Giáo trình luyện thi ĐH môn Anh Văn

Preparation course for
the University
Entrance Exam

(Material collected and adapted
from many coursebooks)






TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit 1 : TENSES 1
Unit 2: SEQUENCES OF TENSES IN ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME
11
Unit 3 : THE PASSIVE 14
Unit 4: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 15
Unit 5 : WISH CLAUSES 18
Unit 6 : REPORTED SPEECH (Câu tƣờng thuật) 20
Unit 7 : RELATIVE CLAUSES (Mệnh đề quan hệ) 28
Unit 8: CLEFT SENTENCES 32
Unit 9 : PHRASAL VERBS 33
Unit 10: MODAL VERBS 36
Unit 11 : PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT 36
Unit 12: CONNECTORS 38
Unit 13 : STRUCTURES OF “USE” 39
Unit 14: ARTICLES 40
Unit 15: QUESTIONS 41

Unit 16: PREPOSITIONS 42
Unit 17: EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY 49
Unit 18: POSITIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT 50
Unit 19: CLAUSES AFTER AS IF, AS THOUGH, 51
Unit 20: INVERSION (đảo ngữ) 52
Unit 21 : WORD FORM 55
Unit 22: ADJECTIVES 57
Unit 23: SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT 60
Unit 24: NOUN CLAUSES 63
Unit 25: BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS 64
Unit 26: NON- FINITE VERBS 66
EXERCISES 69


1

Unit 1 : TENSES

Summary of Verb tenses
Simple present
Present continuous
Present perfect
Present
perfect
continuous
1. nhận xét,cảm
xúc ở hiện
tại
2. chân lý
3. thói quen

hằng ngày
every…,always,
usually, often,
sometimes, rarely=
seldom, never…

* He/ She/ It + V-es/
-s
( +-es: -o,-ch,-x,-ss,
-sh, -z)

* I/ We/ You/ They
+ V
0

1. chuyện đang
xảy ra ở hiện
tại (right)
now, at the
moment, at
this time,
2. câu mệnh
lệnh:
Look! He‟s
swimming.
3. chuyện sắp
xảy ra ở tương
lai gần.
He‟s going to HCM
city tomorrow.

* I am
He/she /It is +
V-ing
We /You /They are
1. chuyện vừa xảy ra:
JUST
2. chuyện xảy ra
trong quá khứ một
hay vài lần, không
xác định rõ thời
gian: ever,
never,already,yet,
recently, (or)
several times…
3. chuyện quá khứ,
biết rõ thời gian,
nhưng thời gian đó
chưa qua hết lúc
nói: today, this (
week)
4. chuyện từ quá khứ
đến hiện tại : since,
for
* He /she /It has
I /We /You/ They
have + V3/-ed
Tương tự
Present
Perfect
tense,

nhưng để
nhấn mạnh
sự liên tục
của hành
động.
Simple past
Past continuous
Past Perfect
Past
Perfect
continuous
1. chuyện quá
khứ, biết rõ
thời gian
nhưng cắt
đứt với hiện
tại:
yesterday,
the day
before
yesterday,
last…,…ago
, in 2002…
2. thói quen
1. chuyện đang xảy ra
tại một thời điểm hay
một khoảng thời gian
xác định rõ trong quá
khứ: while, yesterday,
the day before

yesterday,
last…….,…ago, in
2002…+point or
period of time


* I / He/ She/ It was+
1. chuyện xảy ra trước một
thời điểm hay một hành
động khác trong quá
khứ.before, after, by the
time, by (+ point of time
in the past)




* Had + V3/-ed
Tương tự
past perfect
tense,
nhưng để
nhấn mạnh
sự liên tục
của hành
động.



