599
Starting point, voice and, 831–32
Stassen, Leon, 1086
State(s)
actions and, 815–16
change-of-,subject, middle voice and, 853–59
cognitive, 267, 295
point, 816
Statistical methodology, 159
Steen, Francis, 1186
Steen, Gerard J.
on literature, 1177–78, 1180, 1185
on metaphors, 206, 1185
Stefanowitsch, Anatol, 17, 1173
Stereotypes
extensional concepts v., 1164–65
social, 180
tautologies and, 256
Stern, Daniel, 35–36
Stern, Gustaf, 997
Sternberg, Meir, 1180
Stimulus-response theory, 12
Stock, Penelope F., 1166
Stokoe, William C., 1114–15, 1118, 1126

Stops, flap and, 616–17, 619–20, 621, 623, 625,
628n4
‘‘Story of Over’’ (Brugman), 323, 1249
Stratificational Grammar, 512
Stratificational Linguistics, 601
Strengthening(s), 951–52
pragmatic, inference or, 976–77
Structural priming, 513
Structuralism, 597–98
Studdert-Kennedy, Michael, 1126
Sturtevant, Edgar H., 958
1328 index
Subject
clause construction and, 755–56, 770, 771f
middle voice, change-of-state and, 853–59
topic v., 135n6
Subject, object and, 6
causal chains, verbal profile and, 763–64
of likes, 521f
perception, in subjectification, 26–27
profiling, 442, 453n37
voice and, 829, 831, 864n1
Subjectification, 73–76. See also specific
individuals
Functional Linguistics and, 551, 559n15
modality and, 870, 874–80, 876–80, 882–83,
884n19
perception and, 26–27, 930
research on, 547, 558n10
semantic change and, 74–76, 222

subjectivity v., 74
Subjectivity
of idealism, 322
subjectification v., 74
Subjectivity/objectivity, 53, 70, 76, 78n18, 436–37,
743–44, 877
Substitution theory, of metonymy, 237–38
Subvocalization, 1020–21
Suffixation, -er, 660–61, 662f, 663t, 671, 672n7
Supalla, Ted, 1115
Suppletion, 639, 647
Suprasegmental changes, 956–57
Surface structure (S-structure), 464
Suzuki, Satoko, 789–90
Svorou, Soteria
on grammaticalization, 741–42
on spatial semantics, 320, 338
Swanepoel, Piet, 1169
Sweetser, Eve, 7, 567, 1207
on blends, 110, 1186
on metaphors, 33–34, 245, 354, 872, 1185
on modals, 300, 305–6, 309–10, 314nn9–10,
872, 874–75, 883n5, 884n12, 884nn8–9,
885n23
on relations, 927–30
on tense, 370
Symbol(s)
icon, index and, 397
signals v., 1281, 1282f, 1283, 1289nn15–17
Symbolic, iconicity and, 397, 414n5

Symbolic structures
assemblies of, 438–43
of constructions, 472f, 480–81
content requirement of, in Cognitive
Grammar, 218–19
Symbolism, sound, 207, 394
Symbolization, representation and, 1280–83,
1282f
Synaesthesia, 225–26, 1187
Syncresis, 639
Synecdoche, metonymy and, 238, 248, 258n1
Synesthesia, metaphors and, 207
Syntactic and semantic structure, anatomy of
construction and, 472–76
Syntactic change
diachronic linguistics and, 946
paths of, 502
Syntactic figure, 131
Syntactic ground, 131
Syntactic level, diagrammatic iconicity on,
405–13
Syntactic roles, clause constructions and,
754–56
Syntactic Structures (Chomsky), 569–70
Syntax. See also specific individuals
acquisition of, inductive model of, 501
centrality of, in Generative Linguistics, 572
factors involving morphology and, 10, 274–76,
470–71
force dynamics in, 311–13

