Network+ 2005 In Depth (P30) docx

Java System Directory Server Enterprise Edition, 445
jobs, finding, 20–21
jumper, 205, 240
K
Ka-band frequency, 325
Kbps (1 kilobit per second), 120
KDC (Key Distribution Center), 650, 659
kerberos, 649–651, 659
kernel module, 425, 445
kernels, 424
definition, 445
for UNIX-type operating systems, 424–425
key, 659
Key Distribution Center (KDC), 650, 659
key encryption, 636–637, 655
key management, 644, 659
key pair, 640, 659
kill process command, 429
Ku-band frequency, 325
L
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), 338, 346
label, 186
LAN Emulation (LANE), 269, 285
LAN gateway, 233
LAN (local area networks), 6–7, 25, 490, 592–593, 631
LANE (LAN Emulation), 269, 285
last mile. See local loop
late collisions, 553, 561
latency
definition of, 127
transmission flaw, 79–80

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), 338, 346
Layer 3 switch, 227–228, 240
Layer 4 switch. See Layer 3 switch
layer problems, physical, 533–536
L-band frequency, 325
LC (Local Connector), 127
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol),
365, 408
leadership abilities, 19
leaf objects, 367, 408, 463
leasing
DHCP, 155–156
terminating DHCP, 156–157
LED indicators, 209
LEO (low earth orbiting), 324, 346
Level 1 wire, 127
license tracking, 16, 25
licensing, 368–369
fees, 418
per seat, 369
per server, 394
per user, 368
for servers, 466
site license, 369
software license, 419
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP),
365, 408
line conditioning, 579
line-of-sight (LOS), 111, 127
line-of-sight (uLOS), 81

line printer daemon. See lpd
line printer daemon (lpd), 445
link segment. See uLOS (line-of-sight)
Linux, 420
definition, 445
hardware requirements, 422–423
installing, 432
server, 422–423
teachers group for, 434–435
users and groups establishing on, 434–435
workstation, 362
LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer, 46, 57
LNK light, 209
load balancing, 15–16, 25, 584–585, 608
local accounts, 399, 409
local area networks (LAN), 6–7, 25, 490, 592–593, 631
local collisions, 553, 561
Local Connector (LC), 127
local loop, 300, 346
locks, 625–626, 654
logical addresses, 148
logical connectivity, 536–537
Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer, 46, 57
logical topology, 256–257, 285
842 Index
Login dialog box, 472
login directory, 425
logon problems, 531
logon process, 360
logon restrictions, 634

loopback adapter. See loopback plug
loopback address, 150, 186
loopback plug, 213, 240
loopback test, 150, 186
LOS (line-of-sight), 111, 127
low earth orbiting (LEO), 324, 346
lpd (line printer daemon), 445
lpr command, 446
lpr file command, 429
ls command, 430
ls -la command, 428
M
MAC addresses, 46, 57, 148
MAC (Media Access Control) sublayer, 46, 57
Mac OS X Server, 418, 420, 423
definition, 446
hard disk component for, 423
hardware requirements, 423
memory component for, 423
system component, 423
teachers group for, 435
users and groups establishing on, 435–437
macro viruses, 569–570, 574, 608
magnetic tape, 596–597
mail group, 434
mail retrieval protocol, 500
mail services, 14–15
definition of, 25
TCP/IP, 498–501
main bus. See bus

maintenance, cost of, 81
managed hubs. See intelligent hub
management information base (MIB), 681, 700
management systems, change, 544–545, 561, 567
man command, 429
MAN (metropolitan area network), 8, 25
manual pages, 427–428, 446
manuals, 539
map, 409
mapping, 361
Marketing Department, 531
mask, 152
MAUs (Multistation Access Units), 215, 240
maximum transmission unit (MTU), 40–41, 57
Mbps (1 megabit per second), 120
MCSE (Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer), 26
certification, 19–20
definition of, 25
measurements, baseline, 678–680
Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack (MT-RJ), 128
media, 595, 605
backup, 595–598
converters, 81–82, 127
optical, 596
Media, Domain 1.0, 706–708
Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer, 46, 57
medium earth orbiting (MEO), 324, 346
member servers, 386, 409
memory, 373
component, 422–423

EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-
only memory), 203, 212, 238
model, 378–379, 424
physical memory, 373, 410, 424
range, 211–212, 240
requirements for Windows Server 2003, 378
virtual memory, 373, 379, 412, 424
MEO (medium earth orbiting), 324, 346
mesh topology WAN, 297, 346
message switching, 258, 285
Metaframe option, 335, 347
metropolitan area network (MAN), 8, 25
mget command, 171
MIB (management information base), 681, 700
Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE), 26
certification, 19–20
definition of, 25
Microsoft Challenge Authentication Protocol, ver-
sion 2 (MS-CHAPv2), 647, 660
Microsoft Challenge Authentication Protocol (MS-
CHAP), 646–648, 647–648
Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication
Protocol, version 2 (MS-CHAPv2), 659
Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication
Protocol (MS-CHAP), 660
Index 843
Microsoft Directory Synchronization Services
(MSDSS), 402, 409
Microsoft Management Console (MMC), 382–384,
409

Microsoft Windows Services for NetWare, 402, 409
middleware, 362, 409
milestones, 669, 700
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions),
499, 519
mirroring, 604, 608
disk, 588–589
server, 585–586
mkdir dir command, 429
MMC (Microsoft Management Console), 382–384,
409
MMF (multimode fiber), 95–97, 127
mobile, 127
mobile system vs. fixed wireless system, 114
modal bandwidth, 98, 127
modem, 127
modifying authentication protocols, 647–648
modular router, 228, 240
modulation
AM (amplitude modulation), 122
data, 69–70
definition of, 127
FM (frequency modulation), 126
monitor, network, 552–554
Monitor menu, 457, 477
motherboard, 26
mount process, 446
mput command, 171
MRTG (Multi Router Traffic Grapher), 682–683,
701

