Joe Celko s SQL for Smarties - Advanced SQL Programming P81 pdf

772 REFERENCES
Other consortiums are:
X/Open
1010 El Camino Real #380
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Phone: (415) 323-7992
NOTE: the SQL Access Group is now part of X/Open
NIST
Technology A-266
Gaithersberg, MD 20899
TPC Council
c/o Shanley Public Relations
777 North First Street #600
San Jose, CA 95112-6113
Phone: (408) 295-8894
Object Management Group
492 Old Connecticut Path
Framingham, MA 01701
Phone: (508) 820-4300
Web Sites Related to SQL
The SQL home page is maintained by one of the X3H2 Committee
members at:
www.jjc.com/sql_stnd.html
You can also get help with queries and technical stuff at:
www.inquiry.com/techtips/thesqlpro/index.html
Statistics
The American Statistical Association has their material online and you
can find many articles on the computation of various statistics.
www.amstat.org/publications/tas/
www.amstat.org/publications/technometrics/
Temporal Databases 773

Chan, Tony F., Golub, Gene H., and LeVeque, Randall J. 1983. “Algo-
rithms for Computing the Sample Variance: Analysis and Recommenda-
tions. The American Statistician 37(3):242-247. ”
Welford, B. P. 1962. “Note on a Method for Calculating Corrected Sums
of Squares and Products.” Technometrics 4:419-420.
Temporal Databases
Date, Chris, Darwen, H., and Lorentzos, N.A. 2002. Temporal Data and
the Relational Model. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 1-
55860-855-9.
Jensen, C. S. Clifford, J., Elmasri, R., Gadia, S. K., Hayes P., and Jajodia,
S. (eds). 1994. “A Glossary of Temporal Database Concepts.”ACM SIG-
MOD Record 23(1):52-64.
Ozsoyoglu, G., and Snodgrass, R. T. 1995. “Temporal and Real-Time
Databases: A Survey.” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineer-
ing 7(4):513-532.
Snodgrass, R. T. (ed.), Ahn, I., Ariav, G., Batory, D., Clifford, J., Dyreson,
C.E., Elmasri, R., Grandi F., Jensen C. S., Kaefer W., Kline, N., Kulkarni,
K., Leung, T. Y. C., Lorentzos, N., Roddick, J. F., Segev, A., Soo, M. D.,
and Sripada, S. M. 1995. The Temporal Query Language TSQL2. Norwell,
MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Snodgrass, R. T., Boehlen, M. H., Jensen, C. S., and Steiner, A. 1996.
Adding Valid Time to SQL/Temporal. Change proposal, ANSI X3H2-96-
501r2, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 21/WG 3 DBL-MAD-146r2. At ftp://
ftp.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/tsql2/sql3/mad146.pdf.
———. 1996. Adding Transaction Time to SQL/Temporal. Change pro-
posal, ANSI X3H2-96-502r2, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC21/WG3 DBL MAD-
147r2. At />Snodgrass, R. T. and Jensen, C. 1999. Temporal Databases. San Fran-
cisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 1-558604-365-9. The book is out of
print, but the material is available on the Univerity of Arizona Web site, under
the account of Dr. Snodgrass.

Tansel, A., Clifford, J., Gadia, S. K., Jajodia, S., Segev, A., and Snodgrass,
R. T. (eds.). 1993. Temporal Databases: Theory, Design, and Implementa-
tion. Database Systems and Applications Series. Redwood City, CA: Ben-
jamin/Cummings Pub. Co.
774 REFERENCES
Tsotras, V. J., and Kumar, A. 1996. “Temporal Database Bibliography
Update.” ACM SIGMOD Record 25(1):41-51.
Zaniolo, C. Ceri, S., Faloutsos, C., Snodgrass, R. T., Subrahmanian, V. S.,
and Zicari, R. 1997. Advanced Database Systems. San Francisco, CA: Mor-
gan Kaufmann.
New Citations
Microsoft Research Technical Report: MSR-TR-95-51. 1995. “A Critique
of ANSI SQL Isolation Levels” by Hal Berenson, Phil Bernstein, Jim Gray,
Jim Melton, Elizabeth O’Neil, and Patrick O’Neil.
Bose, R. C., and R. J. Nelson. A Sorting Problem. Journal of the ACM, vol. 9.
Codd, E. F. 1990. The Relational Model for Database Management: Version
2. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
Codd, E. F. 1979. “Extending the Database Relational Model to Capture
More Meaning.” ACM Transactions on Database Systems. 4(4):397-434
Dijkstra, Edsger. 1968. Go To Statement Considered Harmful. Communi-
cations of the ACM 11(3):147-148. Addresses old versus new JOIN syntax.
Gonzales, Michael L. 2003. The IBM Data Warehouse. New York: Wiley.
———. 2004. “The SQL Language of OLAP.”Intelligent Enterprise (Sep-
tember 18).
Hegeman, Frédérick. 1993. “Sorting Networks,”The C/C++ User’s Journal
(February).
Knuth, Donald. The Art Of Computer Programming. vol. 3
Larsen, Sheryl. 1996. “Powerful SQL: Beyond the Basics.” DB2 Magazine
(Winter). Article may be viewed online at www.db2mag.com/db_area/
archives/1996/q4/9601lar.shtml.