lexicon and, 14–15, 471f, 1281
logical, 1245
morphology and, 10, 274–76, 470–71
rules and, 12–13, 82
salience and entrenchment effects in, 127–34
semantics and, of A, SMALL, CAT, MEOW,
531f, 532
semantics and, of A small cat miaowed, 532f
semantics, conceptual interface between, 4
sign languages and, 1116
usage-based, 1103–4, 1105f, 1106–7
Word Grammar and, 527–29
Systemic Linguistics, 546, 551, 552, 558n 9
Systemic-Functional Grammar, 14, 546, 552, 554,
560n22, 590, 1223
Szabo
´
,Pe
´
ter, 1144
Tabakowska, Elzbieta, 1191
Tagmemic formulas, 171
Takahashi, Kiyoko, 333
Takano, Yohtaro, 1032
Takubo, Yuki, 371
Talmy, Leonard, 7, 567
on construal, 49, 50, 52, 54–56, 77nn2–3
on event frames, 761
on Figure/Ground, 128, 130t, 354, 644, 729, 818,
1099

on force dynamics, 35, 77n2, 294–308, 313, 873,
883n7, 884n8, 884n10, 1049, 1096
Gestalt and, 591
on image schemas, 214, 1094
on inflectional morphology, 639, 647
on languages, 3, 678
index 1329
Talmy, Leonard (continued)
on linguistic relativity, 1028–29
on literature, 1178, 1180
on motion, 333, 1034, 1081, 1087n4
on spatial semantics, 318, 320, 323, 324, 330, 331,
333, 334, 335, 338, 734
TAM. See Tense-Aspect-Modality
Tannen, Deborah, 173
Target domains, 181, 190–91, 199, 202–3. See also
Source and target domains
highlighting or foregrounding, 242
Tarski, 353
Tasks
conversation during, 1026
discrimination, 1022–23
embedded, 1023–24
problem solving, 1023
sorting and triads, 1022
Taub, Sarah, 1119, 1188
Tautologies, stereotypes and, 256
Taxonomic hierarchy, 477–78, 997
taxonomic web v., 500
Taylor, John, 7, 8

applied linguistics and, 1143, 1148–49, 1151
empirical methods and, 17
lexicography and, 1172
on polar adjectives, 659
on polysemy, 142
on reference points/frames, 134, 1033
on schematic network model, 156
Telicity, 814, 821. See also Aktionsart
Temmerman, Rita, 1169
Templates
frames and, 174
multilevel, and bottom-up approach to noun-
noun compounding, 666, 667f, 668
Tense. See also Aspect, tense and; specific
individuals
aspect and, 803–28
forms, 804t, 805–6, 822n4–5
meaning, 806–11
mental spaces and, 365–71, 372
modality and, 821
non-time-based analyses, 808–11, 822nn8–12
situations and, 803, 811, 822nn1–2
time of reference and, 805–6, 810, 819, 822n4
Tense-Aspect-Modality (TAM) markers, 550–51,
559n17
conceptual subordination and, 784
typology and, 1079
Ternary (Figure, Ground, and origin), 1054–56
Tesnie
`

re’s Structural Syntax, 450n1
Testing environment, 1027, 1037n5
Text structure, discourse and, 916–41
Theme(s). See also Voice
in focus strategy, 833–37, 838f, 839, 842
force dynamics and, 302–3, 314n6
for next decade, regarding relational
constructions, 744–45
Theory formation, 9
generative, 6
Theory-Theory, 158
Thibault, Paul J., 597
THING category, 91, 92f
‘‘Thinking for speaking,’’ 52, 547
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 189
Thompson, Sandra, 14
on complements, 798
on construal, 72
on discourse, 547, 558n9
on modifiers, 910
on relational constructions, 739
on token frequency, 500
on transitivity, 764
Thornburg, Linda
on -er suffixation, 661–62, 664
on metonymy, 244, 247
Thought
language and, 4, 1036, 1208–9
language, culture and, 1203–4
Tier, 445

Tiersma, Peter, 960
Time. See also Tense
closeness in, iconicity and, 407–8
construal and, 50, 53–54
culture and change across, 43–44
ego-moving v. time-moving models of,
195–96
linguistic relativity and, 1034
metaphors and, 195–96, 204–5, 642–43, 736, 1123
of reference, tense and, 805–6, 810, 819, 822n4
Tobin, Vera, 1186
Todd, Zazie
on jokes, 160n3
on metonymies, 256
on simile and metaphor, 1187
Token frequency, 499–500, 1099
Tolstoy, Nikolaevich, 1183
Tomasello, Michael, 6, 14, 583, 1283
on cognitive differences between humans and
other primates, 59–60
on construal, 72
on experientialist nature of CL, 1007
on language acquisition, 6, 935, 1097, 1099–1101,
1103, 1106–7, 1173
on Verb Island hypothesis, 174, 501 –2 , 1100–1101
Toolan, Michael, 1222
Topic, subject v., 135n6
Topicality
with Figure/Ground, 131–32
saliency and, 135n5