2

trong quá
khứ: USED
TO +
infininitive
* V2/-ed
V-ing
We /You/ They were
Simple future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future
Perfect
continuous
1. chuyện xảy
ra trong
tương lai biết
rõ thời gian:
tomorrow,
the day after
tomorrow,
next…, in (3
months),
later, soon,
in 2010.
Note: không dùng
Will/ Shall sau
before, after, when,
while, as soon as,
until, since,if

* Will + Vo
1. chuyện đang xảy ra
tại một thời điểm hay
một khoảng thời gian
xác định rõ trong
tương lai: while,
tomorrow, the day
after tomorrow,
next…, in (3
months), later, soon,
in 2010…+ point or
period of time.




*Will + be + V-ing
1. chuyện đang xảy ra
trước một thời điểm hay
một hành động khác trong
tương lai: before, after, by
the time, by (+ point of
time in the future)
Tương tự
future
perfect
tense,
nhưng để
nhấn mạnh
sự liên tục

của hành
động.


SOME NOTES :
I. PRESENT TIME
BASIC CONTRASTS: PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. Present simple generally refers to:
- Facts that are always true. Ex: Water boils at 100 degree Celsius.
- Habits. Ex: British people drink a lot of tea.
- States. Ex: I don‟t like gangster films.
2. Present continuous generally refers to actions which are in progress at the
moment.
- These can be temporary.
Ex: I‟m staying in a hotel until I find a flat.
- They can be actually in progress.
Ex: The dog is sleeping on our bed!
- Or they can be generally in progress but not actually happening at the moment.
Ex: I‟m learning to drive.
3. State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs
=>describe a continuing state, so do not usually have a continuous form. Typical
examples are:


3

believe, belong, consist, contain, doubt, fit, have, know, like, love, matter, mean,
need, own, prefer, seem, suppose, suspect, understand, want, wish.
4. Some verbs have a stative meaning and a different active meaning. Typical
examples are:

Be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh
Compare these uses:
state
event
Jack is noisy.
Deirdre has a Porsche.
I think I like you!
This fish tastes awful!
I feel that you are wrong.
This bag weighs a ton!
It depends what you mean.
Jill‟s being noisy.
We‟re having an interesting conversation!
David‟s thinking about getting a new job.
I‟m just tasting the soup.
I‟m feeling terrible.
We‟re weighing the baby.
Bill, I‟m depending on you to win this
contract for us.

The differences here apply to all tense forms, not just to present tense forms.
Other uses of present continuous
1. Temporary situations
Ex: Are you enjoying your stay here?
2. Repeated actions
Ex: My car has broken down, so I am walking to work these days.
3. Complaints about annoying habits
Ex: You are always making sarcastic remarks about my cooking!
Other possible adverbs are: constantly, continually, forever.
4. With verbs describing change and development

Ex: - The weather is getting worse!
- More and more people are giving up smoking.
Other uses of present simple
1. Making declarations
Verbs describing opinion and feeling tend to be state verbs.
Ex: a. I hope you‟ll come to my party.
b. I bet you don‟t know the answer!
c. I hereby declare this hospital open!
2. Headlines
These are written in a “telegram” style, and references to the past are usually
simplified to present simple.
Ex: Ship sinks in midnight collision.
3. Instructions and itineraries
Instructions and recipes can be written in present simple instead of inimperative
forms. This style is more personal.
Ex: First you roll out the pastry.
Itineraries are descriptions of travel arrangements.
Ex: On day three we visit Stratford-upon-Avon.
4. Summaries of events


4

Plots of stories, films etc., and summaries of historical events use present (and
present perfect) verb forms.
May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an end.
…At the end of the play both families realize that their hatred caused the deaths of the
lovers…
5. “Historic present” in narrative and funny stories
In informal speech, it is possible to use what we call the “historic present” to describe

past events, especially to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic.
Ex:….So then the second man asks the first one why he has a banana in his ear and
the first one says…

