the little data book on private sector development 2013

2013
THE LITTLE DATA BOOK
ON PRIVATE SECTOR
DEVELOPMENT
© 2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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ISBN (paper):
978-0-8213-9818-0
ISBN (electronic):
978-0-8213-9819-7
DOI:
10.1596/978-0-8213-9818-0
The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013
is a product of the Development
Data Group of the Development Economics Vice Presidency and the Investment Climate
Department of the Financial and Private Sector Development Vice Presidency of the World Bank.
Design by Communications Development Incorporated, Washington, D.C.
iiiThe Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v
Data notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Regional tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
East Asia and Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Europe and Central Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Latin America and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Income group tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Low income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Middle income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Lower middle income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Upper middle income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Low and middle income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
High income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Euro area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Country tables (in alphabetical order) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Contents
iv 2013 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development
The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013 is based on World
Development Indicators 2013 and its accompanying online tables, with a focus
on the private sector in development. The Little Data Book on Private Sector
Development 2013 is the result of close collaboration between the staff of
the World Bank’s Development Data Group of the Development Economics
Vice Presidency and the Investment Climate Department of the Financial
and Private Sector Development Vice Presidency. The Development Data
Group team included Liu Cui, Federico Escaler, Buyant Erdene Khaltarkhuu,
William Prince, and Jomo Tariku. The Investment Climate Department’s team
included Ryan Hahn and Nathalie David. The work was carried out under the
m ana ge m ent o f S h aid a B a die e, d i rect o r of the D eve l opme n t Da t a Gro u p, a nd
Pierre Guislain, director of the Investment Climate Department. Azita Amjadi
and Alison Kwong coordinated all stages of production. Staff from World Bank
Office of the Publisher oversaw publication and dissemination of the book.
Acknowledgments
vThe Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013

Preface
Access to reliable cross-country data on private sector development is
crucial when formulating responses to economic crises. When downturns
affect exports, investment, and growth negatively, making life easier for
business is a significant step toward economic recovery. This has become
obvious during the global financial crisis as governments have tried to
stimulate economic growth through the creation of more robust private and
finance markets. Improving the investment climate facilitates economic
adjustment as it helps attract capital to create jobs and provide basic services.
Unsurprisingly, the availability of cross-country data on the business
environment has rapidly expanded in recent years, including data from the
World Bank Group’s Doing Business project, Enterprise Surveys, and the
Entrepreneurship Snapshots.
The data sources presented in this book report on the scope and types of
regulations that enhance—and constrain—business activity and provide
information on business owners’ assessment of the business environment.
The data have led to new research, enabled benchmarking, and informed
the reform process in many developing countries. For more information,
please visit the Business Environment Snapshots at ldbank
.org/besnapshots/.
Included in this guide are indicators on the economic and social context,
the investment climate, private sector investment, finance and banking, and
infrastructure. Though a pocket guide cannot include all relevant variables,
the indicators that are included provide users with a general understanding
of the private sector in each country. Indicators displayed in the tables are
defined in the glossary, which also lists data sources.
We welcome your suggestions on how to improve future editions and make
them more useful.
vi 2013 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development
Data notes

The data in this book are for 2005 and 2011 or the most recent year unless
otherwise noted in the table or the glossary.
• Growth rates are proportional changes from the previous year unless
otherwise noted.
• Regional aggregates include data for low- and middle-income
economies only.
• Figures in italics indicate data for years or periods other than those
specified.
Symbols used:
indicates that data are not available or that aggregates cannot
be calculated because of missing data.
0 or 0.0 indicates zero or small enough that the number would round to
zero at the displayed number of decimal places.
$ indicates current U.S. dollars.
Lettered notes on some country tables can be found in the notes on
page 232.
Data are shown for economies with populations greater than 30,000 or for
smaller economies if they are members of the World Bank. The term country
(used interchangeably with economy) does not imply political independence
or official recognition by the World Bank but refers to any economy for which
the authorities report separate social or economic statistics.
1The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013
The country composition of regions is based on the World Bank’s analytical
regions and may differ from common geographic usage.
East Asia and Pacific
American Samoa, Cambodia, China, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, Democratic
People’s Republic of Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia,
Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar,
Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands,
Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam

