Thực hành tiếng anh 1 docx

Practice Test 1
creation noun / kri 'eɪʆən / [uncountable] the act of creating something
• creation of
 The plan should result in the creation of 2000 new jobs.
 the creation of a single European currency
creativity noun / kriːeɪ 'tɪvəti / [uncountable] the ability to use your imagination to produce new
ideas, make things etc
 artistic creativity
 They have little opportunity to use judgment or creativity.
advantage noun / əd 'vɑːntɪdʒ/
1. [uncountable and countable] something that helps you to be more successful than others, or
the state of having this ￚ opposite disadvantage
• advantage over
 Her experience meant that she had a big advantage over her opponent.
 His height gives him an advantage over the other players.
 Western countries enjoyed considerable advantages in terms of technology.
 Younger workers tend to be at an advantage when applying for jobs.
• advantage of
 One of the many advantages of living in New York is that you can eat out at almost any
time of day.
 The hotel is not very modern, but it does have the advantage of being close to the city
centre.
2. take advantage of somebody to treat someone unfairly in order to get what you want,
especially someone who is generous or easily persuaded
 Don't lend them the car - they're taking advantage of you!
3. take advantage of something (to do something) to use a particular situation to do or
get what you want
 I took advantage of the good weather to paint the shed.
 You'll want to take full advantage of the beachfront clubs.
at the top (of) something
 He was standing at the top of the stairs.

 Write your name at the top of the page.
on top of something on the highest surface of something
 There should be an envelope on top of the fridge.
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external adjective / ɪk 'stɜːnl / relating to the outside of something or of a person's body
ￚ opposite internal
 the external appearance of the building
 For external use only (=written on medicines which must be put on your skin and not
swallowed)
exterior noun / ɪk 'stɪəriə / [countable] the outside of something, especially a building
ￚ opposite interior
• exterior of
 the exterior of the factory
 The dome is tiled on the exterior.
renew verb / rɪ'njuː/ [transitive] to arrange for an agreement or official document to continue for a
further period of time
• renew somebody's contract/licence/membership etc
 I need to renew my passport this year.
reform verb / rɪ'fɔːm / [transitive] to improve a system, law, organization etc by making a lot of
changes to it, so that it operates in a fairer or more effective way
 plans to radically reform the tax system
level noun / 'levəl / [countable] the amount or degree of something, compared to another amount
• level of
• high/low level
• price/income/salary etc levels
 Increased supplies are needed to meet the level of demand.
 Dolphins show a high level of intelligence.
 Inflation dropped to its lowest level in 30 years.
 At the moment, public interest is at a high level.
 the high salary levels of top executives

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basis noun / 'beɪsɪs / [countable] the facts, ideas, or things from which something can be
developed
• basis of something
• basis for something
 Bread forms the basis of their daily diet.
 The video will provide a basis for class discussion.
• on the basis of something : because of a particular fact or situation
 discrimination on the basis of sex
• on a regular/daily/weekly etc basis every day, week etc
 I'm saving money on a regular basis.
• on a voluntary/part-time/temporary etc basis a system or agreement by which someone
or something is voluntary etc
 Nurses are employed on a full-time basis.
make out phrasal verb
1. make something ↔ out to understand something, especially the reason why something has
happened
• make out what/how/why etc
 I couldn't make out what I had done to annoy her.
2. make somebody ↔ out to understand someone's character and the way they behave
 Stuart's a strange guy - I can't make him out at all.
make up phrasal verb
1. to combine together to form something ￚ synonym constitute
• make up something
• be made up of something
 Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population.
 The committee is made up of representatives from every state.
2. to produce a new story, song, game etc by thinking
 Nick made up a song about them.
 When you're the boss you can make up your own rules.