Melton, Jim. 1998. Understanding SQL’s Stored Procedures. San Francisco,
CA: Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 1-55860-461-8.
Moreau, Tom, and Ben-Gan, Itzik. 2001. Advanced Transact-SQL for SQL
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“Introduction to OLAP Functions.” ANSI document.


Index

% character, 263
_ character, 263

A

ABS()

function, 473
Access methods, 732–33
bit vector indexes, 733
hashed indexes, 733
indexed access, 732–33
sequential access, 732

ACID properties, 720–22
atomicity, 720–21
consistency, 721
durability, 722
isolation, 721–22
Active Online Catalog, 62
Acyclic graphs, 682
loading, 682
as nested sets, 695–97

See also

Graphs
Additive congruential method, 45–46
Addresses, physical, 39
Ad hoc queries, 742
Adjacency list model, 624–28
altering table, 628
complex constraints, 625–27
converting, to nested set model,
637–39
converting nested set model to,
635
defined, 624
procedural traversal, 627–28

See also

Tree
Adjacency matrix

defined, 705
model, 705–6

AGE()

function, 658, 667
Aggregate functions, 439–75

AND

,

475

AVG()

,

444–49
bitwise, 473–75

COUNT()

,

440–43
defined, 439
extrema, 313–14, 449–65
functioning of, 439–40
functions inside, 348

GREATEST()

,

117, 462–65

778 INDEX

HAVING

clause and, 429

LEAST()

,

117, 202, 462–65

LIST()

,

465–68

MAX()

,

449–50

MIN()

,

449–50
nesting, 431, 433, 434

OR

,

474–75

OUTER JOINs

and, 348–49

PRD()

,

468–73

SELECT

clause, 324
single-column, 546

SUM()

,

107, 443–44
Aggregation
aggregates, finding, 433
groups, 715–16
multilevel, in single query, 433
multiple levels, 431–35
Allocation blocks, 44

ALL

predicate, 312, 313–14
converting to

EXISTS

predicate,
312
extrema functions and, 313–14
use of, 313

ALTER TABLE

statement, 5, 7–8

ADD COLUMN

clause, 8

ALTER COLUMN

clause, 8
defined, 7

DROP COLUMN

clause, 7

DROP CONSTRAINT

clause, 8
syntax, 7

AND

function, 475

ANY

predicate, 312, 313
Approximate numeric values, 102–3
exponent, 102, 103
mantissa, 102–3
value, 103

ARCSIN()

function, 202

Arithmetic
four-function, 108–9

NULLs

and, 109–10
Arrays, 575–89
1NF violation, 575
comparing, in table format, 587–
89
crosstabs and, 585
flattening tables into, 585–87
languages and, 575
matrix operations, 581–85
via named columns, 576–79
via subscript columns, 580–81
Artificial keys, 89
Ascending Order Algorithm, 360
Assertions, 30
creating, 26
dropping, 25
uniqueness constraints and, 31
uses, 25
At least (>=) operator, 235
At most (<=) operator, 235
Atomicity property, 720–21
Attributes
constraint, 10
different names, 88
nonkey, 88

Attribute splitting
avoiding, 31–34
forms, 31
rows, 33–34
tables, 31–33
Audit logs
maintaining, 158–60
modifying, 164
querying, 160–64
triggers and, 158
updates, 158
utility, 160
Auxiliary function tables, 493–506
advantages, 497
interpolation with, 504–6
inverse, 495–504
Auxiliary tables, 477–507
calendar, 673–75

INDEX 779

defined, 477–85
global constants, 506–7
hierarchical, 490–91
inverse functions with, 495–504
lookup, 485–93
multiple parameter, 488–89
multiple translation, 487–88
OTLT, 491–93
range, 489–90

sequence, 477–85
setup form, 504
translation, 487

See also

Tables
Average deviation, 528
Averages
across columns, 448–49
with empty groups, 446–48
values, 445
Average wait times, 660–61

AVG()

function, 444–49

ALL

keyword, 444
defined, 444

DISTINCT

keyword, 444–45
in

SELECT

clause, 523
statistics and, 512

B

BETWEEN

predicate, 240, 273–75
avoiding, 285
defined, 273
indexing scheme choice, 275
interval end point, 278
programming tips, 274–75
results with empty sets, 274
results with

NULL

values, 274
searches with, 489
as two comparisons, 275

BIGINT

numeric type, 102
Binary trees, 623

BIT

data type, 104

Bitemporal tables, 164–67
defined, 164
history, 167
interpretation, 165
modifications, 165–66
transaction time, 166
transaction timestamps, 165
update, 165