II. FUTURE TIME
Basic contrasts: WILL, GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. Will : known as the predictive future, and known facts or what we suppose is true.
I‟ll be late home this evening.
The company will make a profit next year.
This can also take the form of an assumption.
That‟ll be Jim at the door (This means that I suppose it is Jim.)
2. Will : used to express an immediate decision.
I‟ll take this one.
3. Going to: describe intentions or plans. At the moment of speaking the plans have
already been made.
I‟m going to wait here until Carol gets back.
- also used to describe an event whose cause is present or evident.
- Look at that tree! It‟s going to fall.
- Compare the following with the Will examples above:
- I‟m going to be late this evening. I‟ve got lots of paperwork to finish off.
- The figures are good. I can see the company is going to make a profit this year.
- Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future.
4. Present Continuous describes fixed arrangments, especially social and travel
arrangments. A time reference is included. Note the strong similarity to the Going
to future. I am having a party next week and I am going to have a party next week
are communicating the same message.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

1. This describes an event which will be happening at a future point.

Come round in the morning. I‟ll be painting in the kitchen.
2. It can also describe events which are going to happen anyway, rather than
events which we choose to make happen.
I won‟t bother to fix a time to see you, because I‟ll be calling into the office
anyway several times next week.
3. In some contexts, future continuous also sounds more polite than Will.
Will you be going to the shop later? If you go, could you get me some milk?
4. It can also be used to refer to fixed arrangments and plans.
The band will be performing live in Paris this summer.


5


FUTURE PERFECT
1. This has both simple and continuous forms and refers to time which we
look back at from a future point.
In two years‟s time I‟ll have finished the book.
By the end of the month, I‟ll have been working for this firm for a year.
2. It can also be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker.
You won‟t have heard the news, of course. (I assume you have not hear the
news.)
Other ways of referring to the future
1. Is/ are to be
Used to describe formal arrangments.
All students are to assemble in the hall at 9:00.
2. Be about to, be on the point of, be due to, just/ just about to
Be about to, be on the point of both refer to the next moment.
I think the play is about to start now.
Be due to refers to scheduled times.

Ann‟s flight is due to arrive at 6:20. (or is due at 6:20)
Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening.
Hurry up! The train is just leaving/ just about to leave.
3. Present simple and present perfect
Present simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses.
When we get there, we‟ll have dinner.
Present perfect can also be used instead of present simple when the
completion of the event is emphasized.
When we‟ve had a rest, we‟ll go out.
4. Prsent simple is also used to describe fixed events which are not simply
the wishes of the speaker.
Tom retires in three years.
Similar;y, calendar references use the present simple.
Christmas is on a Tuesday next year.
Other future refernces
1. Hope
This can be followed by either present or future verb forms.
I hope it doesn‟t rain. I hope it won‟t rain.
2. Other verbs followed by Will
Most verbs of thinkinh can be followed by will if there is future reference.
These include: think, believe, expect, doubt.
I expect the train will be late. I doubt whether United will win.

III. PAST TIME
Basic constracts: past simple and past continuous
1. Past simple generally refers to:
- Completed actions
I got up, switched off the radio, and sat down again.
- Habits

6

Every day I went to the park.
- States
- In those days, I didn‟t like reading.
2. Past continuous generally refers to:
- Actions in progress (often interrupted by events)
I was drinking my coffee at the time.
While I was opening the letter, the phone rang.
- Background description in narrative
I entered the office and looked around. Most people were working at their desks, but
Jane was staring out of the window and pretending to write something at the same
time.
- Chaning states
The car was getting worse all the time. One of the headlights was gradually falling
off, and the engine was making more and more funny noises.
- Repeated actions – criticism
With a frequency adverb, this use is similar to the use of present continuous to
express annoyance.
When Jane was at school, she was always losing things.
3. Past continuous is not used to describe general habitual actions, without the sense
of criticism mentioned above. Past simple is used for this meaning.
When I lived in London, I walked through the park every day.
Past perfect simple and continuous
1. We use the past perfect when we are already talking about the past, and we want
to go back to an earlier past time. ( “past in the past”).
By the time I got to the station, the train had left.
Compare this with:
The train left five minutes before I got to the station.