Topology Principle, 382
1330 index
Tottie, Douglas, 971
Tournier, Jean, 997
Towse, John N., 1020, 1032
Trager-Smith, 613
Trajector, 327
relational, 131, 327
Trajector/landmark alignment
with Figure/Ground, 128, 652, 654f, 899–900
in relational constructions, 729, 735
semantics and, 435–36, 437f, 442
spatial semantics and, 320–21
word-formation and, 652, 659
Transformational Grammar, 651
Generative Grammar, 139, 159n1, 171, 175–76,
591
Transitivity. See also specific individuals
clause structure and, 753–81, 769t, 773f, 777n1,
777nn6–7, 778n8
force dynamics and, 312–13, 764
reference points and, 765–66
Translations
control for exact, 1025–26
literary, 1191–92
Transparency
properties of grammatical relations
according to universality and functional,
770t
referential opacity and, 358

Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, 14
on epistemic meaning, 308
on grammaticalization, 14, 738, 740, 742, 976–78
on intersubjectification, 78n13
on metonymy, 255
on subjectification, 74–75, 559n15, 875, 877, 880,
929
Traxler, Matthew, 371
Trier, Jost, 596
Trobriands, 148
Trubetzkoy, Nikolaj S., 613, 1280
on Sprachbund, 1078
Truisms, 701
Truth-conditional Semantics, 29, 1248
T-semantics (semantics of truth), 172
Tsur, Reuven, 1176, 1190, 1192–93
Tuggy, Dave, 7
on clause structure, 772–73
on double-bee construction, 576
on intuition, 1249
on polysemy, 153–54, 161n13
on schema, 156–57, 655
on spatial semantics, 322
on voice, 860
Turner, Mark, 7, 373
on blends, 656, 670, 777n1, 1183, 1186
on embodiment, 28
on image schemas, 214, 223
on literature, 1175
on mental spaces, 354

on metaphors, 197, 199–200, 595, 1184–85
on metonymy, 241
Twardzisz, Piotr, 664
‘‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’’ (Quine), 146
Tyler, Andrea
on polysemy, 159, 341
on protoscene, 153, 161n10
on prototypes, 736, 1150–51
on spatial semantics, 323
Type frequency, 499, 1099, 1103–4
Typology, 1074–91. See also Linguistic typology
functionalism and, 1077, 1082, 1086n1
semantic maps and, 1083–86, 1087nn8–10
Ullman, Stephen
on polysemy, 140, 594
on semantic change, 997
Unconscious. See Cognitive unconscious
Ungerer, Friedrich, 8
on iconicity, 657, 1145
on prototypes, 1150
Unification, in Construction Grammar, 484–85,
504
Unipolar organization, 444, 446
Uniqueness, labels and, 520–21
Units, 424–30, 451n5, 451n7. See also LUs
activation of categorizing, 429f, 430
atomic, 481, 496, 505n4
categorization of, 428–30
elements, components and, of constructions,
474–75, 476f

inventory of, 424
phonological, 427, 890
PIBU, 731
semantic, 427, 451n7, 890
symbolic, 427, 451n7, 890, 1145
Universal(s)
conceptual, 4, 336–37
and culture-specific aspects, in cultural models,
1208–11, 1217
typology and, 1076–78
Universal Grammar
core and periphery and, 583
Generative Linguistics and, 573–74, 576
Universalism
bodily experience and, 1208–9, 1217–18
relativism, objectivity and, 43–44
Unpacking Principle, 382
Usage
genetics, competence, performance, social
code and, 11–13
language change and, 14–15
meaning and, rules v., 16
index 1331
Usage events, 422, 425, 426f
categorization of, 428f–429f, 430
definition of, 425
structural description of, 429
Usage-based approach, to sound changes, 946–57
Usage-based models
Bybee on, 499–500, 624–26, 1106

