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Direct Speech Reported Speech
Simple Present Simple Past
Present Progressive Past Progressive
Simple Past Past Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple
Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive
Future I (going to) was / were going to
Future I (will) Conditional I (would)
Conditional I (would)
The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to do not normally change.
Example:
He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.
Place and Time expressions
Direct Speech Reported Speech
today that day
now then
Direct Speech Reported Speech
yesterday the day before
… days ago … days before
last week the week before
next year the following year
tomorrow the next day / the following day
here there
this that
these those
Besides, note that instead of ‚that‘ you use the interrogative. If there is no interrogative, use ‚whether‘ /
‚if‘.
Direct Speech Reported Speech

statement He said: “She lives in London.“ He said that she lived in London
question with interrogative He asked:“Where does she live?“ He asked where she lived.
question without
interrogative
He asked: “Does she live in London?“ He asked whether she lived in
London.
He asked if she lived in London.
It is also important that you use an indirect question in reported speech, i.e. after the interrogative or
‚whether‘ / ‚if‘ you continue the sentence as if it were a statement (subject-verb etc.). The auxiliary verb
‚do‘ is not used in indirect questions.
Example:
He asked: “Where does she live?“ – He asked where she lived
For pronouns and place / time expressions see statements in reported speech. Tenses are not relevant for
requests – simply use ‚to‘ + infinite verb.
Example:
She said, “Say hello to your mum.“ – She asked me to say hello to my mum.
For negative requests, use ‚not to‘ + infinite verb.
Example:
He said, “Don’t give up, Bob.“ – He advised Bob not to give up
Exceptions
Backshift of Simple Present is optional if the situation is still unchanged or if you agree with the original
speaker.
Beispiel:
“Canberra is the capital of Australia.“
She said that Canberra is / was the capital of Australia.
Backshift of Simple Past and Past Progressive is optional if they cannot be mistakenly taken for
backshift of Present Tense. So backshift is not necessary if there is a time expression indicating past.
Example:
“She left Boston on Monday.“
He said that she left / had left Boston on Monday.

Simple Past and Past Progressive do not normally change in sentences with when / if.
Example:
“When I was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang.“
She said that when she was having breakfast, the telephone suddenly rang.
Example:
“If I had more time, I would learn French.“
He said that if he had more time, he would learn French.
Requests
The basic rule for requests is: introductory clause + ‚to‘ + infinite verb.
Example:
“Say hello to your mum.“
She asked me to say hello to my mum.
Advise expressions with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge.
Example:
“You must read that book.“
He advised / urged me to read that book.
The expression let’s is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are various possibilities for
reported speech: gerund or statement with should.
Example:
“Let’s go to the cinema.“
He suggested going to the cinema.
He suggested that we should go.to the cinema.