3. to put make-up (=special coloured substances) on someone's face in order to make them look
better or different
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 They made him up as an old man for the last act of the play.
after [preposition/adverb/conjunction] after something happens or after someone does something
 We went for a walk after lunch.
 Gingrich won election to the House in 1978, after Flynt retired.
 What did you do after leaving school?
• an hour/two days/a year etc after
 My father died two days after I was born.
• just after/ right after /soon after/not long after
 My sister and her husband moved west just after their wedding.
 Paul rushed home right after school.
afterwards [adverb] after an event or a time that you have just mentioned
• two years/three months etc afterwards
• soon/shortly afterwards
 The operation was rather painful, but I felt a lot better afterwards.
 A couple of years afterwards I bumped into her in a supermarket.
 His wife fell ill in June and died soon afterwards.
next /nekst/ [adverb] after something happens or after someone does something use this when
you are describing a series of events in the order they happened
 Can you remember what happened next?
later [adverb] some time after now or after the time you are talking about
• three months/two years/ten days etc later
• later on
• much later (=a long time later)
• later that day/month/year etc
 A couple of days later I saw her in a downtown bar.
 The first part of the film is really boring but it gets better later on.
 I found out much later that some of the children I taught had become teachers themselves.

 Later that month we got another letter from them asking for more money.
then [adverb] after you have done something use this when you are describing a series of
things you did, or when you are giving instructions
 First we played tennis, and then we went swimming.
subsequently [adverb] formal after an event was finished in the past
 The book was published in 1954 and was subsequently translated into fifteen languages.
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 The six men were subsequently acquitted of all charges, but only after they had served 17
years in prison.
confidential adjective / kɒnfɪ╹denʆl/ spoken or written in secret and intended to be kept secret
 a confidential government report
 Doctors are required to keep patients' records completely confidential.
 The information will be regarded as strictly confidential (=completely confidential).
implement verb / 'ɪmplɪment / [transitive] to take action or make changes that you have
officially decided should happen
• implement a policy/plan/decision etc
 We have decided to implement the committee's recommendations in full.
sighting noun /'saɪtɪŋ / [countable] an occasion on which something is seen, especially
something rare or something that people are hoping to see
• sighting of
 There were two unconfirmed sightings of UFOs in the area.
expel verb / ɪk'spel /
1. to officially force someone to leave a school or organization
• expel somebody from something
• expel somebody for doing something
 Two girls were expelled from school for taking drugs.
 The main opposition leader was expelled from her party.
 He was expelled for making racist remarks.
2. to force a foreigner to leave a country, especially because they have broken the law or for
political reasons

• expel somebody from something
• expel somebody for something
 Foreign priests were expelled from the country.
 Three diplomats were expelled for spying.
repel verb / rɪ'pel / [transitive] to keep something or someone away from you
 a lotion that repels mosquitoes
impel verb / ɪm'pel / if something impels you to do something, it makes you feel very strongly that
you must do it
• impel somebody to do something
 The lack of democracy and equality impelled the oppressed to fight for independence.
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compel verb / kəm'pel / to force someone to do something
• compel somebody to do something
 The law will compel employers to provide health insurance.
 She felt compelled to resign because of the scandal.
compelling adjective / kəm'pelɪŋ /
1. compelling reason/argument/case etc an argument etc that makes you feel certain that
something is true or that you must do something about it
 The court was presented with compelling evidence that she'd murdered her husband.
2. very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention
 His life makes a compelling story.
caution verb to warn someone that something might be dangerous, difficult etc
• caution (somebody) against something
• caution (somebody) that
• caution somebody to do something
 Business leaders are cautioning against hasty action that would hamper flexibility.
 Officials were quick to caution that these remarks did not mean an end to the peace
process.
 He cautioned them to avoid the forest at night.
oversee verb /əʊvə╹siː/ = supervise