See also

Tables

BIT_LENGTH()

function, 173
Bit vector indexes, 733
Bitwise aggregate functions, 473–75

AND

,

475
defined, 473

OR

,

474–75
Boole, George, 190
Boolean expressions
conversion algorithm, 418
in RDBMS, 418–19
Bose-Nelson sort, 94, 95, 98
Bound queries, 557
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF),
73–75
defined, 74
tables, 73–74

See also

Normal forms

BYTE

data type, 104

C

Calculated columns, 373
Calendar auxiliary table, 673–75
data, 675
forms, 674
with Julianized data columns, 567

See also

Auxiliary tables
Calendar(s)
corrections, 120–21
Julian, 120
personal, 643–45
realign, 120
standards, 119–23

CASE

expressions, 143, 144, 247–59,
471
advantage, 229

780 INDEX

COALESCE()

function, 251
crosstabs by, 545
defined, 247
derived tables and, 422

ELSE

clause, 249, 250

GROUP BY

query, 252–53

LIKE

predicates and, 266–67
logical predicates, 253–57
for multiple aggregation levels,
434–35
nesting, 248

NULLIF()

function, 251–52

ORDER BY

clause and, 333–36
searched, 248
syntax, 247–48

THEN

clause, 249

UPDATE

statement, 228–30

WHEN

clause, 248, 249, 250

CASE tools
3NF with, 78
formal methods implementation,
87

CAST()

function, 107, 457, 657

CEILING()

function, 117, 514–15
Celko’s first median, 514–16
Celko’s second median, 517–19
Celko’s third median, 522–26
Character data types, 169–83

CHAR()

data type, 169

CHAR_LENGTH()

function, 173

CHECK() constraints, 12–14, 489
applied to whole table, 26
in complex expressions, 12
CREATE DOMAIN statement, 52
defined, 12

denormalization and, 93
IN() predicate and, 295–96
predicates in, 254
use example, 12–13
use of, 28
WITH CHECK OPTION clause and,
388–89
Circular references, 15
Class hierarchy modeling, 34–36
CLOSE statement, 56
COALESCE() function, 39, 111–13,
194
in column sums, 448
defined, 111
defining, 251
example uses, 111–12
in
NATURAL LEFT OUTER
JOINs, 344
use of, 40, 111
COBOL, 2, 4, 124, 125
Codd, Dr. E.F., 36, 48, 50, 55, 61, 90,
359
Collation sequences, 169, 171
Colombian solution, 364–68
Columnar subqueries, 257
Columns
averages across, 448–49
calculated, 373
computed, 72

constraints, 5, 10–17
data types, 5
definitions, 4, 9
grouping, 425–26, 435–36
IDENTITY, 37–38
indexes, 746
INTEGER, single, 203–4
list, viewing, 379
minimum/maximum values, 448
minimum requirements, 6
missing values, 187–89
multiple, data elements, 201–9
named, 576–79
names, 4–5, 5, 347
names, preserving, 593
order, 329
repeating, 67–68
INDEX 781
scalar expressions, 397
sequence, 549
SMALLINT, 205
sorting, 329
subscript, 580–81
sum of, 448
translated, 373–74
UNION of, 595–96
UNIQUE, 314
VARCHAR(15), single, 203
See also Tables
Common Table Expressions (CTEs),

397
paths with, 697–705
simplification, 705
Comparison operators, 235–40
data types, 235
defined, 23
symbols/meanings, 235
Comparisons
array, 587–89
row, 238–40
row expression, 289
VARCHAR strings, 450
Complex constraints, 625–27
Comprehensive Data Sublanguage
Rule, 62–63
Computed columns
grouping on, 435–36
transitive dependency, 72
See also Columns
Concatenation, 657
Concurrency control, 43, 722–26
five phenomena, 722–24
isolation levels, 724–26
logical, 729
optimistic, 727–29
pessimistic, 726–27
CONNECT TO statement, 719–20
Consistency property, 721
Constraints
attributes, 10

CHECK(), 12–14
column, 5, 10–17
complex, 625–27
CREATE ASSERTION, 25
deferrable, 10, 17
defined, 5, 10
DRI, 17
FOREIGN KEY, 21
grouping, 461
integrity, 63, 631
names, 10
nonsequenced, 137
NOT NULL, 11–12
PRIMARY KEY, 14
REFERENCES, 15–17, 36
schema-level, 25–29
sequenced, 134, 137
setting, 11
UNIQUE, 14
uniqueness, 31
Containment
determination, 602
property, 634–35
CONTAINS operator, 602, 612–18
Contiguous events
boundary dates, 654
missing times, 652–58
Continuous time series, 648–52
Coordinated Universal Time (CUT),
122

Correlated subqueries, 310
calculation, 325
defined, 324
GROUP BY clause and, 456
with
MAX() function, 451
in
SELECT statement, 324–26,
436
See also Subqueries
Cost-based optimizers, 731
Counter ranges, 40