Construction Grammar and, 489, 499–503
distributional classes in, 452n28
nature of online processes in, 625–26
phonology and, 624–26
Usage-based onomasiology, 999f, 1000
Usage-based syntax, 1103–4, 1105f, 1106–7
U-semantics (semantics of understanding), 172
Vagueness, polysemy and, 144, 154, 158, 160n2,
160n6
Valence
in Construction Grammar, 483, 492
schematicity and, 82, 106
Validity
abstraction, deconstruction, grounding and,
1258–61
ecological, 1021
Valli, Clayton, 1117–18
Van Bergem, Dick, 953
Van der Auwera, Johan, 869, 883n6
Van der Meer, Geart, 1169
van Dijk, Teun, 1223, 1225
van Gorp, Hendrik, 1177–78
Van Hecke, Pierre, 1190
Van Hoek, Karen, 6, 7
on mental spaces, 363–64
on pronominal anaphora, 905–7
on pronouns, 77n9
on salience, 134
van Oosten, Jeanne, 176
Van Valin, Robert D., 549, 552

Vandeloise, Claude, 323, 734–36
Vanrespaille, Mia, 734, 736
Vantage point, 436–37, 438f
complements and, 792
tense and, 810–11
Vantage Theory, 158, 1030
Variable(s)
controlling extraneous, 1024–27
linguistic, 1024–25
nonlinguistic subject, 1026–27, 1037n4
responses, 1024
Variationist studies, 159
Variations
behavioral consequences of linguistically
determined cognitive, 1021–22
in conceptual and formal onomasiology, case
studies of, 1000, 1001f–1005f, 1006
cultural, 1213–16
in expressions of inflectional morphology,
637–38
intralinguistic, 1017–18
within and between languages, 10, 15–16,
1017–18
phonetic, 16, 1006
sociolinguistics and, 10, 15–16, 1173
typological, 10
Veale, Tony, 203
Vector, 301, 331
Vendler, Zeno, 813–16
Verb(s). See also Raising

classes, 813–16
clause constructions and, 756–57, 758f–760f
in construal, 50–52, 54, 55f–56f, 69, 72
idioms, incorporating, 699
of judging, 171
modal, 871–80
nouns and, 439–40, 452n29, 453n30
of perception, 406
phrasal, 698, 1153, 1154f–1155f
Verb Island hypothesis, 174, 501–2, 1100–1101
Verbal profile, causal chains and, 763f, 764
Verbids, 727, 739
Verhagen, Arie, 7
on complements, 78n14
on force dynamics, 312–13
on mental spaces, 930, 931f
on voice, 837–38
Verkuyl, Henk J., 814
Verspoor, Marjolijn
on complements, 787
on image schemas, 222–23, 567
Vico, Giambattista, 189
Vienna school of terminology, Wu
¨
ster’s, 1169
View maps, 1053–54, 1055f, 1056
Viewing frame, 425, 426f–427f, 437, 451n 3
Viewpoint
FoR and, 325, 328–30, 332
aspect and, 816, 817, 818f–819f

construal, 53
space, 806–7
Vital Relations, conceptual integration and,
381–82, 390–91
Vocalizations, primate, 392
Voice
active-direct, 829, 830t, 832–33, 834f
agency and, 1048–49
antipassive, 829, 830t, 844–46, 847f–849f, 864n2
basic notions of, 829–32
in Cognitive Grammar, 829–68
inverse, 829, 830t, 848–52
middle, 829–30, 853–62, 863f, 864n5
passive, 829, 830t, 833–43, 835f, 838f–844f
starting point and, 831–32
1332 index
Vo
¨
lkerpsylkerpsychologie (cultural, or
anthropological, psychology), 1269
von Ehrenfels, Christian, 1278
Vonk, Wietske, 923
Vygotsky, Lev, 1267, 1283, 1286, 1289n18
Waddington, Conrad, 1277
Wagner, Susan, 225–26
Wang, William S Y., 952, 954
War of the Ghosts story, Boas and, 1272,
1288n8
Ward, Gregory, 467
Wasow, Thomas, 468–70