When we talk about a sequence of past events in the order that they happened, we
more commonly use the past simple, especially with quick, short actions.
2. past perfect continuous
the same contrasts between past simple and past continuous (see previous section) can
be made in past perfect verb forms for events further back in the past.
I had been living in a bed-sitter up to then.
While I had been talking on the phone, Jimmy had escaped.
The whole place was deserted, but it was obvious that someone had been living there.
They‟d been cooking in the kitchen for a start, and they hadn‟t bothered to clear up
the mess.
Used to and would
1. used to
this often contrasts with the present. The contrast may be stated or understood. There
is no present tense form “use to”
I used to go swimming a lot.( but I don‟t now).
The negative form is either: I didn‟t use to or I used not to (rare for some speakers).
2. would
This describes repeated actions, not states. It describes a habitual activity which was
typical of a person or a time period.


7

Every week he‟d buy has mother a bunch of flowers. (habitual activity).
I used to like cowboy films.
Where we use would to describe a habitual activity, used to is also possible.
Every week he used to buy his mother a bunch of flowers.
Unfulfilled past events
1. these describe events intended to take place, but which did not happen.
I was going to phone you, but I forgot.

I was thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven‟t decided.
I was about to do it, but I started doing something else.
Jack was to have taken part, but he fell ill.
2. the contrasting past event is often understood, but not stated.
How are you? I was going to phone you….(but I didn‟t)

IV. PRESENT PERFECT
PPESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
1. present perfect simple refers to:
recent events, without a definite time given. The recentness may be indicated by just.
We‟ve missed the turning. I‟ve just seen a ghost!
Indefinite events, which happened at an unknown time in the past. No definite time is
given.
Jim has had three car accidents. (up to the present)
Indefinite events which may have an obviuos result in the present.
I‟ve twisted my ankle. (that‟s why I‟m limping).
With state verbs, a state which lasts up to the present.
I‟ve been jogging every morning for the last month.
2. Contrast with past simple
Past simple is used with time expressions which refer to definite times. The time may
be stated or understood. Compare:
I‟ve bought a new car. (indefinite time)
I bought a new car last week. (definite time)
I bought the car after all. (implied definite: the car we talked about).
Choice between past simple and present perfect for recent events may depend on the
attitude of the speaker. This in turn may depend on whether the speaker feels distant
in time or place from the event.
I‟ve left my wallet in the car. I „m going back to get it.
Here the speaker may be about to return, and feels that the event is connected with the
present.

I left my wallet in the car. I „m going back to get it.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. Present perfect continuous can refer to a range of meanings, depending on the
time expression used and the context.
- a state which lasts up to the present moment.
I „ ve been wating for you for three hours!
- an incomplete activity
I‟ ve been cleaning the house but I still haven‟t finished.
- to emphasize duration


8

I „ve been writing letters all morning.
- a recently finished activity
I‟ ve been running. That „s why I look hot.
- a repeated activity
- I‟ ve been taking French lessons this year.
2. contrast with present perfect simple
there may be little contrast when some state verbs are used.
How long have you lived here?
How long have you been living here?
Some verbs (especially sit, lie, wait and stay) prefer the continuous form.
There may be a contrast between completion and incompletion, especially if the
number of items completed is mentioned.
Completed: emphasis on achievement
I‟ve ironed five shirts.
Incomplete, or recently completed: emphasis on duration
I‟ve been ironing my shirts.
3. time expressions with present perfect

Meaning with present perfect verb forms is often associated with certain time
expressions.
Contrast with past simple may depend on the choice of time expression.
Past simple: referring to a specific finished time.
Yesterday, last week, on Sunday
Present perfect: with “indefinite” time expressions meaning “up to now”, since 1968,
already.
Many time expressions are not associated with a specific verb form, since they refer
both to finished time or time up to the present, depending on the speaker‟s
perspective.
I haven‟t seen Helen recently.
I saw Jim recently.
Other examples:
Sue lived in France for two years. Finished
Jim has been working here for three months. Unfinished
What did you do today? Finished
What have you done so far today? Unfinished
Peter never knew his father. Finished
I‟ve never eaten Japanese food. Unfinished

V. PASSIVE 1
1. Verbs with two objects:
Verbs which have two objects can be made passive in two ways.
I was handed a note. A note was handed to me.
Other common verbs of this type are bring, give , lend, pass, pay, promise, sell, send,
show, tell.
2. Verbs with object and complement
Some verbs have a noun or adjective which describes their object.
We elected Jim class representative.

