Writing Skills For GRE-GMAT Episode 2 Part 5 doc

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stnsst
.lvr,,J9
tvlJljio
oz
uoj
S VSSI
ftc,.,!vs
:iT;
IIII
,llll
Aicr aU,
an 2pplicanr
cnn
casitr.conccal
personat
irifomurion
Gai
rugtrr
advcrscl!
affccr
job
performrnce,
rhcrcbr
dama8inA
rbc
ernptovcr

in rcrms
of
toR
producrivin.xn(t
higb
rumovcr.
Morcovcr,
rn rppticrnr
mi8br
pos(
r
porcntl:lt
sccufit\,rhfc:ll.
in Lcnns
of rhc
con)pan\,,s
rcrd(
sccrc(s
or cvc
tllr
physicll
srJcn,of
rtrc Ii.m
s emptoyces.
A rhorou8h
chcck
of rhc
aDDt,c:rnr
s
pcrsonrt

backAround
miFhr
rcvc:rt
a
porcn
rt
rirear.
Duriog
cmploym€nr,
howcvcr.
lhc
cmployec.s
iotcrcsrs
arc
lar,norc
compclina
dran rhosc
ofrtrc
cmplover,
for thrce
rcisons.
Firsr, rhc
cmproycr
has cvcq,
oppordnin,
(o
moniror
ongoirg
job
pc.formancc

and
.o rcplacc
workcrs
who
fail ro
n]ccr
standxrds.
rcgardtcss
o, rbc
rca-son
for rhxr
Ixilurc.
Sccond, allowjng
frcc:rcccss
ro
pcrsonat
informrrion
xbout
employecs
nxSur
opcn |h€
ltoodgxres
ro
discriminrroD,
promolions
and
sxlan; rdjusrmcnts.
Current
fedeml
laws protccring

cmployccs
from
unfair
rrcarment
basc<l
on
gendcrt
racc, and
mari!.al
cmproycr,s
sc,rchins
r",
i'l'"":.:il
i::":'.'.ff
'Hi.lirlffi;l
'Ihitd,
acccss
ro
pclsonal
inJormarion
wirhou!
conscnt
niscs
sirious
pnvag,
conccms,
csp€ciat),wherc
muldptc
irdividuals
hlvc ,

io
*.
irJormadon.
Hcighre[ing
dxs
coDccm
js
rhe
casc
of acccss
ro
inJoffnalon
lnat our
burgeorling
clccrronjc
Intrire6
ma_kc
possiblc.
ln
sum, rcad),
acccss
ro
ceft.1ln
pcrsonal
inlormrLion
abour
prospccrive
cmployces
15
n€ccssaD,

!o
prorcc!
brjinessg.
Hoeevcr,
oncc hirco,
rl1
cmployce
s inrcrcsr
i, cquiEble
Ucauhcnr
and
prillacl
,ar
ourweighs
uc
cmplo.vcr.s
irrc.csr
in
cnsuring
n
producrivc
znd
smblc wo.kto.ce.
lssur
No.
63
Govern.mellt
Bureauclacy
At flrst glancc,
ir would

sccm
thar
increased
burcauc.ig.
crcares-
obsmclcs
bcrwccn
rhc
citizcns
2nd
thosc
wno
govem.
Ine two groups.
Clos€r
cxarojradon
rcveals.
holecvcr,
govcrnmcnt
bucauc.rc],
acnlally
brid8es
*rs
gap,
"nd
gics
now illow
lor wx),s
around
rhc

Frp.
Mrny
govcdmcnt
burcaucracics
arc
csrablishcd
a.s r
rcsponsc
to thc
needs
of thc
cirizcnn.,
ln :r
scns€,
thcv_
manifcst
a
nexus
bersccn
cilizcns
ano
Fovemmcnt,
providinS
a
means
.of
communicarion
and
redrcss
for