 A team leader was appointed to oversee the project.
overwhelm verb / əʊvə'welm / [transitive usually passive]
1. if someone is overwhelmed by an emotion, they feel it so strongly that they cannot think clearly
• be overwhelmed by/with something
 Harriet was overwhelmed by a feeling of homesickness.
 The children were overwhelmed with excitement.
2. if work or a problem overwhelms someone, it is too much or too difficult to deal with
• be overwhelmed by something
• overwhelm somebody with something
 We were overwhelmed by the number of applications.
 They would be overwhelmed with paperwork.
overrule verb / əʊvə'ruːl / [transitive] to change an order or decision that you think is wrong,
using your official power
 The House of Lords overruled the decision of the Court of Appeal.
 They have the power to overrule the local council.
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overlook verb to forgive someone's mistake, bad behaviour etc and take no action
 She found him entertaining enough to overlook his faults.
inadmissible adjective / ɪnəd 'mɪsəbəl/ law inadmissible information is not allowed to be used
in a court of law
 The evidence issued on 12 February was ruled inadmissible.
procedure noun / prə'siːdʒə $ -ər / [uncountable and countable] a way of doing something
• procedure for
• correct/proper/normal etc procedure
• legal/court/parliamentary etc procedures
 What is the procedure for applying for a visa?
 This is standard procedure for getting rid of toxic waste.)
proceeds noun / 'prəʊsiːdz / [plural] formal the money that is obtained from doing something or
selling something
• proceeds of/from something

 The proceeds of the concert will go to charity.
proceeding noun / prə 'siːdɪŋ / [countable usually plural] when someone uses a court of law to
deal with a legal case
• begin/open/take proceedings (against somebody)
 She has begun divorce proceedings.
 John is taking legal proceedings against his ex-partner.
attain verb / ə 'teɪn / [transitive] formal to succeed in achieving something after trying for a long
time
 More women are attaining positions of power in public life.
 Here is your opportunity to attain a goal.
attired adjective / ə 'taɪrəd / [not before noun] formal dressed in a particular way
 He arrived suitably attired in a dark dinner suit.
attuned adjective / ə 'tjuːnd / to be or become familiar with the way someone thinks or behaves
so that you can react to them in a suitable way
• be/become attuned to something
 Kathy became attuned to a curious new odor in the air.
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priceless adjective / 'praɪsləs / extremely valuable
 priceless antiques
 The ability to motivate people is a priceless asset.
worthless adjective / 'wɜːθləs/ something that is worthless has no value, importance, or use
 The house was full of worthless junk.
 The information was worthless to me.
outdated adjective / aʊt 'deɪtɪd/ if something is outdated, it is no longer considered useful or
effective, because something more modern exists
 a factory with outdated equipment
 His writing style is now boring and outdated.
undated adjective / ʌn 'deɪtɪd / a letter, article, painting etc that is undated does not have a date
written on it
subscription noun / səb 'skrɪpʆən / [uncountable and countable] an amount of money you pay,

usually once a year, to receive copies of a newspaper or magazine, or receive a service, or the act
of paying money for this
• subscription to
 Are you interested in taking out a subscription to Newsweek?
 You may cancel your subscription at any time.
 I've decided not to renew my subscription.
prescription noun / prɪ 'skrɪpʆən / [countable] a piece of paper on which a doctor writes what
medicine a sick person should have, so that they can get it from a pharmacist
• prescription for
 a prescription for sleeping pills
 I got the prescription filled on the way home.
inscription noun / ɪn 'skrɪpʆən / [countable] a piece of writing inscribed on a stone, in the front
of a book etc
 a Latin inscription on the memorial stone
conscription noun / kən 'skrɪpʆən / [uncountable] when people are made to join the army,
navy etc
 When was conscription introduced in Britain?
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stagflation noun / stæg 'fleɪʆən / [uncountable] an economic situation in which there is inflation
(=a continuing rise in prices) but many people do not have jobs and businesses are not doing well
reinstate verb / riːɪn 'steɪt / [transitive] if someone is reinstated, they are officially given back
their job after it was taken away
 Hannigan was reinstated after students protested his dismissal.
overstate verb / əʊvə 'steɪt/ [transitive] = exaggerate ￚ opposite understate
 Politicians typically overstate their case in order to get their point across.
 The company says that the dangers of driving while using cell phones have been
overstated.
countermand verb /kaʊntə'mɑːnd / [transitive] to officially tell people to ignore an order,
especially by giving them a different one
 Terrorists tried to force him to countermand the order to attack.