9

Everyone considered him a failure.
When these are made passive, the complement goes directly after the verb.
Jim was elected class representative.
He was considered a failure.
3. Verbs which canot be passive
Most verbs with an object (transitive verbs) can be made passive, e.g. drive is
transitive because one can drive something (a car).
However, a few transitive verbs may not be used in the passive. These include
become, fit, get, have, lack, let, like, resemble, suit
Verbs with no object (intransitive) cannot be passive, e.g. sleep is intransitive; you
cannot „sleep something‟.
Therefore it is not possible to say “The baby was slept”. Instead the sentence must be
active: The baby slept.
Using and not mentioning the agent
1. change of focus
The passive can change the emphasis of a sentence.
Jack won the prize. (focus on Jack).
The prize was won by Jack. (focus on the prize).
2. unknown agent
The agent is not mentioned if unknown.
Two windows have been broken.
3. Generalized agent
If the subject is „ people in general‟ or „you‟, the agent is not mentioned.
Bicycles are widely used in the city instead of public transport.
4. obvious agent
linda has been arrested! (we assume by the police)
5. unimportant agent

If the agent is not important to the meaning of the sentence, it is not mentioned.
I was advised to obtain a visa in advance.
6. Impersonality
Using the passive is a way of avoiding the naming of a specific person who is
responsible for an action.
It has been decided to reduce all salaries by 10%.
In descriptions of processes, there is emphasis on the actions performed rather than on
the people who perform them.
Then the boxes are packed into crates.

VI. PASSIVE 2
Have and get something done, need doing
1. have/ get something done
This typically describes a service performed for us by someone else.
I‟ve just had/got my car serviced. I have / get it done every winter.
It can also describe something unfortunate that happen to someone.
We had / got our car broken into last month.
Get is more likely to be used than have when:
a. there is a feeling that something must be done.


10

I really must get / have my hair cut.
b. The is a feeling of eventually managing to do something.
I eventually got / had the car fixed at the Fast Service garage.
c. In orders and imperatives.
Get your hair cut!
Note that get should not be used in the present perfect passive, where it would be
confused with have got.

I‟ve just had my hair cut. (possible).
I‟ve just got my hair cut. (not possible)
2. the need to have a service done can be described with need doing
Your hair needs cutting.
Passive get
Get can be used instead of be to form the passive in spoken language.
Martin got arrested at a football match.
Reporting verbs
1. present reference
with verbs such as believe, know, say, think, which report people‟s opinions, a
passive construction is often used to avoid a weak subject, and to give a generalized
opinions. With present reference, the passive is followed by the present infinitive.
The criminal is thought to be in hiding in the London area.
Vitamin C is known to be good for treating colds.
2. Past reference
With past reference, the passive is followed by the past infinitive.
Smith is believed to have left England last week.
Past reporting verb
People thought Sue had paid too much.
Sue was thought to have paid too much.
The police thought that the thief was still in the house.
The thief was thought to still be in the house.
3. past reference with two objects.
Everyone knows the portrait was paited by an Italian.
The portrait is known to have been painted by an Italian.
4. Continuous infinitive
Past and present continuous infinitives are also used.
Mary is thought to be living in Scotland.
The driver is thought to have been doing a U-turn.