MS-CHAP (Microsoft Challenge Handshake
Authentication Protocol), 646–648, 647–648,
660
MS-CHAPv2 (Microsoft Challenge Authentication
Protocol, version 2), 647, 659–660
MSDSS (Microsoft Directory Synchronization
Services), 402, 409
MT-RJ (Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack), 128
MTU (maximum transmission unit), 40–41, 57
multicast address, 161, 186
multicasting, 146, 186
multimeter, 548–549, 561
multimode fiber (MMF), 95–97, 127
multipath signals, 111–112, 128
multiplexer (mux), 72–73, 128
multiplexing, 72–74, 128
multiprocessing, 374–375
asymmetric multiprocessing, 406
definition, 409
symmetric multiprocessing, 411, 456
for UNIX-type operating systems, 424
multiprotocol networks, 136, 186
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME),
499, 519
Multi Router Traffic Grapher (MRTG), 682–683,
701
Multistation Access Units (MAUs), 215, 240
multitasking, 373–374, 409
mutual authentication, 647, 660
mux (multiplexer), 72–73, 128

mv file1 file2 command, 429
N
name servers, 165, 187
name space, 187
namespace, 390, 409
naming conventions, 390–392, 463–464
narrowband, 113, 128
NAS (network attached storage), 591–593, 605, 609
native file access, 472–473
NAT (Network Address Translation), 494–496, 519
nbtstat utility, 503–504, 519
NDS (NetWare Directory Services), 477
needs assessment process, 697–698, 701
negative frame sequence checks, 553–554, 561
Net+ (Network+), 26
Net+ (Network+) certification, 19
NetBEUI (NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface),
176–178, 187
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System),
176–178, 187, 503
NetDrive, 473, 477
net mask. See subnet mask
NETMON, 561
netstat utility, 429, 502–503, 520
NetStorage tool, 474, 478
NetWare Directory Services (NDS), 477
844 Index
NetWare Integrated Kernel, 478
NetWare loadable modules (NLMs), 456, 478, 552
NetWare network operating system, 451–480

client services, 471–474
eDirectory, 460–464
establishing users and groups, 468–471
file system, 458–460
hardware requirements, 455
installing and configuring, 466–471
integrated Kernel, 456–458
networking with other operating systems, 474–475
overview of, 452–454
planning for installation of, 464–466
NetWare schema, 468
Network+ examination objectives, 524, 705–714
Network+ (Net+) certification, 19
Network+ practice exam, 715–738
network access method. See access
network adapter. See Network Interface Cards (NICs)
Network Address Translation (NAT), 494–496, 519
network addresses, 42–43, 57, 148
network administrators, 567
network analyzer. See protocol analyzer
network attached storage (NAS), 591–593, 605, 609
network backups, 598
Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS),
176–178, 187, 503
network cables, 535
network class, 148, 187
network design, 627–633
network elements, organizing, 365–368
Network File System (NFS), 426, 446
network ID, 148–149, 187, 484

AppleTalk network number, 179, 183
external network number, 185
Network Implementation, Domain 3.0, 711–712
Network Interface Cards (NICs), 9–10, 26, 194–215
installing, 203–215
choosing NIC, 213–215
NIC hardware, 203–205
NIC software, 205–213
types of, 195–202
internal bus standards, 195–198
on-board NICs, 202
peripheral bus standards, 198–201
wireless NICs, 202
network key, 651, 660
Network layer
definition of, 57
in OSI Model, 48–49
network management, 678–684, 701
asset management, 683–684
obtaining baseline measurements, 678–680
performance and fault management, 680–683
network monitor, 552–554, 561–562
Network News Transport Protocol (NNTP),
172–173, 187
network node, 494
network number. See network ID
network operating systems. See NOS (network oper-
ating systems)
network prefix. See network ID
network problems. See troubleshooting network

problems
network service providers (NSPs), 293, 347
network services, 26
network status map, 681–682
Network Support, Domain 4.0, 713–714
Network Termination 1 (NT1), 306, 347
Network Termination 2 (NT2), 306–307, 347
Network Time Protocol (NTP), 172, 187
network topologies, 604
networked workstations, adding, 693
networking hardware. See hardware
networking media, 80–83
networking professional, becoming, 16–22
developing soft skills, 18–19
finding work in, 20–21
joining professional associations, 21–22
mastering technical challenges, 17–18
pursuing certification, 19–20
networking standards, 31–36
networking terms, 24–28
networks
how used, 13–16
reasons for using, 2
types of, 3–8
client/server network, 4–6
local area network (LAN), 6–7
metropolitan area network (MAN), 8
peer-to-peer network, 3–4
wide area network (WAN), 8
newsgroups, 172, 187

newspaper, searching for work in, 20
Index 845
New Technology File System (NTFS), 381–382, 409
NFS (Network File System), 426, 446
NIC component
for Linux server, 422
for Mac OS X Server, 423
for Solaris 10, 422
NICs. See Network Interface Cards (NICs)
NLMs (NetWare loadable modules), 456, 478, 552
NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol),
172–173, 187
nodes, 10
AppleTalk node ID, 178, 183
definition of, 26
i-node (information node), 430, 445
network node, 494
relationships between, 74
noise, 577, 580
definition of, 128
immunity, 82–83
and fiber-optic cable, 97
of STP and UTP, 90
transmission flaw, 67, 77–78
in wireless signals, 113
NOS (network operating systems), 5–6, 10, 355–375,
402–403
definition of, 26
internetworking, 402–403
networking NetWare network operating system with