Europe and Central Asia
Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania,
Russian Federation, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,
Uzbekistan
Latin America and the Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,
Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the
Grenadines, Suriname, Uruguay, República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Middle East and North Africa
Algeria, Djibouti, Arab Republic of Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq,
Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, West
Bank and Gaza, Republic of Yemen
South Asia
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan,
SriLanka
Sub-Saharan Africa
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde,
Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo,
Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia,
Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar,
Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria,
Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo,
Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Regional tables
Economic and social context

Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)

Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
2013 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development2

World
2005 2011
6,502.8 6,974.2
3,022.0 3,264.7
6.1 5.9
7,110 9,514

3.0 2.8
27.7 26.3
17.4 16.6
69.2 70.9
26.8 29.3
26.9 29.8
50 30
10 7
330 267
27 22
3.0 2.8
16.4
3.4

3.0 2.4
21.2 19.4


82.7 91.5
8.6 9.7
3.5 3.7
131.9 128.8
6.6 6.1
24,229 30,123
46.0 57.6
2,660 2,975
33.9 85.5
15.8 32.7
Economic and social context
Population (millions)

Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment

Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013 3

East Asia & Pacific
2005 2011
1,892.7 1,974.2
1,061.0 1,129.5
5.0 4.2
1,618 4,248

12.2 11.2

46.0 44.9
31.2 28.7
41.8 43.9
45.1 39.1
40.2 35.3
57 37
98
309 227
26 23
3.3 3.2
17.8
1.0
92,906 6,113
4.2 3.0
35.6 39.8
13.8 21.0

50.3 53.2


99.7 115.3
5.5 5.5
2,220 4,002
15.9 50.6
1,471 2,337
28.3 80.9
8.3 33.5
Economic and social context
Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)

Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)

Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
4 2013 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development
Europe & Central Asia
2005 2011
399.0 408.1
178.5 190.4.
8.1 8.0
3,711 7,734

8.8 7.3
33.6 33.8
18.6 17.0

57.6 58.8
33.7 34.8
31.1 34.7
37 15
10 6
459 268
37 28
2.9 2.4
9.0
2.8
57,518 34,125
3.2 3.3
20.7 22.0
17.7 18.5
26.3
28.5 41.2
13.2 11.8
2.6 11.3
26.4 47.2
7.8 7.1
790 1,327
86.8 86.2
3,718 4,059
61.6 132.5
12.9 42.1
Economic and social context
Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)

GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)

Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
5The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013
Latin America & Caribbean
2005 2011
549.6 589.0
252.2 283.4
8.5 7.7
4,427 8,574

6.1 6.2
33.5 32.3
18.3 16.9
60.4 61.5
24.2 23.4

21.7 23.7
80 58
11 9
441 400
22 17
3.5 3.1
20.8
2.8
143,338 46,469
2.8 2.9
18.7 20.7
16.3 15.0

31.2 40.4
11.1 10.1
3.6 2.1
25.9 44.7
7.9 7.6
1,609 2,245
26.3 23.3
1,735 1,973
43.1 107.2
16.5 39.2
Economic and social context
Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)

Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking

Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
6 2013 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development
Middle East & North Africa
2005 2011
303.3 336.5
95.3 107.5
12.8
2,197 3,866

10.9
43.0
12.3
46.0
37.5
32.9
39 25

10 8
280 253
30 23
3.5 3.5
15.5
0.4
13,435 3,870
2.9 1.4
22.6
13.8

53.1 64.3


31.3 35.1
5.0 5.0
361 500
70.6 85.5
1,317 1,658
22.2 88.9
8.6 26.9
Economic and social context
Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)

Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)

Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
7The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013
South Asia
2005 2011
1,517.1 1,656.5
614.2 652.1
4.5 3.5
692 1,313

19.2 18.0
27.9 26.6
15.9 15.1
52.9 55.3
19.1 22.7
23.1 29.8
38 19
87
305 311

36 32
3.2 3.0
17.1
0.2
44,830 41,944
1.0 1.6
28.3 27.9
21.3 21.2
61.2
50.7 61.0
6.4
8.3
37.7 46.1
6.2 6.0
420 847
56.1 45.0
421 555
7.7 68.8
2.5 9.4
Economic and social context
Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)

Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)

Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
8 2013 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development
Sub-Saharan Africa
2005 2011
754.4 874.8
293.5 347.2