reprimand verb / 'reprɪmɑːnd / [transitive] to tell someone officially that something they have
done is very wrong
• reprimand somebody for (doing) something
 The military court reprimanded him for failing to do his duty.
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Reading Comprehension
refund noun /╹riːfʌnd / [countable] an amount of money that is given back to you if you are not
satisfied with the goods or services that you have paid for
 They refused to give me a refund.
 Return your purchase within 14 days for a full refund.
 You should go down there and demand a refund.
attire noun / ə╹taɪə / [uncountable] clothes
 business attire
criterion noun / kraɪ╹tɪəriən/ plural criteria / -riə / [countable usually plural] a standard that
you use to judge something or make a decision about something
• criterion for something
• meet/satisfy/fulfil criteria
 the criteria for measuring how good schools are
 Academic ability is not the sole criterion for admission to the college.
 To qualify for a grant, students must satisfy certain criteria.
suite noun / swiːt / [countable] a set of rooms, especially expensive ones in a hotel
 a honeymoon suite
 a suite of rooms for palace guests
in advance (of something) before something happens or is expected to happen
• six months/a year etc in advance
 I should warn you in advance that I'm not a very good dancer.
 The airline suggests booking tickets 21 days in advance.
complimentary adjective / kɒmplɪ╹mentəri/ given free to people
 There was a complimentary bottle of champagne in the hotel room.
 I've got some complimentary tickets for the theatre tonight.

continental breakfast noun [countable] a breakfast consisting of coffee and bread with
butter and jam
aquatic adjective / ə ╹kwætɪk/ living or growing in water
 an aquatic plant
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initiate verb / ɪ╹nɪʆieɪt / [transitive] to arrange for something important to start, such as an
official process or a new plan
 They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper.
 Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.
eligible adjective /╹elɪdʒəbəl / someone who is eligible for something is able or allowed to do it,
for example because they are the right age
• be eligible for something
• be eligible to do something
 Students on a part-time course are not eligible for a loan.
 Over 500,000 18-year-olds will become eligible to vote this year.
mandatory adjective / ╹mændətɔːri / if something is mandatory, the law says it must be done
ￚ synonym compulsory, obligatory
• mandatory for
 Crash helmets are mandatory for motorcyclists.
 The Council has made it mandatory for all nurses to attend a refresher course every
three years.
permanent adjective /╹pɜːmənənt / continuing to exist for a long time or for all the time in the
future ￚ opposite temporary
 He gave up a permanent job in order to freelance.
be subject to a rule/law/penalty/tax etc if you are subject to a rule, law, penalty etc,
you must obey the rule or pay an amount of money
 Violators are subject to a $100 fine.
tax relief noun [uncountable] when you do not have to pay tax on part of what you earn,
especially because you use the money for a particular purpose
• tax relief on something

 You can get tax relief on private health insurance premiums.
incentive noun / ɪn╹sentɪv / [uncountable and countable] something that encourages you to
work harder, start a new activity etc
• create/provide/give somebody an incentive
• economic/financial/tax etc incentives
 Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.
 Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically.
 The recycling drive was backed with financial incentives.
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exceed verb / ɪk ╹siːd / [transitive] surpass, go beyond
 Working hours must not exceed 42 hours a week.
 His performance exceeded our expectations.
 He was fined for exceeding the speed limit.
badge noun / bædʒ / [countable] a small piece of metal or plastic that you carry to show people
that you work for a particular organization, for example that you are a police officer
plenary adjective / ╹pliːnəri / [only before noun] formal involving all the members of a
committee, organization etc
 The conference ended with a plenary debate.
reimburse verb / riːɪm╹bɜːs / [transitive] to pay money back to someone when their money has
been spent or lost
• reimburse somebody for something
 The company will reimburse you for travel expenses.
expire verb / ɪk ╹spaɪə / [intransitive] if an official document expires, it can no longer be legally
used
• expire in/on/at
 My passport expires next week.
 My driving licence expires in March.
 The lease on the flat expired on June 14th.
renew verb / rɪ╹njuː/ [transitive] to arrange for an agreement or official document to continue for
a further period of time