other, 474–475
overview of, 355–359
security, 633–634
services and features, 359–375
client support, 360
identifying and organizing network elements,
365–368
managing system resources, 372–375
sharing applications, 368–370
sharing printers, 370–372
upgrades, 689–691
NOS upgrades, 699
Novell Client, 471
Novell Storage Services (NSS), 458, 472, 478
nslookup utility, 504–505, 520
NSPs (network service providers), 293, 347
NSS (Novell Storage Services), 458, 472, 478
-n switch, 174, 502
NT1 (Network Termination 1), 306, 347
NT2 (Network Termination 2), 306–307, 347
Nterprise Linux Services, 475, 478
NTFS (New Technology File System), 381–382, 409
NTP (Network Time Protocol), 172, 187
NWLink IPX/SPX/NetBIOS Compatible Transport
protocol, 179–180
O
object, 365, 409
object selector, 471
obsolescence, cost of, 81
OC (Optical Carrier), 320, 347

octets, 148, 187
offline UPS (standby UPS), 578, 609–610
ohmmeter, 548, 562
omnidirectional antenna, 110–111, 128
on-board NICs, 202, 240
on-board ports, 202, 240
one-way trust, explicit, 389, 407
online backups, 598, 609
online UPS, 578, 609
open command, 171
Open Directory, 446
Open Group, 417, 447
OpenLDAP application, 446
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), 232, 241
open source software, 419, 446
open source UNIX, 418–419
OpenSSH protocols, 660
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model, 36–51,
619–620
Application layer, 38
applying, 47–51
communication between two systems, 48–50
frame specifications, 50–51
Data Link layer, 44–47
definition of, 58
Network layer, 42–44
Physical layer, 47
Presentation layer, 38–39
Session layer, 39
Transport layer, 39–42

846 Index
operating systems. See NOS (network operating sys-
tems); UNIX-type operating system
Optical Carrier (OC), 320, 347
optical loss, 128
optical media, 596, 609
optical time domain reflectometers (OTDRs),
551, 562
options, 139, 144. See also Metaframe option
oral communications, 18
organizational units (OUs), 367, 386, 410, 461–463
OSI. See Open Systems Interconnection
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 232, 241
OTDRs (optical time domain reflectometers),
551, 562
OUs (organizational units), 367, 386, 410, 461–463
overhead, 69, 128
P
P2P networks, 4, 26
packet, 50
packet-filtering firewalls, 628–631, 660–661
Packet Internet Groper (PING), 173–174, 188
packet switching, 258, 286, 303
padding, 139, 145, 263, 286
paging, 373, 410
PANs (personal area networks), 276, 286
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), 646, 660
parallel backbone, 255–256, 286
parity error checking, 590, 609
parity mechanism, 609

partial mesh topology, 580
partial mesh WAN, 297, 347
partitions, 380, 410
pass/fail test, 549
passive hubs, 216, 241
passive scanning, 272, 286
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), 646, 660
passwords, 635, 655
patch cable, 102, 128
patch panel, 102, 128
patches, 684–685, , 699, 701
patterns, 465–466, 478
PBX (private branch exchange), 512, 520
PC Card, 198, 241
pcAnywhere, 332
PCIe. See PCI Express
PCI Express, 196, 241
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect), 196, 241
PCIx. See PCI Express
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association), 198, 241
PDAs (personal digital assistants), 114, 128
PDs (powered devices), 264, 286
PDUs (protocol data units), 37, 50, 58
peer-to-peer network, 3–4, 26
performance management, 680–683, 698, 701
performance testers, 551, 556
peripheral bus standards, 198–201
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), 196, 241
permanent virtual circuits (PVCs), 303, 348

permissions, file access, 437
per seat, 369, 410
per server, 394, 410
personal area networks (PANs), 276, 286
Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association (PCMCIA), 198, 241
personal digital assistants (PDAs), 114, 128
per user, 368, 410
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), 641, 660
phase, 66, 128
physical address. See MAC address
physical connectivity, verifying, 533
Physical layer, 37, 533
definition of, 58
in OSI Model, 48, 50
preventing failures in, 108
problems, 533–536
summery of networking standards, 99–100
physical memory, 373, 410, 424
physical plant changes, 692–697
adding or upgrading equipment, 693–695
backbone upgrades, 696–697
cabling upgrades, 695–696
reversing hardware changes, 697
physical topologies, 246, 250–251
bus topology, 246–248
definition of, 286
ring topology, 248–249
star topology, 249–250
Index 847

piconet, 277, 286
pilot networks, 676–677, 698, 701
PING (Packet Internet Groper), 173–174, 188
pinging, 173, 187
pipe, 431, 446
pipeline, 431, 446
plain old telephone service (POTS), 299
planning, contingency, 676
plant changes. See hardware
platform component, Solaris 10, 422
plenum, 128
PoE (Power over Ethernet), 264–265, 286
pointing device
Linux server, 423
Windows Server 2003, 378
point-to-point, 128
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE),
331, 347
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), 331, 347, 646
point-to-point transmission, 74
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP),
337–338, 347
polling, 680, 701
polymorphic viruses, 572, 609
pools, 459–460, 478
POP (Post Office Protocol), 499–500, 520
populated segment, 81, 128
port forwarding, 643, 660
port number, 158, 188
ports

blocking ports, 629
data ports, 215, 238
destination port, 138
dynamic and private ports, 158, 184
on-board ports, 202, 240
and sockets, 158–160
source port, 138
unprotected ports, 619–620
uplink port, 215, 242
USB (universal serial bus) port, 199–200, 242
well known ports, 158, 190
Post Office Protocol (POP), 499–500, 520
POTS (plain old telephone service), 299
power flaws, 576–577
power loss, 603
Power over Ethernet (PoE), 264–265, 286
power sourcing equipment (PSE), 264, 286
powered devices (PDs), 264, 286
PowerPC, 446
PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet),
331, 347
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 331, 347, 646
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol),
337–338, 347
preamble, 286
preamble signals, 263
predecessor, 701
preemptive multitasking, 374, 410
presentation layer, 48–49, 58, 360
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), 641, 660

