Gale Encyclopedia Of American Law 3Rd Edition Volume 10 P53 ppsx

LSAS Law School Admission
Service
LSAT Law School Aptitude
Test
LSC Legal Services
Corporation; Legal Services
for Children
LSD Lysergic acid
diethylamide
LSDAS Law School Data
Assembly Service
LTBT Limited Test Ban Treaty
LTC Long Term Care
MAD Mutual assured
destruction
MADD Mothers against Drunk
Driving
MALDEF Mexican American Legal
Defense and Educational
Fund
Malloy William M. Malloy, ed.,
Treaties, Conventions
International Acts,
Protocols, and Agreements
between the United States of
America and Other Powers
(1910–1938)
Martens Georg Friedrich von
Martens, ea., Noveau
recueil général de traités et
autres actes relatifs aux

rapports de droit
international (Series I, 20
vols. [1843–1875]; Series II,
35 vols. [1876–1908];
Series III [1909– ])
Mass. Massachusetts Reports
MCC Metropolitan
Correctional Center
MCCA Medicare Catastrophic
Coverage Act of 1988
MCH Maternal and Child
Health Bureau
MCRA Medical Care Recovery
Act of 1962
MDA Medical Devices
Amendments of 1976
Md. App. Maryland, Appeal Cases
M.D. Ga. Middle District, Georgia
Mercy Movement Ensuring the
Right to Choose for
Yourself
Metc. Metcalf’s Massachusetts
Reports
MFDP Mississippi Freedom
Democratic party
MGT Management
MHSS Military Health Services
System
Miller David Hunter Miller, ea.,
Treaties and Other

International Acts of the
United States of America
(1931–1948)
Minn. Minnesota Reports
MINS Minors in need of
supervision
MIRV Multiple independently
targetable reentry vehicle
MIRVed ICBM Multiple independently
targetable reentry vehicled
intercontinental ballistic
missile
Misc. Miscellaneous Reports,
New York
Mixed Claims
Comm., Report
of Decs
Mixed Claims
Commission, United States
and Germany, Report of
Decisions
M.J. Military Justice Reporter
MLAP Migrant Legal Action
Program
MLB Major League Baseball
MLDP Mississippi Loyalist
Democratic Party
MMI Moslem Mosque,
Incorporated
MMPA Marine Mammal

Protection Act of 1972
Mo. Missouri Reports
MOD Masters of Deception
Mod. Modern Reports, English
King’s Bench, etc.
Moore, Dig.
Intl. Law
John Bassett Moore,
A
Digest of International Law,
8 vols. (1906)
Moore, Intl. Arbs. John Bassett Moore,
History and Digest of the
International Arbitrations to
Which United States Has
Been a Party, 6 vols. (1898)
Morison William Maxwell
Morison, The Scots Revised
Report: Morison’s
Dictionary of Decisions
(1908–09)
M.P. Member of Parliament
MP3 MPEG Audio Layer 3
MPAA Motion Picture
Association of America
MPAS Michigan Protection and
Advocacy Service
MPEG Motion Picture Experts
Group
mpg Miles per gallon

MPPDA Motion Picture
Producers and Distributors
of America
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LAW, 3RD E DITION
ABBREVIATIONS 509
MPRSA Marine Protection,
Research, and Sanctuaries
Act of 1972
M.R. Master of the Rolls
MS-DOS Microsoft Disk
Operating System
MSHA Mine Safety and Health
Administration
MSPB Merit Systems
Protection Board
MSSA Military Selective Service
Act
N/A Not Available
NAACP National Association for
the Advancement of
Colored People
NAAQS National Ambient Air
Quality Standards
NAB National Association of
Broadcasters
NABSW National Association of
Black Social Workers
NACDL National Association of
Criminal Defense Lawyers
NAFTA North American Free