• renew somebody's contract/licence/membership etc
 I need to renew my passport this year.
subscribe / səb╹skraɪb / [intransitive] to pay money, usually once a year, to have copies of a
newspaper or magazine sent to you, or to have some other service
• subscribe to
 You can subscribe to the magazine for as little as $32 a year.
bi- prefix / baɪ / two, twice, or double
 bilingual (=speaking two languages)
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patent noun / ╹peɪtnt, pæ- / [uncountable and countable] a special document that gives you
the right to make or sell a new invention or product that no one else is allowed to copy
• patent on/for something
 He applied for a patent for a new method of removing paint.
 He wants to take out a patent on his new type of dustbin.
 The drugs are protected by patent.
relocate verb / riːləʊ╹keɪt / [intransitive and transitive] if a person or business relocates, or if
they are relocated, they move to a different place
• relocate to something
• relocate in something
• relocate somebody/something to something
 A lot of firms are relocating to the North of England.
 businesses that relocate in depressed areas
 The residents were relocated to temporary accommodation while the work was being
done.
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Practice Test 2
lighten verb /╹laɪtn / to reduce the amount of work, worry, debt etc that someone has
• lighten the load/burden/workload
 We should hire another secretary to lighten Barbara's workload.
liquid assets noun /╹æset / [plural] the money that a company or person has, and the property

they can exchange for money
cut down phrasal verb to reduce the amount of something
 Installing double-glazing will cut down the noise from traffic.
 Cut down on fatty foods and alcohol if you want to lose weight.
cut something ↔ off to stop the supply of something such as electricity, gas, water etc
 The gas had been cut off.
 The US has threatened to cut off economic and military aid.
cut out phrasal verb to remove something by cutting round it
 The cancerous cells had to be cut out.
 Billy showed me the article he'd cut out of the magazine.
increment noun /╹ɪŋkrəmənt / [countable] a regular increase in the amount of money someone
is paid
 a salary of £18,000, with annual increments of 2.5%
implement noun /╹ɪmplɪmənt / [countable] a tool, especially one used for outdoor physical
work
 farming implements
incident noun /╹ɪnsɪdənt / [countable] an event, especially one that is unusual, important, or
violent
 A spokesman said it was an isolated incident.
line verb [transitive] to form rows along the sides of something
• be lined with something
 Crowds lined the route to the palace.
 The street was lined with small shops.
 a tree-lined avenue
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attention noun /ə╹tenʆən / [uncountable] when you carefully listen to, look at, or think about
someone or something
 She tried to pay attention to what he was saying.
 Scott sat down at his desk and turned his attention to the file he had in front of him.
 Now that he's gone, I can give you my undivided attention.

 This game is fun and is sure to keep the attention of any young student.
 They listened to the speech with close attention.
 a player who quickly attracted the attention of several clubs
 The exhibition received little attention in the press.
 The book holds the reader's attention right to the very end.
sluggish adjective/╹slʌgɪʆ / moving or reacting more slowly than normal
 Alex woke late feeling tired and sluggish.
 Economic recovery has so far been sluggish.
indicate verb /╹ɪndɪkeɪt / [transitive] to show that a particular situation exists
• indicate something
• indicate (that)
 Research indicates that over 81% of teachers are dissatisfied with their salary.
 The study indicates a strong connection between poverty and crime.
show verb /ʆəʊ /
1. [transitive] to let someone see something
• show somebody something/ show something to somebody
 The children proudly showed me their presents.
 Show your ticket to the woman at the entrance.
2. PROVE SOMETHING
• show (that)/ show somebody (that)
 The Polish economy began to show signs of recovery.
 Several studies have shown that aggressive toys lead to bad behaviour.
 We have shown our critics that we can succeed.
demonstrate verb /╹demənstreɪt / [transitive] to show or prove something clearly
• demonstrate that
 The study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition.
 Hitchcock’s films demonstrate that a British filmmaker could learn from Hollywood.
 This section will attempt to demonstrate how the Bank of England operates.
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point to/towards to suggest that something is true