Primary Rate Interface (PRI), 306, 348
print server, 370
print services, 13, 26
printer queue, 371, 410
printers
networked, 694
sharing, 370–372
private branch exchange (PBX), 512, 520
private key encryption, 637–638, 660, 662
private ports, 158
probe, 272, 286
process, 374, 410
processor component, Linux server, 422
professional associations, joining, 21–22
programmers, 416
programming environments, 416
projects
feasibility, 670
management, 668–778
assessing needs, 671–672
determining project feasibility, 670
project planning, 673
setting project goals, 672–673
testing and evaluation, 677–678
planning, 673
setting goals, 672–673
testing management, 677–678
promiscuous mode, 552, 562
848 Index
propagation, signal, 111–112

proprietary UNIX, 418, 446
protocol analyzers, 554–556, 562
protocol data units (PDUs), 37, 50, 58
protocols, 11, 26, 36–37, 135–192
AppleTalk, 178–179
binding protocols on Windows XP workstation,
179–180
Domain 2.0, 708–711
IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet
Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange),
175–176
NetBIOS and NetBEUI, 176–178
overview of, 136
security risks with, 620–621
for servers, 465
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol), 137–174
addressing in IPv6 (IP version 6), 160–161
addressing in TCP/IP, 148–152
assigning IP addresses, 152–158
host names and DNS (domain name system). See
host names
sockets and ports, 158–160
TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols, 169–174
proxy, 660
proxy servers, 631–632, 656–657, 660
proxy services, 655, 661
ps -ef command, 428
PSE (power sourcing equipment), 264, 286
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network),

299–302, 348
-p switch, netstat, 503
public key encryption, 640
public key encryption (asymmetric encryption), 640,
657, 661
public key server, 639, 661
public network, 494
public relations specialist, 625
public rights, 633–634
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN),
299–302, 348
punch-down block, 102, 128
put command, 171
PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 303, 348
Q
QoS (quality of service), 269, 286
quit command, 171, 644
R
radiation pattern, 110, 128
radiofrequency interference (RFI), 77, 129
RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User
Service), 645, 661
RADIUS server, 661
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks),
587–588, 604–605, 609
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol),
147, 188
RAS (Remote Access Service), 329, 348
RC4 technique, 640, 661
-r command, netstat, 429, 502

RDN (relative distinguished name), 391, 410
RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol), 332–333, 348
reassembly, 41, 58
reassociation, 272, 286
recordable DVD, 596, 610
recovery contingencies, 601–602
recovery planning, 601
recruiters, enlisting to find work, 21
Red Hat Enterprise, 419
redirector, 360, 410
redundancy, 567, 582, 584–585, 604, 610
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID),
587–588, 604–605, 609
reflection, 111, 129
regeneration, 79, 129
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), 35, 58
Registered Jack 11 (RJ-11), 129
Registered Jack 45 (RJ-45), 129
registered ports, 158, 188
relationships, 388–390
relative distinguished name (RDN), 391, 410
release
definition of, 188
TCP/IP settings, 156
remote access, 632
definition of, 348
protocols, 331–332
Index 849
Remote Access Service (RAS), 14, 329, 329–330, 348,
655. See also access server

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
(RADIUS), 645, 661
remote connectivity, 328–336
dial-up networking, 328–329
remote access protocols, 331–332
remote access servers, 329–330
remote control, 332–335, 349, 632–633
terminal services, 335
Web portal, 336
Remote Desktop feature, 332, 348
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), 332–333, 348
Remote Manager, 457, 468, 478
remote user, 13, 27
removable disk drives (external disk drives), 597–598,
610
Rendezvous, 169, 188
repeaters, 79, 129, 215–218
replication, 386, 411, 585, 610
Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS), 271, 287
reserved, 139
reserved addresses, 486
resolutions, recording, 543–544
resolvers, 164, 188
resource record, 165, 183, 188
resources, 2, 701
definition of, 27
restrict access to, 437
response policy, 625
restoration of data, 16
restore, 27

restrictions, logon, 634
results, problem solutions, 541
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP),
147, 188
reversing software upgrades (backleveling), 691–692,
699–700
revisions, 684–685
RFI (radiofrequency interference), 77, 129
RG-6 cable, 129
Rijndael algorithm, 638, 661
ring topology, 248–249, 257, 287, 295, 348
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 231–232, 241
RIRs (Regional Internet Registries), 35, 58
risers, 129
risks, security. See security
RJ-11 (Registered Jack 11), 129
RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45), 129
rmdir dir command, 429
rm file command, 429
root, 433, 446
root domains, 388, 411
root servers, 164, 188
round trip time (RTT), 79, 129
routable, 137, 188
route, 58
router capable, 512
routers, 43, 227–233, 241
adding, 694–695
brouter, 233
definition of, 58

features and functions, 228–231
modular router, 228, 240
router capable, 512
routing protocols, 231–232
and subnets, 490–491
Routing and Remote Access service (RRAS), 330,
348
Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 231–232, 241
routing protocols, 231, 241
routing switch. See higher-layer switches; Layer 3
switch
routing table, 493
royalties, systems sold, 419
RRAS (Routing and Remote Access service), 330,
348
RSA algorithm, 640, 661
-r switch, 174
for nbtstat, 504
for netstat, 503
RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send), 271, 287
RTT (round trip time), 79, 129
runts, 224, 242, 553, 562
RX light, 209
850 Index
S
safety precautions, 695
sags (brownouts), 576–577, 606, 610
Samba file system, 426, 440, 446
SANs (storage area networks), 593–594, 605, 610
satellites, 324–327