Trade Agreement of 1993
NAGHSR National Association of
Governors’ Highway Safety
Representatives
NALA National Association of
Legal Assistants
NAM National Association of
Manufacturers
NAR National Association of
Realtors
NARAL National Abortion and
Reproductive Rights Action
League
NARF Native American Rights
Fund
NARS National Archives and
Record Service
NASA National Aeronautics
and Space Administration
NASD National Association of
Securities Dealers
NATO North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
NAVINFO Navy Information Offices
NAWSA National American
Woman’s Suffrage
Association
NBA National Bar
Association; National
Basketball Association

NBC National Broadcasting
Company
NBLSA National Black Law
Student Association
NBS National Bureau of
Standards
NCA Noise Control Act;
National Command
Authorities
NCAA National Collegiate
Athletic Association
NCAC National Coalition
against Censorship
NCCB National Consumer
Cooperative Bank
NCE Northwest Community
Exchange
NCF National Chamber
Foundation
NCIP National Crime
Insurance Program
NCJA National Criminal
Justice Association
NCLB National Civil Liberties
Bureau
NCP National contingency
plan
NCSC National Center for State
Courts
NCUA National Credit Union

Administration
NDA New drug application
N.D. Ill. Northern District,
Illinois
NDU National Defense
University
N.D. Wash. Northern District,
Washington
N.E. North Eastern Reporter
N.E. 2d North Eastern Reporter,
Second Series
NEA National Endowment for
the Arts; National
Education Association
NEH National Endowment for
the Humanities
NEPA National Environmental
Protection Act;
National Endowment
Policy Act
NET Act No Electronic Theft Act
NFIB National Federation of
Independent Businesses
NFIP National Flood
Insurance Program
NFL National Football League
NFPA National Federation of
Paralegal Associations
NGLTF National Gay and
Lesbian Task Force

NHL National Hockey League
NHRA Nursing Home Reform
Act of 1987
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LAW, 3RD E DITION
510 ABBREVIATIONS
NHTSA National Highway
Traffic Safety
Administration
Nielsen’s Rept. Frederick Kenelm
Nielsen, American and
British Claims Arbitration
under the Special Agreement
Concluded between the
United States and Great
Britain, August 18, 1910
(1926)
NIEO New International
Economic Order
NIGC National Indian Gaming
Commission
NIH National Institutes of
Health
NIJ National Institute of
Justice
NIRA National Industrial
Recovery Act of 1933;
National Industrial
Recovery Administration
NIST National Institute of
Standards and Technology

N.J. New Jersey Reports
N.J. Super. New Jersey Superior
Court Reports
NLEA Nutrition Labeling and
Education Act of 1990
NLRA National Labor Relations
Act
NLRB National Labor Relations
Board
NMFS National Marine
Fisheries Service
No. Number
NOAA National Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Administration
NOC National Olympic
Committee
NOI Nation of Islam
NOL Net operating loss
NORML National Organization
for the Reform of
Marijuana Laws
NOW National Organization
for Women
NOW LDEF National Organization
for Women Legal Defense
and Education Fund
NOW/PAC National Organization
for Women Political Action
Committee

NPDES National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination
System
NPL National priorities list
NPR National Public Radio
NPS National Park Service
NPT Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty of
1970
NRA National Rifle
Association; National
Recovery Act
NRC Nuclear Regulatory
Commission
NRLC National Right to Life
Committee
NRTA National Retired
Teachers Association
NSA National Security
Agency
NSC National Security
Council
NSCLC National Senior Citizens
Law Center
NSF National Science
Foundation
NSFNET National Science
Foundation Network
NSI Network Solutions, Inc.
NTIA National

Telecommunications and
Information
Administration
NTID National Technical
Institute for the Deaf
NTIS National Technical
Information Service
NTS Naval
Telecommunications
System
NTSB National Transportation
Safety Board
NVRA National Voter
Registration Act
N.W. North Western Reporter
N.W. 2d North Western Reporter,
Second Series
NWSA National Woman
Suffrage Association
N.Y. New York Court of
Appeals Reports
N.Y. 2d New York Court of
Appeals Reports, Second
Series
N.Y.S. New York Supplement
Reporter
N.Y.S. 2d New York Supplement
Reporter, Second Series
NYSE New York Stock Exchange
NYSLA New York State Liquor