767 1,258

16.7 12.3
31.3 30.4
13.2 11.8
52.1 57.7
32.7 33.4
34.1 37.2
60 32
11 8
339 315
39 31
3.4 3.4

19.4
2.0
24,617 9,040
3.0 3.2
18.1 20.4
12.9 12.8

33.5 44.8


64.3 61.4
11.7 9.1
380 566
18.7 16.3
544 553
12.0 53.3
2.3 12.7
9The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013
For operational and analytical purposes the World Bank’s main criterion
for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita. Every
economy in The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development is classified
as low income, middle income, or high income. Low- and middle-income
economies are sometimes referred to as developing economies. The use of
the term is convenient; it is not intended to imply that all economies in the
group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have
reached a preferred or final stage of development. Classification by income
does not necessarily reflect development status.
Low-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $1,025 or less
in 2011.
Middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of more than

$1,025 but less than $12,476. Lower-middle-income and upper-middle-
income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $4,035.
High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,476 or more.
Euro area includes the member states of the Economic and Monetary Union
of the European Union that have adopted the euro as their currency: Austria,
Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia,
and Spain.
Income group tables
Economic and social context
Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)

Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)

Individuals using the Internet (%)
10 2013 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development
Low income
2005 2011
721.2 816.8
320.8 374.3

342 571

28.1 25.4
23.9 24.9
12.5 12.8
48.0 49.7
22.4 27.0
34.9 42.4
61 30
11 7
302 286
45 37
3.9 3.8
18.7
0.3
4,648 4,362
2.4 4.1
21.7 23.4
14.7 16.0

27.4 38.9

20.3 30.1
12.2 10.7
164 299
16.4 18.5
216 242
4.7 41.7
1.1 6.0
Economic and social context
Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)

New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
11The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013

Middle income
2005 2011
4,694.9 5,022.4
2,173.8 2,335.8
6.1 5.2
1,924 4,148

10.1 9.4
37.3 35.9
21.3 20.0
52.6 54.7
32.4 30.3
29.6 30.3
56 35
10 8
388 313
28 22
3.1 2.9
16.8
2.3
387,058 154,881
3.2 2.8
25.2 27.6
16.0 18.0

40.8 49.1
9.8 10.1
5.2 3.5
54.1 75.3
7.1 6.5

5,615 9,188
39.9 53.5
1,376 1,823
26.8 86.2
8.0 27.1
Economic and social context
Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys

Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
12 2013 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development
Lower middle income
2005 2011

2,308.4 2,532.7
925.9 1,002.6
6.4 4.9
898 1,772

17.8 16.5
32.3 32.0
17.5 17.3
50.0 51.6
29.7 29.1
32.4 34.6
52 31
10 8
390 308
32 25
3.1 3.0
16.1
1.0
90,778 37,525
2.4 2.3
25.1 26.0
18.9 19.4

44.2 51.0
10.6 9.8
7.2 4.6
33.0 40.4
8.0 8.0
1,274 2,326
32.2 47.6

560 698
13.6 80.1
4.0 16.2
Economic and social context
Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)

Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
13The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013
South Asia Low income
2005 2011
Upper middle income
2005 2011

2,386.5 2,489.7
1,248.0 1,333.2
5.9 5.0
2,916 6,563

8.0 7.4
38.7 36.9
22.3 20.9
53.3 55.6
33.2 30.7
28.8 29.0
60 40
10 8
385 318
24 19
3.2 2.8
17.6
3.5
298,169 63,901
3.4 2.9
25.2 28.0
15.3 17.7

39.8 48.6
9.4 10.2
3.6 3.1
60.0 84.5
6.5 5.6
4,342 6,861
49.4 57.1

2,156 2,942
39.6 92.4
11.8 38.2
Economic and social context
Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)

Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
14 2013 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development
Low & middle income
2005 2011
5,416.1 5,839.2
2,494.7 2,710.1

6.0 5.2
1,714 3,652

10.6 9.8
37.0 35.6
21.0 19.8
52.4 54.6
32.1 30.2
29.7 30.6
57 34
10 8
367 306
32 26
3.3 3.1
17.3
2.0
321,721 128,759
3.2 2.8
25.1 27.5
16.0 17.9