S-band frequency, 325
scalability
of fiber-optic cable, 97
networking media, 81
of solution, 538
of STP and UTP, 90
scalable, 27
scanning, 287
active, 271–272, 283
heuristic, 573, 608
passive, 272, 286
signature, 573, 610
scattering, 111, 129
scatternet, 277, 287
SCO Group, 417, 447
scope of change, 537–538
scp filename1 filename2 command, 643
SCP (Secure CoPy), 643, 661
screening firewalls (packet-filtering firewalls),
628–631, 660–661
SC (Subscriber Connector or Standard Connector),
129
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 319, 349
second-level support analyst, 543
Secure CoPy (SCP), 643, 661
Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), 643–644, 662
secure passwords, 655
Secure Shell (SSH), 642–643, 661–662
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 641–642, 661–662
security, 483, 615–666

audits, 16, 27, 616–617, 653, 661
authentication protocols, 644–651
CHAP and MS-CHAP, 646–648
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol), 649
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), 646
RADIUS and TACACS, 645
default settings, 621
effective security policy, 622–625
e-mail, 641
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), 644, 658
encryption, 636
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security), 644
key encryption, 636–637
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), 641
private key encryption, 637–638
public key encryption, 639–640
SCP (Secure CoPy), 643
SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol), 643–644
SSH (Secure Shell), 642–643
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 641–642
groups for, 364
IEEE 802.11i security protocol, 653
implications, 538
Internet access, 621–622
Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), 659
Intranets policies, 498
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security), 644, 659
network operating system (NOS), 633–634
physical, 625–627
policies, 498, 654, 662

content, 624
effective, 622–625
goals, 622–624
proxy servers, 631–632
remote access, 632
risks, 617–622, 654
security risks, 617–622
system security, 633–634
through groups, 364, 438
TLS (Transport Layer Security), 642, 663
transmission risks with, 619–620
wireless network, 651–653
wireless network security, 651–653
segment, 10, 27, 40, 58
segmentation, 40, 58
self-healing, 349
Sequence Control field, 274
sequence number, 138
Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX), 175, 188
sequencing, 41, 58
serial backbone, 252–253, 287
Index 851
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), 330–331, 349
server_hello message, 642, 662
Server Message Block (SMB), 361, 411
server mirroring, 585–586, 610
server patterns, 465–466
servers, 9, 357
See also specific types of servers
adding, 694

administrator password, 465
definition of, 27
disk controllers, 465
in eDirectory tree, 464
interface, 456
kinds of NICs, 465
name, 465
patterns, 465–466
protocols and network, 465
proxy, 631–632
service agreements, 695
service packs, 685–686, 701
Service Set Identifier (SSID), 272, 287
services list, supported, 544, 562
session, 58
session key, 650, 662
Session layer
definition of, 59
in OSI Model, 48–49
SFD (start-of-frame delimiter), 261, 263, 287
sftp hostname command, 644
SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol), 643–644, 662
shared Ethernet, 261, 287
shared file systems, 426
sharing
applications, 368–370
printers, 370–372
sheath, 83, 129
shell, 427, 446
shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable, 86–87, 90, 130

SIG (Bluetooth Special Interest Group), 275–277,
283
signal bounce, 247, 287
signal degradation, 112–113
signal level, 309, 349
signal propagation, 111–112
signaling, analog and digital, 64–69
signature scanning, 573, 610
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 498–499,
520
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP),
681, 698, 701
simplex communication, 70–71, 129
single-mode fiber (SMF), 94, 129
single point of failure, 217
site license, 369, 411
site selection, 557, 562
slash notation. See CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain
Routing)
sliding-window size, 139
SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol), 330–331, 349
slogin -l username hostname command, 643
slots, expansion, 195, 238
small office-home office (SOHO) routers, 228, 242
SMB (Server Message Block), 361, 411
SMF (single-mode fiber), 94, 129
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), 498–499,
520
snap-ins, 383, 411
sneakernet, 2, 27