11

Unit 2: SEQUENCES OF TENSES IN ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF
TIME
 When=as: khi
 Whenever: bất cứ khi nào
 While: trong khi
 Before: trước khi
 After: sau khi
 As soon as: ngay sau khi
 Till=until : cho đến khi
 Just as: ngay khi
 Since: từ khi
I. CÁC THÌ HIỆN TẠI
Main
Clause
(Mñeà
chính)
Adverbial Clauses of Time
Examples
HTĐ
HTTD
HTHT
WHEN = AS (khi)
WHENEVER (bất cứ khi
nào)
HTĐ

We always take our umbrellas when it rains
We are singing as she comes.

HTĐ
HTTD
WHILE =AS
(khi; trong khi)
HTTD
I usually read a newspaper while I am waiting
for the bus.
I’m writing while they are talking.

HTĐ
AFTER(sau khi)
HTHT

He goes home after he has finished his work.
HTHT


SINCE(từ khi)
QKĐ

She has played the piano since she was five.
I’ve felt much better since I’ve been here.

HTĐ


AS SOON AS

(ngay sau khi)
UNTILL = TILL
HTĐ
HTHT
(ĐÃ
She greets me as soon as she sees me.
He continues his journey as soon as he has
finished his meal.


12

(maõi cho đến khi )
CHẤM
DỨT)




13

II. CÁC THÌ QUÁ KHỨ.

Main Clause
(Mñeà chính)
Adverbial Clauses of Time
Examples
QKĐ
QKTD
QKHT

WHEN = AS
WHENEVER
QKĐ
I sat near the window whenever I took a bus.
It was raining hard when I got there.

QKĐ & QKTD
WHILE =AS
QKTD
I met him while I was walking down the street.
I was writing while he was reading.
QKĐ
AFTER
QKHT
He smoked after he had finished his meal.
QKHT
BY THE TIME
BEFORE
QKĐ
He had finished his meal before he smoked.
QKĐ

AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
QKĐ

QKHT
(Hoaøn
taát)
He left as soon as I told him.

He left as soon as he had finished his job.
III. CÁC THÌ TƢƠNG LAI
Notes
Không dùng thì tương lai trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian  thay bằng thì đơn
(hiện tại đơn, quá khứ đơn…) trong câu có từ nối Since
S + V (present perfect) + Since S + V2/ed
E.g. She has played the piano since she was ten years old.
E.g. He has studied English since 2004/he came here.
Main Clause
(Mñeà chính)
Adverbial Clauses of Time
E.g.ample
TLĐ

WHEN =AS
AS SOON AS
UNTILL = TILL
HTĐ
HTHT
(HOÀN
TẤT)
We’ll go when we want.
I’m going to wait until you have finished your
homework.



14

Unit 3 : THE PASSIVE

(CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG)
E.g. Active: A cat eats a mouse
S V1 O
Passive: A mouse is eaten by a cat .
FORM
Active (Chủ động) S + V+ O
Passive (Bị động)  S + BE + V3/ed+ by +O


15

Unit 4: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
A. There are three main types of conditional. These are usually described as the first,
second and third conditionals.
e.g. If you phone me, I'll pick you up at the park.
If I were Tom, I would help you.
If she had come here last night, she would have known this news.
Types
If – clause
Main clause
 Possible Conditions
If + S + V(s/es)
S + will/can/ may + V0
 Present - Unreal conditions
If + S + Ved/2
(Be -> were)
S + would/could/might + V0
 Past Unreal
If + S + Had + Ved/3
S + would/could/might have + Ved/3

Notes: A. Usage
 The first conditional refers to the future. It is used when there is a possibility that
the if-event might happen.
e.g. If it rains, we'll go to the cinema. (= It might rain OR it might not)
If the sun shines, we'll go to the beach. (= The sun might shine OR it might not)
 The second conditional refers to the present. The if-event is hypothetical, not
true in the present time. The 'past' here is actually the subjunctive, which is the same as
the past simple.
e.g. If I were you, I'd change my job.
If I worked in that factory, I'd soon change thing. (But I don't work in that
factory)
If I spoke French, my job would be a lot easier (fbut I don't speak French)
 The third conditional is used to (1) talk about things in the past happening
differently from the way they really happened.
e.g. If you'd been a bit more careful, you wouldn't have cut yourself.
If Matthew had set his alarm clock, he wouldn't have
overslept.
(2) to express regret about
the past.