Authority
N.Y. Sup. New York Supreme
Court Reports
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LAW, 3RD E DITION
ABBREVIATIONS 511
NYU New York University
OAAU Organization of Afro
American Unity
OAP Office of Administrative
Procedure
OAS Organization of
American States
OASDI Old-age, Survivors, and
Disability Insurance
Benefits
OASHDS Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Human
Development Services
OCC Office of Comptroller of
the Currency
OCED Office of Comprehensive
Employment Development
OCHAMPUS Office of Civilian Health
and Medical Program
of the Uniformed
Services
OCSE Office of Child Support
Enforcement
OEA Organización de los
Estados Americanos

OEM Original Equipment
Manufacturer
OFCCP Office of Federal
Contract Compliance
Programs
OFPP Office of Federal
Procurement Policy
OIC Office of the
Independent Counsel
OICD Office of International
Cooperation and
Development
OIG Office of the Inspector
General
OJARS Office of Justice
Assistance, Research, and
Statistics
OMB Office of Management
and Budget
OMPC Office of Management,
Planning, and
Communications
ONP Office of National
Programs
OPD Office of Policy
Development
OPEC Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries
OPIC Overseas Private

Investment Corporation
Ops. Atts. Gen. Opinions of the
Attorneys-General of the
United States
Ops. Comms. Opinions of the
Commissioners
OPSP Office of Product
Standards Policy
O.R. Ontario Reports
OR Official Records
OSHA Occupational Safety and
Health Act
OSHRC Occupational Safety and
Health Review
Commission
OSM Office of Surface Mining
OSS Office of Strategic
Services
OST Office of the Secretary
OT Office of Transportation
OTA Office of Technology
Assessment
OTC Over-the-counter
OTS Office of Thrift
Supervisors
OUI Operating under the
influence
OVCI Offshore Voluntary
Compliance Initiative
OWBPA Older Workers Benefit

Protection Act
OWRT Office of Water Research
and Technology
P. Pacific Reporter
P. 2d Pacific Reporter, Second
Series
PAC Political action
committee
Pa. Oyer
and Terminer
Pennsylvania Oyer and
Terminer Reports
PATCO Professional Air
Traffic Controllers
Organization
PBGC Pension Benefit
Guaranty Corporation
PBS Public Broadcasting
Service; Public Buildings
Service
P.C. Privy Council (English
Law Reports)
PC Personal computer;
politically correct
PCBs Polychlorinated
biphenyls
PCIJ Permanent Court of
International Justice
Series A-Judgments and
Orders (1922–30)

Series B-Advisory
Opinions (1922–30)
Series A/B-Judgments,
Orders, and Advisory
Opinions (1931–40)
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LAW, 3RD E DITION
512 ABBREVIATIONS
Series C-Pleadings, Oral
Statements, and
Documents relating to
Judgments and Advisory
Opinions (1923–42)
Series D-Acts and
Documents concerning the
Organization of the World
Court (1922 –47)
Series E-Annual Reports
(1925–45)
PCP Phencyclidine
P.D. Probate Division,
English Law Reports
(1876–1890)
PDA Pregnancy
Discrimination Act of 1978
PD & R Policy Development and
Research
Pepco Potomac Electric Power
Company
Perm. Ct. of Arb. Permanent Court of
Arbitration

PES Post-Enumeration
Survey
Pet. Peters’ United States
Supreme Court Reports
PETA People for the Ethical
Treatment of Animals
PGA Professional Golfers
Association
PGM Program
PHA Public Housing Agency
Phila. Ct. of Oyer
and Terminer
Philadelphia Court of
Oyer and Terminer
PhRMA Pharmaceutical Research
and Manufacturers of
America
PHS Public Health Service
PIC Private Industry Council
PICJ Permanent International
Court of Justice
Pick. Pickering’s
Massachusetts Reports
PIK Payment in Kind
PINS Persons in need of
supervision
PIRG Public Interest Research
Group
P.L. Public Laws
PLAN Pro-Life Action Network