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol),
681, 698, 701
social engineering, 618, 654, 662
sockets
definition of, 188
and ports, 158–160
soft skills
definition of, 27
developing, 18–19
softphone, 513, 520
software, 27
antivirus, 572–574, 603
changes, 684–692
client upgrades, 687–688
network operating system upgrades, 689–691
patches, 685–687
reversing software upgrade, 691–692
shared application upgrades, 688
configuring and installing NIC, 205–213
distribution, 16
and hardware of UNIX system, 418
installing and configuring NIC software, 205–213
852 Index
license, 419
NetDrive software, 477
network monitoring software, 553
open source software, 419, 446
patches, 685–687
project management software, 673
reversing upgrades, 691–692

security risks, 620–621
upgrades, 699–700
software RAID, 587–588, 610
SOHO (small office-home office) routers, 228, 242
Solaris, 418–420
definition, 446
hardware requirements, 421–422
systems, 434–435
users and groups establishing on, 434–435
Solaris 10, 422
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 318–321,
349, 581
sort filename command, 429
sound card, 513
source code, 416
definition, 447
of UNIX systems, 420
source IP address, 144
source port, 138
spam, 27
SPARC, 447
spectrum analyzer, 557, 562
sponsors, 672–673, 701
spread spectrum, 113–114, 130
SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange), 175, 188
ssh keygen command, 643
SSH (Secure Shell), 642–643, 661–662
SSID (Service Set Identifier), 272, 287
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 641–642, 661–662
-s switch

for nbtstat, 504
for netstat, 503
stackable hubs, 217, 242
staff members, involvement in troubleshooting,
542–543
stakeholders, 673, 701
standalone computer, 2, 27
standalone hubs, 216–217, 242
Standard Edition, 375
standards, 32–36
See also specific types of standards
definition of, 59
examination, 708–711
standby UPS (offline UPS), 578, 609–610
start-of-frame delimiter (SFD), 261, 263, 287
star topology, 249–250, 287, 295–297, 349
startx command, 429
star-wired bus topology, 287
star-wired ring topology, 250–251, 287
statements, true and false, 485
static ARP table entries, 147, 188
static IP address, 153, 188
static routing, 230, 242
station, 130
statistical multiplexing, 72–73, 130
stealth viruses, 571, 610
storage area network, 610
storage area networks (SANs), 593–594, 605, 610
store and forward mode, 242
store mode, 225

STP (shielded twisted-pair) cable, 86–87, 90, 130
straight-through cable, 106, 130
straight tip (ST), 130
striping, disk, 588
structured cabling, 100, 130
ST (Straight Tip), 130
subchannels, 72, 130
subnet masks, 152, 189, 484–487
subnets, 189, 488–491
subprotocols, 137, 189, 499
Subscriber Connector or Standard Connector (SC),
129
supernet, 491, 520
supernet mask, 491, 520
supernetting. See CIDR
support
and accountability of UNIX system, 418
client support, 360
cost of, 81
Domain 4.0 Network Support, 713–714
firstlevel support analyst, 543
improving with certification, 20
technical support, 539
Technical Support Contacts Form, 744
technical support specialist of response team, 625
Index 853
supported services list, 544, 562
surge protectors, 577, 610
surges, 577, 610
surveillance cameras, 626–627

SVCs (switched virtual circuits), 303, 349
switched Ethernet, 261–262, 288
switched virtual circuits (SVCs), 303, 349
symmetric encryption (private key encryption),
637–638, 662
symmetric multiprocessing, 375, 411, 456
symmetrical DSL, 313, 349
SYN (synchronization), 40, 59
SYN-ACK (synchronization-acknowledgment),
40, 59
synchronization (SYN), 40, 59
synchronization-acknowledgment (SYN-ACK),
40, 59
synchronous, 318–319, 350
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), 319, 349
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), 318–321,
349, 581
system bus. See bus
system component, Mac OS X Server, 423
system file modification, 567
system file services, UNIX-type operating systems,
425–426
system initialization files, 425
system resources, managing, 372–375
system security, 633–634
System V, 416, 447
T
T1 circuit, 308, 350
T3 circuit, 308, 350
TACACS (Terminal Access Controller Access

Control System), 645, 662
tail file command, 429
tape backups, 596–597, 611
tasks, 674–675
TA (terminal adapter), 306, 350
Tbps (1 terabit per second), 121
Tbps (1 terabit per second), 121
T-Carriers, 307–312, 350
TCP header length, 138
TCP/IP-based networks, 482–498
calculating subnets, 488–491
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing), 491–493
ICS (Internet Connection Sharing), 496–497
Internet gateways, 493–494
intranets and extranets, 497–498
NAT (Network Address Translation), 494–496
subnetting, 483–487
TCP/IP mail services, 498–501
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol), 137–174, 189
addressing in IPv6 (IP version 6), 160–161
addressing in TCP/IP, 148–152
assigning IP addresses, 152–158
definition of, 189
host names and DNS (domain name system). See
host names
sockets and ports, 158–160
TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols, 169–174
TCP/IP core protocols, 137–147
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 146–147

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 146
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),
146
IP (Internet Protocol), 142–146
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol),
147
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 138–142
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 142
TCP/IP utilities, 501–511
dig utility, 505–506
ifconfig utility, 510–511
ipconfig utility, 508–509
nbtstat utility, 503–504
netstat utility, 502–503
nslookup utility, 504–505
traceroute utility, 507–508
whois utility, 506–507
winipcfg utility, 509–510
TDM (time division multiplexing), 72, 130
TDR (time domain reflectometer), 551, 562
teachers group, 434–435
teamwork, 19
technical challenges, mastering, 17–18
854 Index
technical support, 539
Technical Support Contacts Form, 744
technical support specialist of response team, 625
telecommunications closet, 102, 546
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA),
33, 59

Telnet, 169, 189, 642
telnet host command, 429
Telnet utility, 440
terminal, 59
Terminal Access Controller Access Control System
(TACACS), 645, 662
terminal adapter (TA), 306, 350
terminal equipment (TE), 306, 311–312, 350
terminal server, 350
terminal services, 335, 350
terminators, 247, 288
testers
cable continuity, 549–550
cable performance, 551
wireless network, 556–558
TE (terminal equipment), 306, 311–312, 350
text-based menus, 467
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), 172, 189
TGS (Ticket-granting service), 650, 662–663
TGT (ticket-granting ticket), 650, 663
Thicknet (thickwire Ethernet), 84, 130
thin client, 335, 350
Thinnet (thin Ethernet), 84, 130
threads, 374, 411
three-way handshake, 646, 663
throughput, 74–76, 80
for comparing STP and UTP, 90
definition of, 130
and fiber-optic cable, 95
TIA/EIA specifications, 102, 106

TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association),
33, 59
ticket, 663
Ticket-granting service (TGS), 650, 662–663
ticket-granting ticket (TGT), 650, 663
tiered topology WAN, 297–299, 350
time-dependent viruses, 572, 611
time division multiplexing (TDM), 72, 130
time domain reflectometer (TDR), 551, 562
timelines, 674–675
time-sharing. See preemptive multitasking
Time to Live (TTL), 144, 189, 507
TLD (top-level domain), 162, 189
TLS (Transport Layer Security), 642, 663
token, 59
token passing, 265, 288
Token Ring, 51, 59, 265–267
toll bypass, 511, 520
tone generator, 546–547, 562
tone locator, 546–547, 562
top-level domain (TLD), 162, 189
topologies and access methods, 245–290
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 268–270
backbone networks, 252–256
collapsed backbone, 254–255
distributed backbone, 253–254
parallel backbone, 255–256
serial backbone, 252–253
Ethernet, 259–265
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with

Collision Detection), 259–261
Ethernet frames, 262
PoE (Power over Ethernet), 264–265
switched Ethernet, 261–262
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), 267–268
hybrid physical topologies, 250–251
logical topology, 256–257
simple physical topologies, 246
bus topology, 246–248
ring topology, 248–249
star topology, 249–250
switching, 257–258
Token Ring, 265–267
wireless networks, 270
802.11a standard, 274–275
802.11b standard, 274
802.11 committee, 270
802.11g standard, 275
access method, 270–271
association, 271–273
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), 275–277
frames, 273–274
infrared (IR), 277–280
Index 855
topology, 11, 27
total length, IP datagram, 144
traceroute utility, 507–508, 521
traditional client access, 471–472
Traditional File Services, 458
traffic monitoring, 15, 27

transceiver, 130
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP), 137–174, 189
addressing in IPv6 (IP version 6), 160–161
addressing in TCP/IP, 148–152
assigning IP addresses, 152–158
definition of, 189
host names and DNS (domain name system). See
host names
sockets and ports, 158–160
TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols, 169–174
TCP/IP core protocols, 137–147
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 146–147
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 146
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),
146
IP (Internet Protocol), 142–146
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol),
147
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 138–142
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 142
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 138–142, 189
transmission direction, 70–74
transmission flaws, 77–80
transmission media, 12, 27
transmission rate, 81
transmit, 131
transmitting signals, 546
transponder, 324, 350
Transport layer

definition of, 59
in OSI Model, 48–49
Transport Layer Security (TLS), 642, 663
trees, 367, 387, 411, 461, 461–463, 478
Triple DES (3DES), 638, 663
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), 172, 189
Trojan horse, 568–569, 570–571, 611
troubleshooting network problems, 360, 483, 523–564
methodology of, 524–545
documenting solution and process, 542–545
establishing changes, 530–531
identifying results and effects of solution, 542
identify affected area, 526–529
identify symptoms and potential causes, 525–526
implement an action plan, solution and potential
effects, 537
preventing future problems, 545
selecting probable cause, 531–537
testing results, 541
tools for, 546–558
cable continuity testers, 549–550
cable performance testers, 551
crossover cable, 546
multimeter, 548–549
network monitor, 552–554
protocol analyzer, 554–556
tone generator and tone locator, 546–547
wireless network testers, 556–558
true statement, 485
trust relationships, 388–390, 411

TTL (Time to Live), 144, 189, 507
tunnel, 350
tunneling, 351
twinaxial cable
definition of, 131
Gigabit Ethernet over, 93
twist ratio, 86, 131
twisted-pair, 131
twisted-pair cable, 85–93
10BASE-T Ethernet networking standard, 91
100BASE-T (fast Ethernet), 92
1000BASE-CX (Gigabit Ethernet over Twinax), 93
1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet over Twisted-
pair), 93
comparing STP and UTP, 90
Gigabit Ethernet over, 93
STP (Shielded twisted-pair) cable, 86–87
UTP (Unshielded twisted-pair) cabling, 87–90
two-way transitive trust, 388, 411
TX light, 209
type 1 IBM connector, 266, 288
typeful, 464, 478
typeless, 464, 479
856 Index
U
UDF (Universal Disk Format), 381, 411
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 142, 190
UFS file system, 447
uLOS (line-of-sight), 81
unattended mode, 395

unauthorized system changes, 567
unicast address, 161, 190
uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), 577–580,
603–604, 611
uninterruptible power supply, 611
Universal Disk Format (UDF), 381, 411
universal group, 401, 412
universal serial bus (USB) port, 199–200, 242
UNIX-type operating systems, 415–450
administering, 434–442
command sampler, 426–432
connecting to, 440–441
flavors of, 419–420
hardware requirements, 420–421
installing Linux, 432
kernel, 424–425
memory model, 424
multiprocessing, 424
overview of, 416–417
system file and directory structure, 425
system file services, 426
varieties of, 417–419
unpopulated segment, 81, 131
unprotected ports, 619–620
unshielded twisted-pair (UTP), 87–90, 131
up switch, ifconfig, 510
upgrades, 684–685, 702
application upgrades, 688, 699
backbone upgrades, 696–697, 700
backleveling (reversing software upgrades), 691–692,