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e.g. I f I hadn't fallen ill and missed the interview, I might have got the job.
 Zero conditional  If + present simple, present simple
There is another conditional which is often called zero conditional.
e.g. If you press the button, the machine switches off.
The zero conditional is used (1) for instructions
e.g. If you select reverse gear, the car goes backwards. If the camera is on, a red
light appears.

(2) for general truths
e.g. If he's got no money, he doesn't go out.
Tom always says hello if he sees you.
b. If and unless (Unless = If …not)
e.g. I can't see if I don't wear glasses.( I can't see unless I wear glasses.)
e.g. If you don‟t study hard, you‟ll fail the exam.  Unless you study hard,
you‟ll fail the exam.
B. Inversion: Bỏ IF trong 3 loại câu điều kiện (phải có đảo ngữ
với SHOULD/WERE/HAD):
E.g. - If it should be necessary, I will go.
 Should it be necessary, I will go.
E.g. - If I were rich, I would buy a new car.
 Were I rich, I would buy a new car.
E.g. - If you had asked me, I would have told you the answer.
 Had you asked me, I would have told you the answer.
C. Command ( c©u mƯnh lƯnh, yªu cÇu).
If + S + V (simple present) + command form.
E.g. Please buy me some fruits if you go to market.
D. When (khi):  hµnh ®éng ch¾c ch¾n x¶y ra h¬n.
E.g. I’ll phone you when I go to bed tonight.
E. Một số từ/cụm từ có thể thay cho IF với nghóa tương đương:
provided that; so (as) long as (miễn là); in case (trong trường hợp);
on condition that (với điều kiện)


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E.g. You can borrow my book provided that you bring it back.

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Unit 5 : WISH CLAUSES
WISHES and IF ONLY
Wish/If only  express a wish for something to happen, or to stop happening.
e.g. I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. (= I don‟t have enough time
now)
He wishes he was rich. (= He is not rich.)
I wish that I had gone to the cinema last night. (= I didn‟t go to the cinema.)
She wishes she had been here yesterday. (= She wasn‟t here yesterday.)
We wish you could come to the party tonight. (= You can‟t come.)
I wish (that) I would get good results this year.
He wishes his parents were here to help him now.
If only I were taller, I might be better at basketball.
I wish I could have been at the wedding, but I was in New York.
Type of wish
Form
Example
Present wishes


S + wish + S + V2/ed
(if only) be (were)

E.g. I am poor now.
 I wish I were not poor
now.
Past wishes

S + wish + S + had (not) + V3/ed
(if only) Could + have + V3/ed
E.g. she was not in class
yesterday.
 She wishes she had been in
class yesterday.
E.g. she couldn‟t come to the
party.
 She wishes she could have
come to the party.
Future wishes

S + wish + S + would / could(not) + Vo
E.g. I cannot come to the
party tonight.
 I wish I could go to the


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party tonight.
Khẳng định  phủ định và ngược lại.


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Unit 6 : REPORTED SPEECH (Câu tƣờng thuật)

STATEMENTS
e.g. - She said, “I will come tomorrow” (Direct speech)
 She said (that) she would come the ne.g.t day. (Indirect speech)
- He said to me: “I saw you here yesterday.”
 He told me (that) he had seen me there the day before.



