english for aviation in the algerian

PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
UNIVERSITY OF TLEMCEN
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND LANGUAGES
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
SECTION OF ENGLISH
Thesis Submitted to the Department of Foreing Languages as a
partial fulfillment of the Magister” Degree in E S P
Presented by:
Ms. GHANIA MEKKAOUI
Supervised by:
Dr. HAFIDA HAMZAOUI
Academic Year : 2012/2013
English for Aviation in the Algerian context:
The case of Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers in
Zenata-Messalli El Hadj Airport.
Jury Members:
Dr. BENMOUSSAT Smail
Dr.HAMZAOUI Hafida
Dr. BENYELLES Radia
Dr. MARBOUH Zouaoui
Dr. BAICHE Ali
Professor
President
University of Tlemcen
M.C
Supervisor
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
Universityof Sidi Bel Abbe
Internal Examiner

University of Tlemcen
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I
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ABSTRACT

This study is a contribution to the field of ESP in aviation industry in an Algerian
context. The current research was conducted in Zenta - Messali el Hadj Airport. It was
a case study research that intended to explore the English language problems, Algerian
pilots and air traffic controllers might face in their job. As well as identifying their
needs, lacks, and wants. To suggest sollutions to overcome their difficulties, a needs
identification and analysis was conducted, thanks to various instruments: interviews, a
questionnaire, classroom observation, and a proficiency test.

The results indicated that all informants involved in the current research were aware of
the importance of English in aviation, as low profeciency in this language might lead
to misunderstanding, and dangerous situations. Both pilots and air traffic controllers
revealed their need to develop their English language profeciency namely in speaking
and listenining skills with special focus on vocabulary and grammar.
To conclude, the English language is important in aviation industry. A good mastery
of this language helps avoid misunderstanding and keep aviation safety. Thus,
Algerian pilots and air traffic controllers need to enhance their English language
ability thanks to appropriate English courses and well trained ESP teachers.






II

TABLEOFCONTENTS
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract I
Table of Contents II
List of Abbreviations III
List of Tables IV
List of Figures V
List of Diagrams I
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
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CHAPTERONE:ENGLISHINAVIATIONINDUSTRY
1.1. Introduction………………………………………………………… ……….… 7

1.2. Definition of English for Specific Purposes (ESP)……………………… … ….7
1.3. English for Aviation as a Sub Division of ESP……………………… … …… 10
1.4. Phraseology and Plain English as Subset of English for Aviation… …… 10
1.5. The Need of English in Aviation Industry………………………………….… 13
1.6. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) …………………………15
1.7. English for Aviation in Algeria………………………………………….……….17
1.8. Air Traffic Communication………………………………………….……….… 18
1.9. Air Traffic Comunication Involving English……………………… …….….20
III
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1.9.1. Expectations……………………………………….…………………….…22
1.9.2. Code Switching and L1 Interference…………….…………………… ….25
1.9.3. Lexical Ambiguity…………………….………………………….… …….26
1.9.4. Paralinguistic Factors…………………………….…………………….… 26
1.10. Conclusion………………………………………………….………27
CHAPTERTWO:SITUATIONANALYSIS&RESEARCHDESIGN
2.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………… ….30
2.2. Zenata Airport -Messali Al Hadj………………………………………… …30
2.3. Navigation Companies in Zenata Airport…………………………….…….…31
2.4. Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers’ Responsibilities………………….…… 32
2.5. Gaining Permission to Access the Airport………………………….…… ….34
2.6. Research Design and Methodology……………………………………….… 37
2.7. Data Collection Instruments………………………………………….……….39
2.7.1. Interviews…………… ………………………………………………… 40
2.7.1.1. Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers’ Interviews…………….……….… 41
2.7.1.2. The General Director and the Station Managers’ Interview…….….….44
2.7.1.3. The Teachers’ Interview……………………………… …… ……….45
2.7.2. Air Traffic Controllers’ Questionnaire………………………………….….47
2.7.3. Classroom Observation…………………………………………………… 48
2.7.4. Test………………………………………………………………………….49

2.7.4.1. Types of Test…………………………………………………… …….49
IV
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2.7.4.2. Description of the Test…………………………………… ……………51
2.8. Conclusion………………………………………………………………… ….54