699–700
cabling, 695–696, 700
client, 687–688
client upgrades, 687–688
hardware, 699–700
network operating system (NOS), 689–691
NOS upgrades, 699
operating system, 689–691
or adding equipment, 693–695
reversing software upgrades (backleveling), 691–692,
699
reversing upgrades, 691–692
shared application upgrades, 688
software, 699
upgrading equipment, 693–695
uplink port, 215, 242
uplink signal, 324, 351
UPN (user principal name), 392, 412
UPSs (uninterruptible power supplies), 577–580,
603–604, 611
upstream, 312, 351
urgent pointer, 139
USB (universal serial bus) port, 199–200, 242
User Account Creation Form, 743
useradd command, 434
user communication, 698
User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 142, 190
userid command, 643
user passwords, 618
user principal name (UPN), 392, 412

users, 363
definition of, 28
establishing, 399–402
on Linux and Solaris, 434–435
on Mac OS X Server, 435–437
on NetWare network operating system, 468–471
verify user competency, 531–532
UTP (unshielded twisted-pair), 87–90, 131
V
variable data, 425
vault, 596, 611
VA (volt-amp), 579, 611
vendor information, 539–540
Version field, 145
version number, 143
vi file command, 429
virtual addresses. See network address
virtual circuits, 269, 288
virtual local area networks (VLANs)
definition of, 242
switches using to create, 225–227
virtual local area network (VLAN), 242
virtual memory, 373, 379, 412, 424
Index 857
virtual private networks (VPNs), 336–338, 351, 582
virus hoax, 611
Virus Information Library, 572
viruses, 568–575, 603, 609, 611
antivirus policies, 574–575
antivirus software, 572–574, 603

boot sector viruses, 569, 606
characteristics of, 571–572
computer viruses, 572
encryption, 571, 607
file-infected viruses, 570, 607
macro viruses, 569–570, 574, 608
network viruses, 571, 609
polymorphic viruses, 572, 609
prevention, 574–575
protection, 572
stealth viruses, 571, 610
symptoms of computer viruses, 572
time-dependent viruses, 572, 611
types, 569–571
virus hoaxes, 575
Virus Information Library, 572
VLANs (virtual local area networks), 242
definition of, 242
switches using to create, 225–227
voice/data gateway, 234, 512
Voice over IP (VoIP), 511–515, 521
VoIP (Voice over IP), 511–515, 521
volt, 131
voltage, 64, 131
volt-amp (VA), 579, 611
voltmeter, 548, 562
volumes, servers, 465
VPNs (virtual private networks), 336–338, 351, 582
W
WAN essentials, 292–293

WAN link, 351
WAN technologies comparing, 327–328
WAN topologies, 294–299
WAN (wide area network), 8, 28
war driving, 651, 663
warm site, 602, 611
warranties, 695
wave amplitude, 64
wavelength. See access points (APs)
WDM (wavelength division multiplexing), 73–74,
131
Webcasting, 74, 131
Web Edition, Windows Server 2003, 375
Web portal, 336, 351
Web server, 15, 28
Web sites, mirrored, 586
Well Known Ports, 158, 190
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) method, 651–653,
656, 663
who command, 429
whois utility, 506–507, 521
wide area network (WAN), 8, 28
Wi-Fi Alliance, 653, 663
Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2), 653, 656, 663
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), 653, 656, 663
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), 274
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) Internet access, 323
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access), 323
window, 139

Windows, Novell Client, 471
Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS),
177–178, 190
Windows Server 2003, 357, 375–414
Active Directory, 384–392
configuration for, 397–399
Datacenter Edition, 376
Enterprise Edition, 375
file systems, 380–382
hardware requirements, 377–378
installing and configuring, 395–402
memory model, 378–379
MMC (Microsoft Management Console), 382–384
overview of, 375–377
planning for installation of, 392–395
requirements for hard disk drive, 378
Standard Edition, 375
Web Edition, 375
Windows Services for UNIX, 403, 412
Windows XP, 179–180
858 Index
winipcfg utility, 509–510, 521
WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service),
177–178, 190
wire-bound signals, 110, 131
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) method, 651–653,
656, 663
wireless, 131
802.11a standard, 274–275
802.11b standard, 274

802.11 committee, 270
802.11g standard, 275
access method, 270–271
association, 271–273
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), 275–277
broadband, 351
connection, 80–81
frames, 273–274
infrared (IR), 277–280
network security, 651–653
network testers, 556–558
NICs, 202
signals, 112–113
spectrum, 109, 132
transmission, 108–117
characteristics of, 110–114
infrared transmission, 114
wireless LAN (WLAN) architecture, 115–117
wireless spectrum, 109
wireless access point (WAP). See access points (APs)
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), 274
wireless LANs (WLANs), 108, 115–117, 132, 321–326
IEEE 802.11 Internet access, 321–323
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) Internet access, 323
satellite Internet access, 324–327
wireless personal area network (WPAN), 276, 288
workgroup hubs. See standalone hub
Workgroup Manager, 435, 447
workgroups, 385, 412
workstations, 4, 9, 28

adding networked workstations, 693
diskless workstations, 147, 184
Linux, 362
on Windows XP, 179–180
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX), 323
worms, 570, 611
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2), 653, 656, 663
WPAN (wireless personal area network), 276, 288
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access), 653, 656, 663
written communications, 18
-w switch, 508
X
X.25 standard, 302–305, 351
xDSL, 351
XNU, 425, 447
Xserve, 447
X Server, 457, 479
X Window system, 447
Z
Zeroconf (Zero Configuration), 168–169, 190
Index 859
Profes sio nal
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