Grammar sense 1 - from chapter 11 to 12 pps

CHAPTER 11 – ARTICLES
INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES
 INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A, AN, SOME  introducing a Noun
 Use A/AN to introduce a singular count noun for the first time. THERE IS/THERE ARE often
begins a sentence or clause that introduces a noun with an indefinite article.
For example:
Woman: Did you see a little boy walk by here five minutes ago.
Police officer: I’m not sure. What does he look like?
Woman: He has brown hair, and there’s a big soccer ball on his sweatshirt.
 Use SOME or no article to introduce plural count nouns or noncount nouns.
For example:
I need some batteries for my camera.( I need batteries for my camera.)
I called for some information. (I called for information.)
 Sometimes the speaker does not have a specific noun in mind.
For example:
1. A: I’m looking for a new car, but I don’t know what kind.
B: Are you looking for a big car or a small car?
 DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE  identifying a Noun
(Use THE to refer to a noun that both you and a listener can identify. This is possible when you
and the listener share information about the noun.)
 Use the definite article THE to talk about a noun for the second time.
For example: 1. I bought Koji a sweater and a watch for his birthday. However, the sweater
doesn’t fit and the watch doesn’t work!
 Use the definite article THE for objects that you can see or hear.
For example: 1. Could you pass the butter, please?
2. That must be a big fire. I can hear the sirens from here!
 Use the definite article THE when the speaker and the listener have a specific noun because
they share common information.
For example:
1. A: Oh, no! The copy machine is broken again!
B: I can’t believe it!

2. Please wash the car . (Father to son)
3. Have you finished the report? (Boss to Employee)
 Use the definite article when other information in the sentence identifies the noun.
For example: 1. Turn off the light near the door.
2. Please hand me the book about England.
 Use the definite article with certain nouns (store, doctor, hospital, movies, bank, park, TV,
telephone) that are familiar to you and a listener in everyday life.
For example: 1. A: I’m going to the doctor this morning. Can I borrow your car?
B: Sure.
2. A: Hello. I’m here to see Ms. Stephens.
B: I’m sorry, she’s on the telephone. Would you like to sit down and wait?
 Use the definite article for a noun that is unique. (the only one)
For example: 1. The earth revolves around the sun.
2. Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
CHAPTER 12: QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS
GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS
A - GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS WITH COUNT NOUNS: many, several, a few,
few
B – GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS: a great deal of,
much, a little, little
C – GENERAL QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS WITH COUNT NOUNS AND NONCOUNT
NOUNS: a lot of = lots of, plenty of, some, any, no
 MANY vs. MUCH: Use MANY in affirmative, negative statements and questions. Use
MUCH in negative statements and questions. MUCH is not usually used alone in
affirmative statements. Use A LOT OF instead.
For example:
1. I have many friends. / I don’t have many friends./ Do you have many friends?
2. We don’t get much rain here. / Do you get much rain here? / We get a lot of rain here.
 A FEW/FEW vs A LITTLE/ LITTLE:
+ A FEW and A LITTLE give a positive idea; they indicate that something exists, is present.

+ FEW and LITTLE give a negative idea; they indicate that something is largely absent.
 Expressing NONE: Use NO, NOT ANY to express NONE. NO is used in affirmative
statements, but it has a negative meaning. NOT ANY is used to form a negative statement.
For example:
1. There is no sugar in this dessert. ( There isn’t any sugar in this dessert.)
2. There are no eggs in this recipe. ( There aren’t any eggs in this recipe.)
 Emphasizing Amounts:
+ Use TOO and SO before MANY/MUCH to emphasize a larger amount. TOO usually has a
negative meaning.
For example: 1. There are so many choices on this menu. Isn’t it wonderful?
2. There are too many choices on this menu. I can’t decide what to eat.
3. She’s made so much money this year. She’s happy about it.
4. She’s made too much money this year. She’ll have to pay a lot in taxes.
+ Use ONLY before A FEW or A LITTLE to emphasize an even smaller amount. Use
QUITE with A FEW (not A LITTLE) to emphasize a larger amount.
For example: 1. Only a few houses are available. (There are a small number of houses.)
2. Quite a few houses are available. (There are a large number of houses.)
3. Would you like some milk in your coffee? Only a little, please.
SPECIFIC QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS
 Expressing specific amounts:
+ Specific quantity expressions can be used with plural count nouns or noncount nouns.
Plural Count nouns: a box of matches, a cup of raisins
Nouncount nouns: a box of cereal, a cup of sugar.
+ Specific quantity expressions make noncount nouns countable.
One bowl of milk six ounces of beef two cans of soup four gallons of gas
+ The expression a piece of can be used with a number of noncount nouns to express a specific
amount.
A piece of cake/bread/furniture/clothing/advice/news…
+ Some different types of specific quantity expressions.
Containers:

a carton of eggs/milk a jar of mayonnaise a bag of potato chips
A can of soda a box of cereal
Portions:
A slice of bread a piece of candy/cake a bowl of soup
A glass of milk a cup of coffee
Groups:
A bunch of bananas a dozen eggs a herd of cattle a flock of birds
A school of fish
Measurements:
A quart/gallon of juice an inch/foot/yard of cloth
a cup/teaspoon/tablespoon of salt an ounce/pound of butter
Shapes:
A grain of rice/sand a pile/stack of leaves a drop of water a stick of butter