 All the evidence pointed towards Blake as the murderer.
on your own alone
 I've been living on my own for four years now.
 You can't expect him to do it all on his own.
 I can manage on my own, thanks.
tell somebody about something
 No one had told them about the drug's side effects.
 I'll tell you all about it when I get back.
discuss something (with somebody) to talk about something with another person
 If you would like to discuss the matter further, please call me.
 Pupils should be given time to discuss the book with their classmates.
mention something (to somebody)/ mention that … to talk or write about
something or someone, usually quickly and without saying very much or giving details
 Some of the problems were mentioned in his report.
 I mentioned the idea to Joan, and she seemed to like it.
 He mentioned that he was having problems, but he didn't explain.
fill in for someone to do someone's job because they are not there
 I'm filling in for Joe for a few days.
fill something ↔ out to write all the necessary information on an official document, form etc
fill up phrasal verb if a container or place fills up, or if you fill it up, it becomes full
 Shall I fill the car up (=with petrol)?
be best/well/ideally/perfectly etc suited to/for something to have the right
qualities to do something
The activity holidays on offer are really best suited to groups.
be suitable for someone/something having the right qualities for a particular person,
purpose, or situation
 The house is not really suitable for a large family.
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peak [only before noun] used to talk about the best, highest, or greatest level or amount of
something

 Gasoline prices are 14% below the peak level they hit in November.
 periods of peak demand for electricity
 There are two boat trips a day, more in peak season.
summit noun /╹sʌmɪt / [countable]
1. an important meeting or set of meetings between the leaders of several governments
 The two presidents agreed to hold a summit in the spring.
 a five-nation summit meeting
2. peak
 Many people have now reached the summit of Mount Everest.
in the long run/term used when talking about what will happen at a later time or when
something is finished
 All our hard work will be worth it in the long run.
long-term adjective [usually before noun] continuing for a long period of time into the future,
 the long-term future of the fishing industry
 the long-term interests of the company
 long-term plan/strategy/solution
 long-term loan/investment
short-term adjective [usually before noun] continuing for only a short time
 Most of the staff are on short-term contracts.
 She's suffering from short-term memory loss.
initial adjective / ɪ╹nɪʆəl / [only before noun] happening at the beginning
 an initial investment of £5000
 initial stage/phase/period
initial noun initials [plural] the first letters of all your names in order
 His initials are DPH: they stand for David Perry Hallworth.
initial verb write your initials on a document to make it official
 The two countries have initialled a new defence co-operation agreement.
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initiate verb / ɪ╹nɪʆieɪt / [transitive] to arrange for something important to start, such as an official
process or a new plan

 They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper.
 Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.
break out phrasal verb start to happen
 I was still living in London when the war broke out.
 Fighting broke out between demonstrators and the police.
break up phrasal verb
1. to separate something into several smaller parts
 There are plans to break the company up into several smaller independent companies.
2. if a marriage, group of people, or relationship breaks up, the people in it separate and do not
live or work together any more
 He lost his job and his marriage broke up.
 Many bands break up because of personality clashes between the musicians.
 Has Sam really broken up with Lucy?
3. if a meeting or party breaks up, people start to leave
The party didn't break up until after midnight. The meeting broke up without any agreement.
break into something phrasal verb
1. to enter a building or car by using force, in order to steal something
 Someone broke into my car and stole the radio.
 Her house was broken into last week.
2. to become involved in a new job or business activity
 She made an attempt to break into journalism.
 Many British firms have failed in their attempts to break into the American market.
break down phrasal verb
1. if a car or machine breaks down, it stops working
 The car broke down just north of Paris.
 The printing machines are always breaking down.
2. to fail or stop working in a successful way
 Negotiations broke down after only two days.
 I left London when my marriage broke down.
3. if you break down a door, you hit it so hard that it breaks and falls to the ground