CHAPTERTHREE:RESEARCHRESULTSANALYSIS&
INTERPRETATION
1.3. Introduction…………………………………………………………… …….….57
3.2. Pilots’ Interview…………………………………………………………… … 57
3.3. Controllers’ Interview……………………………………………………… ….64
3.4. Interview of the General Director of the National Air Navigation Company and
the Station Manager of the airport…………………………………………………….69
3.5. Controllers’ Questionnaire
………………………………………………………… ……71
3.6. Classroom Observation Analysis…………………………………………… …74
3.7. Teachers’ Interview………………………………………………………… ….80
3.7.Test analysis……………………………………………………………… ….…82
3.7.1. Qualitative Analysis of the Test………………………………………….…83
3.7.2. Quantitative Analysis of the Test…………………………………… ….…85
3.8. Summary and Discussion of the Main Findings…………………………… ….88
3.9. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….90
V
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CHAPTERFOUR:SUGGESTIONS&RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………93
4.2. Pre-Course Considerations…………………………….… ……………… … 94
4.2. 1. Needs Analysis……………………………………………………….… 94
4.2.2. Teacher Training…………………………………… ……………….….95
4.2.3 Using Texts and Well Designed Materials…………………….………… 96

4.3.2. Course Content and Teaching Techniques…………….………………….97
4.3.3. Teaching Aids……………………………………….…………… ……100
4.3.4. Collaboration between ESP Teachers and Subject Specialists…… …101
4.4. Suggested Syllabus for Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers……………… ……102
4.4.1. Objectives of the Syllabus……………………………………… ………103
4.4.2 Sample Unit 2………………………………………………………… ….105
4.4.3. Unit objectives ………………………………………… ……………… 105
4.5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………… … ……111
GENERAL CONCLUSION……………………………………………………….112
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………….………………………………………………118
VI

APPENDICES
Appendix ‘A’: Procedures to Gain Access to the Airport
Appendix ‘B’ Interviews
Appendix ‘C’: Air Traffic Controllers ‘Questionnaire
Appendix ‘D’: Test Components
Appendix ‘E’: Copy of Achievement Test for Air Traffic Controllers in the English
Training Program
Appendix ‘F’: Examples of Course Activities in the English Training Program
Appendix’G’ Calculating the Scores
Appendix ‘H’: ICAO English Language Proficiency Requirements
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VII
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
LISTOFABBREVIATIONS

ESP : English for Specific Purposes
EAP : English for Academic Purposes
EOP : English for Occupational Purposes
ELT : English Language Teaching
ESS : English for Social Sciences
EST : English for Science and Technology
LSP : Language for Specific Purposes
ATC : Air Traffic Control
ICAO : International Communication Aviation Organization.
NANC : National Air Navigation Company
ELPR : English Language Proficiency Requirements
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VIII

LISTOFTABLES

Table 2.1. Information on the Working Airlines Companies in Zenata Airport
Table 2.2
. Advantages and Disadvantages of Structured and Unstructured
Observation.
Table 2.3. Test Format and Content
Table 3.1. Participants’ Educational Background
Table 3.2. Language Background.
Table 3.3. Country of Initial Training for Pilots
Table 3.4. Pilots’ Difficulties
Table 3.5. Importance of English Language
Table 3.6. ESP Training Program
Table 3.7. Self-Evaluation of Some Skills Mastery
Table 3.8. Instances of use of English
Table 3.9. Testing
Table 3.10. Misunderstanding
Table 3.11. Country of Initial Training for Controllers
Table 3.12. Language Difficulties Encounterd by Controllers
Table 3.13. Self-Evaluation of Skills Mastery
Table 3.14. Tests
Table3.15. Causes of Misunderstanding
Table 3.16. Degree of Importance Given To Language Skills in the Three-
Preceeding Levels
Table 3.17. Evaluation of Teaching Materials
Table 3.18. Controllers’ Self -Evaluation after the English Training Program
Table 3.19. The Mandated Book Titles
Table 3.20. Textbooks Used In the Four Levels
Table 3.21. Book Division
Table 3.22. The Distribution of Hours in the Four Levels of Instruction
Table 3.24. Instances of French Interference
IX

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LISTOFFIGURES
Figure1.1. Simplified Tree of ELT.
Figure1.2. English for Aviation.
Figure1.3. The Pilot-Controller Communication Loop
Figure 1.4. Instance of Expectations: Shifting a Clearance or Instruction from One
Parameter to Another.
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LISTOFDIAGRAMS
Diagram1.1. (Dudley-Evans and Maggie’s Sub Divisions of English for Occupational
Purposes 2002)
Diagram1.2. Complex Relationship with Phraseology and Natural Language
(Stephanie 2011)
Diagram 2.2. Data Collection Procedures

Diagram 2.1: The Different Steps Taken to Gain Access to the Airport
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