PLC Plaintiffs’ Legal
Committee
PLE Product liability
expenses
PLI Practicing Law Institute
PLL Product liability loss
PLLP Professional Limited
Liability Partnership
PLO Palestine Liberation
Organization
PLRA Prison Litigation Reform
Act of 1995
PNET Peaceful Nuclear
Explosions Treaty
PONY Prostitutes of New York
POW-MIA Prisoner of war-missing
in action
Pratt Frederic Thomas Pratt,
Law of Contraband of War,
with a Selection of Cases
from Papers of the Right
Honourable Sir George Lee
(1856)
PRIDE Prostitution to
Independence, Dignity, and
Equality
Proc. Proceedings
PRP Potentially responsible
party
PSRO Professional Standards

Review Organization
PTO Patents and Trademark
Office
PURPA Public Utilities
Regulatory Policies Act
PUSH People United to Serve
Humanity
PUSH-Excel PUSH for Excellence
PWA Public Works
Administration
PWSA Ports and Waterways
Safety Act of 1972
Q.B. Queen’s Bench
(England)
QTIP Qualified Terminable
Interest Property
Ralston’s Rept. Jackson Harvey Ralston, ed.,
Venezuelan Arbitrations of
1903 (1904)
RC Regional Commissioner
RCRA Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act
RCWP Rural Clean Water
Program
RDA Rural Development
Administration
REA Rural Electrification
Administration
Rec. des Decs. des
Trib. Arb. Mixtes

G. Gidel, ed., Recueil des
décisions des tribunaux
arbitraux mixtes, institués
par les traités de paix
(1922–30)
Redmond Vol. 3 of Charles I.
Bevans, Treaties and Other
International Agreements of
the United States of
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LAW, 3RD E DITION
ABBREVIATIONS 513
America, 1776–1949
(compiled by C. F.
Redmond) (1969)
RESPA Real Estate Settlement
Procedure Act of 1974
RFC Reconstruction Finance
Corporation
RFRA Religious Freedom
Restoration Act of 1993
RIAA Recording Industry
Association of America
RICO Racketeer Influenced
and Corrupt Organizations
RLUIPA Religious Land Use and
Institutionalized Persons
Act
RNC Republican National
Committee
Roscoe Edward Stanley Roscoe, ed.,

Reports of Prize Cases
Determined in the High
Court Admiralty before the
Lords Commissioners of
Appeals in Prize Causes and
before the judicial
Committee of the Privy
Council from 1745 to 1859
(1905)
ROTC Reserve Officers’
Training Corps
RPP Representative Payee
Program
R.S. Revised Statutes
RTC Resolution Trust Corp.
RUDs Reservations,
understandings, and
declarations
Ryan White
CARE Act
Ryan White
Comprehensive AIDS
Research Emergency Act of
1990
SAC Strategic Air Command
SACB Subversive Activities
Control Board
SADD Students against Drunk
Driving
SAF Student Activities Fund

SAIF Savings Association
Insurance Fund
SALT Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks
SALT I Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks of
1969–72
SALT II Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks of 1979
SAMHSA Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services
Administration
Sandf. Sandford’s New York
Superior Court Reports
S and L Savings and loan
SARA Superfund Amendment
and Reauthorization Act
SAT Scholastic Aptitude Test
Sawy. Sawyer’s United States
Circuit Court Reports
SBA Small Business
Administration
SBI Small Business Institute
SCCC South Central
Correctional Center
SCLC Southern Christian
Leadership Conference
Scott’s Repts. James Brown Scott, ed.,
The Hague Court Reports, 2
vols. (1916–32)