 Police had to break down the door to get into the flat.
4. to be unable to stop yourself crying, especially in public
 She broke down in tears when she heard the news.
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regarding preposition / rɪ╹gɑːdɪŋ / = concerning, with regard to
 Regarding your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our new brochure.
regards [plural] good wishes - used when sending your good wishes to someone or when
ending a short letter or message
 My husband sends his regards.
 (with) kind/best regards (=used to end a letter in a friendly but rather formal way)
regardless of without being affected or influenced by something
 The law requires equal treatment for all, regardless of race, religion, or sex.
disregard verb / dɪsrɪ╹gɑːd / [transitive] to ignore something
 Mark totally disregarded my advice.
price tag noun [countable] a piece of paper with a price on it that is attached to something in a
(in) working order working properly and not broken
• be in good/perfect/full etc working order
 The car was old, but the engine was still in good working order.
 the amount of exercise needed to keep your body in working order.
see eye to eye [usually in negatives] if two people see eye to eye, they agree with each other
 We didn't exactly see eye to eye.
 I don't always see eye to eye with my father.
 We don't see eye to eye on business issues.
from top to toe/from head to foot if a person is dressed or covered in something from
top to toe, they are completely dressed or covered in it
 They were covered in mud from top to toe.
smile/grin etc from ear to ear to show that you are very happy or pleased by smiling a lot
 She came out of his office, beaming from ear to ear.
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Reading Comprehension

exclusively adverb / ɪk╹skluːsɪvli / = only
 This offer is available exclusively to people who call now.
dramatic adjective / drə╹mætɪk /
1. great and sudden
• dramatic change/shift/improvement
• dramatic increase/rise/fall/drop/reduction etc
• dramatic effect/results
 Computers have brought dramatic changes to the workplace.
 Universities have suffered a dramatic drop in student numbers.
 A serious accident can have a dramatic effect on your family's finances.
2. exciting or impressive
 A superb goal by Owen earned United a dramatic victory yesterday.
 The dramatic scenery of the Grand Canyon
subscribe / səb╹skraɪb / [intransitive] to pay money, usually once a year, to have copies of a
newspaper or magazine sent to you, or to have some other service
• subscribe to
 You can subscribe to the magazine for as little as $32 a year.
ongoing adjective / ╹ɒngəʊɪŋ/ continuing, or continuing to develop
 their ongoing search for a new director
 ongoing negotiations
conserve verb / kən╹sɜːv / [transitive]
1. to protect something and prevent it from changing or being damaged
 We must conserve our woodlands for future generations.
2. to use as little water, energy etc as possible so that it is not wasted
 As a way of conserving water, people were not allowed to use hosepipes or wash their
cars.
boost verb / buːst / [transitive] to increase or improve something and make it more successful
• boost somebody's confidence/morale/ego
 The new resort area has boosted tourism.
 The win boosted the team's confidence.

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efficiency noun / ɪ╹fɪʆənsi / [uncountable] the quality of doing something well and effectively,
without wasting time, money, or energy
• efficiency of
 the efficiency of the train service
 considerable advancements in energy efficiency
notify verb / ╹nəʊtɪfaɪ/ = inform
• notify somebody of something
• notify somebody that
 You will be notified of any changes in the system.
 In August we were notified that our article had been rejected.
fill a post/position/vacancy etc to perform a particular job, activity, or purpose in an
organization, or to find someone or something to do this
 Women fill 35% of senior management positions.
 Thank you for your letter. Unfortunately, the vacancy has already been filled.
ailing adjective /╹eɪlɪŋ / [usually before noun] an ailing company, organization, or economy is
having a lot of problems and is not successful
 the ailing car industry
be bound (by something) to do something to be forced to do what a law or
agreement says you must do
 The Foundation is bound by the treaty to help any nation that requests aid.
 You are legally bound to report the accident.
renew verb / rɪ'njuː/ [transitive] to arrange for an agreement or official document to continue for a
further period of time
• renew somebody's contract/licence/membership etc
 I need to renew my passport this year.
merger noun /╹mɜːdʒə / [countable] the joining together of two or more companies or
organizations to form one larger one
• merger of/between
 a proposed merger between two of the largest software companies

 merger negotiations
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rinse verb / rɪns / [transitive] to remove soap, dirt etc from something by washing it quickly with
water
• rinse something off/out/away etc
 Leave the shampoo for two minutes, then rinse it off with warm water.
 I rinsed the mud out under the tap.
desire verb to want something very much
• desire to do something
 He desired to return to Mexico.
 Add lemon juice if desired
wind-up adjective /╹waɪnd ʌp / [only before noun] relating to a machine or toy that you turn part
of several times, in order to make it move or start working
 a wind-up gramophone
substitute noun / ╹sʌbstɪtjuːt / [countable] a person or thing that you use instead of the one
that you usually have, because the usual one is not available
 a sugar substitute
address verb / ə╹dres / [transitive]
1. if you address a problem, you start trying to solve it
• address a problem/question/issue etc
 Our products address the needs of real users.
2. to use a particular title or name when speaking or writing to someone
• address somebody as something
 The president should be addressed as 'Mr. President'.
collaborate / kə╹læbəreɪt / [intransitive] to work together with a person or group in order to
achieve something, especially in science or art
• collaborate on something
• collaborate with someone
• collaborate to do something
• collaborate in (doing) something