Watt, Ian, 1015
Watters, James K., 221
The Way We Think (Fauconnier/Turner), 373
Web Principle, 382
Weber, Max, 1257
Weingart, Peter, 1233
Weinrich, Harald, 596–97
Weinstein, Scott, 922
Weinzweig, Helen, 1189
Werth, Paul, 1183
Wertheimer, Max, 597, 1278, 1289n11
White, Michael, 1225
Whorf, Benjamin L., 594, 598–99. See also
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
influence of, 601–2, 1013, 1014, 1066, 1204
on metaphor, 594
Whorfian effects, 337
anti-, 1033
Wierzbicka, Anna
on agency and emotion language, 1050
on complements, 787–88
on constructions, 467
on Functional Linguistics, 550
philosophy and, 1251
on polysemy, 140, 872–73, 1208
Wilbur, Ronnie B., 1117, 1122
Wilcox, Phyllis P., 1122–24
Wilcox, Sherman, 364, 1119, 1126
Williams, Darrell, 222
Williams, Richard, Venus and Serena, 250

Windowing, of attention, 267, 286, 308
Witherspoon, Gary, 1049, 1052
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 146, 595
Wo
´
jcik-Leese, Elzbieta, 1191
Wolf, Hans-Georg, 1214, 1225
Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things (Lakoff),
569, 598, 677, 1014
Woodman, Claudia, 1046
Word form, 524–25
Word Grammar, 9, 509–39, 574
Best Fit Principle and processing with, 517–18,
535
classified relations with, 518, 519f
compositional semantics and, 531f–533f
Construction Grammar and, 475, 504n2
dependencies in, 475, 527, 529–30
entrenchment and, 513–14, 536
Hudson on, 174
‘‘isa’’ and, 515–16, 518–19, 535, 536
‘‘isa,’’ default inheritance, prototypes and,
515–16
labels and uniqueness with, 520–21
language as conceptual network and,
509–10
learning and, 536
lexical semantics and, 529, 530f
lexicon, grammar and constructions with,
521–22

morphology and, 522, 523f–526f
networks as notation and, 511–12
networks as theory and, 512–15
networks illustrating notation of, 512f
processing and, 517–18, 535
sociolinguistics and, 534f, 535
syntax and, 527–29
website, 536
word order in, 527f, 528–29
Word meanings, image schemas and,
1094–96
Word order
default and exceptional, 527f
in semantics, 437–38
in Word Grammar, 527f, 528–29
Word Power: Phrasal Verbs and Compounds—
A Cognitive Approach (Rudzka-Ostyn),
1153–55
Word sense disambiguation, 159
Word-formation, 650–75. See also specific
individuals
in Cognitive Grammar, 652–55
composite structures, accommodation and,
653–54, 655f, 671n3
compounds and, 653–54, 657f, 666, 667f, 668,
671n3, 672n8
conceptual blending and, 655–56, 657f,
672n4
contrast and, 658, 672n5
conversion and, 650, 655, 658, 664–66

-er suffixation and, 660–61, 662f, 663t, 671,
672n7
EVENT schemas and, 651, 655, 661, 663–66
Figure/Ground alignment and, 652–53,
654f
form-meaning iconicity and, 656–58
general aspects of, 652–55
individual phenomena description for,
658–70
research prospects for, 671, 673n12
index 1333
Word-formation (continued)
schematicity and, 654–55, 656f, 666, 667f
as semantic extension, 652
trajector/landmark alignment and, 652, 659
Word-order iconicity, 407–13, 415nn14–16
Word-Paradigm model, 524
Wordsworth, William, 1179, 1183
World
from, to nouns and systems of nominal
classification, 677–78
language and, 5–7, 598–99, 677–78, 1013
structured, 878
Wundt, Wilhelm, 1066, 1267, 1269, 1278–79,
1288n4
Wu
¨
rzburg school of Denkpsychology, 599
Wu
¨

ster’s Vienna school of terminology,
1169
Wyman, Virginia J., 956
X-schemas
computational models and, 202,
227–28
f-struct of, 227
Yangklang, Peerapat, 335
Yu, Ning, 1211
Zadeh, Lofti
on fuzzy set theory, 145
on polysemy and monosemy, 161n12
Zagajewski, Adam, 1192
Zavala, Roberto, 832
Zbikowski, Lawrence, 1189
Zeugma, 1187
Zgusta, Ladislav, 998
Zheng, Mingyu, 1035
Zipf, George K., 402
Zlatev, Jordan
on embodiment, 1210, 1212
on experientialist nature of CL, 1007
on motion, 335
on polysemy and monosemy, 161n12
on spatial semantics, 335, 338–39
Zsiga, Elizabeth Closs, 949
Zunshine, Lisa, 1188
Zwaan, Rolf A., 916, 928
Zwicky, Arnold, 142
1334 index