SCS Soil Conservation Service;
Social Conservative Service
SCSEP Senior Community
Service Employment
Program
S.Ct. Supreme Court Reporter
S.D. Cal. Southern District,
California
S.D. Fla. Southern District, Florida
S.D. Ga. Southern District,
Georgia
SDI Strategic Defense
Initiative
S.D. Me. Southern District, Maine
S.D.N.Y. Southern District,
New York
SDS Students for a
Democratic Society
S.E. South Eastern Reporter
S.E. 2d South Eastern Reporter,
Second Series
SEA Science and Education
Administration
SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
SEC Securities and Exchange
Commission
Sec. Section
SEEK Search for Elevation,
Education and Knowledge

SEOO State Economic
Opportunity Office
SEP Simplified employee
pension plan
Ser. Series
Sess. Session
SGLI Servicemen’s Group Life
Insurance
SIP State implementation plan
SLA Symbionese Liberation
Army
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LAW, 3RD E DITION
514 ABBREVIATIONS
SLAPPs Strategic Lawsuits
Against Public
Participation
SLBM Submarine-launched
ballistic missile
SNCC Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee
So. Southern Reporter
So. 2d Southern Reporter,
Second Series
SPA Software Publisher’s
Association
Spec. Sess. Special Session
SPLC Southern Poverty Law
Center
SRA Sentencing Reform Act
of 1984

SS Schutzstaffel (German,
“Protection Echelon”)
SSA Social Security
Administration
SSI Supplemental Security
Income
START I Strategic Arms
Reduction Treaty of 1991
START II Strategic Arms
Reduction Treaty of 1993
Stat. United States Statutes at
Large
STS Space Transportation
Systems
St. Tr. State Trials, English
STURAA Surface Transportation
and Uniform Relocation
Assistance Act of 1987
Sup. Ct. of Justice,
Mexico
Supreme Court of
Justice, Mexico
Supp. Supplement
S.W. South Western Reporter
S.W. 2d South Western Reporter,
Second Series
SWAPO South-West Africa
People’s Organization
SWAT Special Weapons and
Tactics

SWP Socialist Workers Party
TDP Trade and Development
Program
Tex. Sup. Texas Supreme Court
Reports
THAAD Theater High-Altitude
Area Defense System
THC Tetrahydrocannabinol
TI Tobacco Institute
TIA Trust Indenture Act of
1939
TIAS Treaties and Other
International Acts Series
(United States)
TNT Trinitrotoluene
TOP Targeted Outreach
Program
TPUS Transportation and
Public Utilities
Service
TQM Total Quality
Management
Tripartite Claims
Comm., Decs.
and Ops.
Tripartite Claims
Commission (United
States, Austria, and
Hungary), Decisions and
Opinions

TRI-TAC Joint Tactical
Communications
TRO Temporary restraining
order
TS Treaty Series, United
States
TSCA Toxic Substance Control
Act
TSDs Transporters, storers,
and disposers
TSU Texas Southern
University
TTBT Threshold Test Ban
Treaty
TV Television
TVA Tennessee Valley
Authority
TWA Trans World Airlines
UAW United Auto Workers;
United Automobile,
Aerospace, and
Agricultural Implements
Workers of America
U.C.C. Uniform Commercial
Code; Universal Copyright
Convention
U.C.C.C. Uniform Consumer
Credit Code
UCCJA Uniform Child Custody
Jurisdiction Act

UCMJ Uniform Code of
Military Justice
UCPP Urban Crime Prevention
Program
UCS United Counseling
Service
UDC United Daughters of the
Confederacy
UFW United Farm Workers
UHF Ultrahigh frequency
UIFSA Uniform Interstate
Family Support Act
UIS Unemployment
Insurance Service
UMDA Uniform Marriage and
Divorce Act
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LAW, 3RD E DITION
ABBREVIATIONS 515
UMTA Urban Mass
Transportation
Administration
U.N. United Nations
UNCITRAL United Nations
Commission on
International Trade Law
UNCTAD United Nations
Conference on Trade and
Development
UN Doc. United Nations
Documents