 The two nations are collaborating on several satellite projects.
 During the late seventies, he collaborated with the legendary Muddy Waters.
 Researchers are collaborating to develop the vaccine.
 Elephants collaborate in looking after their young.
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prominent adjective /╹prɒmɪnənt/
1. important
• play a prominent part/role (in something)
 a prominent Russian scientist
 Mandela played a prominent role in the early years of the ANC.
2. something that is in a prominent place is easily seen
• prominent place/position
 The statue was in a prominent position outside the railway station.
audit noun /╹ɔːdɪt/ an official examination of a company's financial records in order to check that
they are correct
 the annual audit
audit verb to officially examine a company's financial records in order to check that they are
correct
 The fund is audited annually by an accountant.
anticipate verb /æn╹tɪsɪpeɪt / to expect that something will happen and be ready for it
• anticipate changes/developments
• anticipate problems/difficulties
• anticipate (that)
 Sales are better than anticipated.
 The schedule isn't final, but we don't anticipate many changes.
 We don't anticipate any problems.
 A good speaker is able to anticipate an audience's needs and concerns.
 This year, we anticipate that our expenses will be 15% greater.
time-consuming adjective taking a long time to do
 a complex and time-consuming process

bill verb to send someone a bill
• bill somebody for something
 Clients will be billed monthly.
 I was billed for equipment that I didn't order.
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schedule noun / ╹skedʒʊl / [countable] a plan of what someone is going to do and when they
are going to do it
• on schedule (=at the planned time)
• ahead of/behind schedule (=before or after the planned time)
 The majority of holiday flights depart and arrive on schedule.
 Meg's new book is still well ahead of schedule.
 How can he fit everything into his busy schedule?
 I'm going to be working to a very tight schedule (=including a lot of things that must be
done in a short time).
soar verb / sɔːr / [intransitive] to increase quickly to a high level ￚ opposite plummet
 The price of petrol has soared in recent weeks.
 soaring unemployment
stable adjective / ╹steɪbəl / steady and not likely to move or change ￚ opposite
unstable
• in a stable condition
 A wide base will make the structure much more stable.
 He is said to be in a stable condition in hospital.
 Children like a stable environment.
drive something ↔ up phrasal verb to make prices, costs etc rise quickly
 The oil shortage drove gas prices up by 20 cents a gallon.
shortfall noun /╹ʆɔːtfɔːl/ [countable] the difference between the amount you have and the
amount you need or expect
• shortfall in/ of something
 Parents have been asked to pay £30 each to cover the shortfall in the budget.
 an estimated shortfall of about £1 million

the bulk (of something) the main or largest part of something
 The bulk of consumers are based in towns.
accelerate verb / ək╹seləreɪt / [intransitive and transitive] if a process accelerates or if
something accelerates it, it happens faster than usual or sooner than you expect
 measures to accelerate the rate of economic growth
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account for something phrasal verb
1. to form a particular amount or part of something
 Afro-Americans account for 12% of the US population.
2. explain
 Recent pressure at work may account for his behavior.
skyrocket verb / ╹skaɪrɒkɪt/ [intransitive] informal if a price or an amount skyrockets, it greatly
increases very quickly
 The trade deficit has skyrocketed.
 skyrocketing inflation
convert verb / kən ╹vɜːt / to change something into a different form of thing
• convert something to/into something
 They converted the spare bedroom into an office.
 The stocks can be easily converted to cash.
virtually adverb / ╹vɜːtʆuəli / almost
 Virtually all the children come to school by bus.
 He was virtually unknown before running for office.
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