NOTES: 5 bước khi đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp
1. Lập lại động từ tường thuật say hoặc say to => tell
2. Bỏ dấu “:” hoặc “,” và cả dấu ngoặc kép  that ( có thể bỏ that)
3. Đổi các đại từ (chủ từ, túc từ, tính từ sở hữu, đại từ sở hữu, đại từ phản thân)
theo nguyên tắc:
I/ We => Subject
You => Object
He/ She /It/They => Unchanged
4. Đổi thì động từ (Verb tenses) theo qui tắc => Lùi 1 bƣớc về quá khứ
DIRECT INDIRECT
- Simple present  Simple past
- Present continuous  Past continuous
- Present perfect  Past perfect
- Simple past  Past perfect
- Past continuous  Past perfect continuous
- Present perfect continuous  Past perfect continuous
- Simple future  Simple conditional
- Will, may, can, must + V0  Would, might, could, had to + V0
- Would/ should + V0  Would/ should +have + V3/ed
But - Past perfect / Past perfect continuous -> Unchanged
- Present- unreal condition / Past- unreal condition -> Unchanged

S + told + O + (that) + S + V
said


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5. Đổi các đại từ/ tính từ chỉ định, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn.
Bảng đổi các đại từ chỉ định, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn
This
These
Here
Now
Ago
Today
Tonight
Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Last night
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow
Ne.g.t + Time
Last + Time
Time + ago

That
Those
There
Then
Before ( Earlier)
That day

That night
The day before/ The previous day
Two days before
The night before/ The previous night
The next day/ the following day/ The day after
In two days' time
The following + Time
The previous + Time
Time + before
Some special cases
A. 1. Must -> had to
-> would have to (Future)
1. Must not = mustn‟t -> Unchanged ( ngăn cấm)
2. Need not = needn‟t -> didn‟t have to
-> would not have to (future)
e.g. - He said to me, “You must do this now.”
 He told me that I had to do that then.
- He said to me: “You must do this tomorrow.”
 He told me that I would have to do that the next day.
- He said: “You must not smoke here”
 He said I mustn‟t smoke there.
B. Simple past


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Chỉ 1 sự kiện, sự việc ở q khứ
-> vẫn còn tồn tại trong tường thuật
-> trong mệnh đề thời gian When, While, As soon as, Since, Because…
Unchanged

e.g. - Tom said, “I have known her since I came here.”
 Tom said that he had known her since he came there.
C. Simple present -> True events  Unchanged
e.g. - He said: “The earth goes around the sun”
 He said that the earth goes around the sun.
D. Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn
 Đổi ngơi đại từ
 Khơng đổi thì và các từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn
e.g. He says, “ You have to stay here now.”
 He says that I have to stay here now.
Notes: Conditional sentences (câu điều kiện)
 Đối với câu điều kiện loại 1 ta đổi 4 thành phần.
E.g. “If you visit me, I will give you a gift.”
 She said to me that if I visited her, she would give me a gift then.
 Đối với câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3 thì không lùi thì của động
từ.
E.g. “if you were my student, I would punish you”
 He told me if I was his student, he would punish me.
2. QUESTIONS
e.g - He said, “Are you tired?”
 He asked (me) if/ whether I was tired.
- He said, “How are you?”
 He asked (me) how I was.
 Yes-No questions



S + asked + O
wanted to know + IF/WHETHER + S + V
wondered

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 WH- questions




NOTE: - Đổi verb tường thuật say  ask/ inquire/ wonder/ want to know
- Thêm túc từ vào động từ ask nếu cần.
- Yes/ No questions -> If/ Whether
- Wh- questions -> Unchanged (Wh- questions)
- Đảo chủ từ ra trước động từ.
BUT: * Would you + Vo….? (Yêu cầu/ đề nghị)  Unchanged
e. g. He said, “Would you help me?”
 He asked me if I would help him.
3. COMMANDS / REQUESTS (Imperative sentences)
 Affirmative request
 Negative request
- The teacher said : “Go to the blackboard, John.”
 The teacher told John to go to the blackboard.
- He said to them : “Don‟t be late tomorrow.”
 He told them not to be late the next day.

TYPE
DIRECT
INDIRECT SPEECH
S + told
advised + O + (not) + to V
asked
S + asked + (O)
wanted to know + WH-word + S + V
wondered