UNDP United Nations
Development Program
UNEF United Nations
Emergency Force
UNESCO United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization
UNICEF United Nations
Children’s Fund (formerly
United Nations
International Children’s
Emergency Fund)
UNIDO United Nations
Industrial and
Development Organization
Unif. L. Ann. Uniform Laws
Annotated
UN Repts. Intl.
Arb. Awards
United Nations Reports
of International Arbitral
Awards
UNTS United Nations Treaty
Series
UPI United Press
International
URESA Uniform Reciprocal
Enforcement of Support
Act
U.S. United States

U.S.A. United States of America
USAF United States Air Force
USA PATRIOT Act Uniting and
Strengthening America by
Providing Appropriate
Tools Required to Intercept
and Obstruct Terrorism
Act
U.S. App. D.C. United States Court of
Appeals for the District of
Columbia
U.S.C. United States Code;
University of Southern
California
U.S.C.A. United States Code
Annotated
U.S.C.C.A.N. United States Code
Congressional and
Administrative News
USCMA United States Court of
Military Appeals
USDA U.S. Department of
Agriculture
USES United States
Employment Service
USFA United States Fire
Administration
USFS U.S. Forest Service
USGA United States Golf
Association

USICA International
Communication Agency,
United States
USMS U.S. Marshals Service
USOC U.S. Olympic
Committee
USSC U.S. Sentencing
Commission
USSG United States Sentencing
Guidelines
U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
UST United States Treaties
USTS United States Travel
Service
v. Versus
VA Department of Veterans
Affairs
VAR Veterans Affairs and
Rehabilitation
Commission
VAWA Violence against Women
Act
VFW Veterans of Foreign Wars
VGLI Veterans Group Life
Insurance
Vict. Queen Victoria (Great
Britain)
VIN Vehicle identification
number

VISTA Volunteers in Service to
America
VJRA Veterans Judicial Review
Act of 1988
V.L.A. Volunteer Lawyers for
the Arts
VMI Virginia Military
Institute
VMLI Veterans Mortgage Life
Insurance
VOCAL Victims of Child Abuse
Laws
VRA Voting Rights Act
WAC Women’s Army Corps
Wall. Wallace’s United States
Supreme Court Reports
Wash. 2d Washington Reports,
Second Series
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LAW, 3RD E DITION
516 ABBREVIATIONS
WAVES Women Accepted for
Volunteer Service
WCTU Women’s Christian
Temperance Union
W.D. Wash. Western District,
Washington
W.D. Wis. Western District,
Wisconsin
WEAL West’s Encyclopedia of
American Law, Women’s

Equity Action League
Wend. Wendell’s New York
Reports
WFSE Washington Federation
of State Employees
Wheat. Wheaton’s United States
Supreme Court Reports
Wheel. Cr. Cases Wheeler’s New York
Criminal Cases
WHISPER Women Hurt in Systems
of Prostitution Engaged in
Revolt
Whiteman Marjorie Millace
Whiteman, Digest of
International Law, 15 vols.
(1963–73)
WHO World Health
Organization
WIC Women, Infants, and
Children program
Will. and Mar. King William and
Queen Mary
(Great Britain)
WIN WESTLAW Is Natural;
Whip Inflation Now;
Work Incentive Program
WIPO World Intellectual
Property Organization
WIU Workers’ Industrial
Union

W.L.R. Weekly Law Reports,
England
WPA Works Progress
Administration
WPPDA Welfare and Pension
Plans Disclosure Act
WTO World Trade
Organization
WWI World War I
WWII World War II
Yates Sel. Cas. Yates’s New York Select
Cases
YMCA Young Men’s Christian
Association
YWCA Young Women’s
Christian Association
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LAW, 3RD E DITION
ABBREVIATIONS 517