40.5 49.1
9.8 10.4
3.3 3.7
53.4 74.5
7.8 6.9
5,779 9,487
29.6 42.0
1,259 1,661
23.9 80.0

7.0 24.3
Economic and social context
Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)

Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)
Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
15The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013
High income
2005 2011
1,086.7 1,135.0
527.4 554.6
6.7 8.1
34,027 39,860

1.5 1.3
25.8 24.2
16.6 15.8
72.7 74 .5
25.7 29.2
26.3 29.6
27 18
86
215 163
13 11
2.2 2.1
14.1
6.4

3.0 2.1
20.4 17.9

46.1 66.0
94.9 113.4
6.8 6.5
1.9 3.7
153.3 157.0
4.1
18,450 20,636
87.3 87.3
9,385 9,415
84.1 114.1
59.3 75.8
Economic and social context

Population (millions)
Labor force (millions)
Unemployment rate (% of labor force)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
GDP growth, 2000–05 and 2005–11 (average annual %)
Agriculture value added (% of GDP)
Industry value added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing value added (% of GDP)
Services value added (% of GDP)
Inflation (annual % change in CPI)
Exchange rate (local currency units per $)
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)
Business environment
Ease of doing business (ranking 1–185; 1=best)
Time to start a business (days)
Procedures to start a business (number)
Time to prepare, file, and pay taxes (hours)
Time to export (days)
Time to resolve insolvenceny (years)
Profit tax (% of commercial profits)
New businesses registered (thousands)
New business density (new regis. per 1,000 working-age pop.)
Enterprise surveys
Time dealing with gov’t officials (% of management time)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (%)
Firms competing against unregistered firms (%)
Firms using banks to finance investments (% of firms)
Delay in obtaining an electrical connection (days)
ISO certification ownership (% of firms)

Private sector investment
Invest. in infra. w/privt. part., 2000–05 and 2006–11 ($ millions)
Private foreign direct investment, net (% of GDP)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Gross fixed private capital formation (% of GDP)
Finance and banking
Government debt (% of GDP)
Total financial system deposits (% of GDP)
Bank capital to asset ratio (%)
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)
Domestic credit to the private sector (% of GDP)
Real interest rate (%)
Interest rate spread (percentage points)
Infrastructure

Air transport (thousands registered carrier departures worldwide)
Paved roads (% of total roads)
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)
Power outages in firms a typical month (number)
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the Internet (%)
16 2013 The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development
Euro area
2005 2011
324.4 332.9
153.8 160.2
9.0 10.1
31,729 38,661

1.8 1.5

26.6 26.4
18.3 15.5
71.6 72.1
38.0 43.6
36.3 42.1
29 13
86
225 163
13 10
1.8 1.8
12.7
5.1

4.7 2.4
20.2 19.1

59.5 83.0
85.4 108.3
5.9 5.6
2.3 5.6
109.3 131.8
3.5
4,124 4,175
91.8 87.3
6,836 6,847
98.1 125.1
51.4 73.4
17The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2013
China
Data for China do not include data for Hong Kong SAR, China; Macao SAR,

China; or Taiwan, China.
Cyprus
GNI and GDP data and data calculated using GNI and GDP refer to the area
controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus.
France
Data for Mayotte, to which a reference appeared in previous editions, are
included in data for France.
Georgia
GNI, GDP, and population data and data calculated using GNI, GDP, and
population exclude Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia
Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on June 3,
2006. Where available, data for each country are shown separately. However,
some indicators for Serbia prior to 2006 include data for Montenegro.
Moreover, data for most indicators for Serbia from 1999 onward exclude
data for Kosovo, which in 1999 became a territory under international
administration pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999).
Kosovo became a member of the World Bank on June 29, 2009, and its
data are shown where available.
Moldova
GNI, GDP, and population data and data calculated using GNI, GDP, and
population exclude Transnistria.
Morocco
GNI and GDP data and data calculated using GNI and GDP include Former
Spanish Sahara.
South Sudan and Sudan
South Sudan declared its independence on July 9, 2011. Data are shown
separately for South Sudan where available. However, data reported for
Sudan include South Sudan unless otherwise noted.
Tanzania

GNI and GDP data and data calculated using GNI and GDP refer to mainland
Tanzania only.
For more information, see World Development Indicators 2013 or data.
worldbank.org.
Country tables