ErjcEnccs
rhat would
not
o*tefivise
bc ivailable.
For cxampjc,
docs rhc
P1
o]
""*.
of irs
cnsurinr
thc
sr{cry
of our rood}and
orugs.
scpa_tc
us
rfom
tnc
Sowmmcnri
Or
docs
l}lr
FH^
bI
halping
(o
ma-kc
homc

oEnc.ship
morc
vjrbl€
ro
brdinafy
cjdzcns.
thcrEbl,
inc.carc
thc gap
bcwccD
citizcns
lnd
rhc
govcmmcnr?
No, tlcsc
zgcncics
scFc
our
intcrJsrj
aJld
crlancc
the
acccssibiliry
of
Sovcrrrrocnr
rcsources
ro
cjLizens.
Admjtlcd\,,
agcrcics

such
as
rhcsc
are
neccssrn,
proxics
,or dirccr
paflrctpauon
n
Fovcmmcnr,
sincc
ou,
socieral
probtcms
alc roo
targc
and
complcx
for
indjviduats
ro solve.
Howcvcr,
.cchnototry
is
coming
forward ro
bridgc
somc
of
rh. largcr

8aps.
For
cxamplc.
communjcarc
thcrcb,v
scparating
that
in
man] wats.
tlar
ncw rechnolo
vritids
StJttk
for
)c
CRUGIIAT
Testt
utuPct6at am
I
t
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Itl
lssur No.
74
Rulc-Brcakcrs: Thc
Mosl
Memoiablc
peoplc
lssue No.
79
-Social
Skills.a-s PLrrchasable
CoD-Eodities
I srrontlr xsrc(
rbli
rulebrc:rk<rs
arc rl)! n)os( mcnrorablc
p(oplc.
Ur.
d€pxninS frofi
dlc sLlrus
quo.
iconoci;rsts
ci)l
arlcnlion ro
rhemsclves. somr
providrn8
conspicuous
nritrors
for socicrl.
orbcrs

scn,inS as
our
primnn.
qtxl),sts
for prb8ics\.
-
ln
polirics,
for
exnmple.
rulc,brcikcrs
^1a)lllrma Gandhi and
trlanin
Lu(hcr King
sccurcd
promineor
pinccs
in hisror_-\'by chaUcngin8
rhc smrus
guo
throuSb
cii'il disobcdience.
RencS:rdcs
such:rs Ghcngus
Khan, S!a[n,
and
llussein broke rU
thc human-d8h(s
"rulcs."
(hcrcby

leavin8 indcliblc
mffkl
in thc hisrorical
record.
Ard tulurc
gen€ralions will probab!,
rcmcmbcr Nixon and
Kenncdy
morc cle ly rhan
Cancr or Rcigan, by wrt
oI their rulc-brcakinS activiries-spccitcxl\.,
Nixon's
\Varcrsarc
dcbaclc and
Kcnncdr's
cxua,rnariral rrysls,
Ln
thc aftr,
mavcricks
such a5
Dati, Picasso, arld
Warhol,
who
brcek
cstablishcd
mles of composirion,
ulrirnarely
cmcrgc a5 rhc
gr€atcsr
anis6,

while
thc
names of anis6 s,ith
supcrior
tcchricat skilts arc rclegarcd
ro tic
fooinoies
of
1't-hisro.J'
lcxtbooks.
Our most hjlucntial
popular
muslciars
are rhe
fla8r'Jnr rule-break€rs-for
cxamplc, bcbop musicians such as
Charlc
Parkcr xnd
Thclonius Monli, wbo
broke
xll
$c harmonic rules, and
folk
musician-pocr
Bob Dylan, who
brok. tlc
rutes for lvrics.
Ir rhe
scicnces, iinov:rrion
and

pro8.ess
cnn
ordy result from
chrllen8ing convendon:rl
ticories-i_c.,
b]' brcaking
mles.
Ne.wron and
Einstcin. for cxamplc.
borh refuscd
ro
blindtv
accepr
whrr wcrc pcrceivcd
al
thcit
time as c€rr:rin
'rules'
of
pbJ'sjcs.
A, a rcsulr, borh mcn rcdcfincd
lhose
rulcs. and
bo*r
mcn cmergcd :rs two
of rhe mosr mcmo.ible figurcs
in drc
ficld
of
physrcs.

ln conclusion,
ir appears
rhr! rhe dccpesr
poshivc
and
De8arivc
impressions appcar
on eirher
side of drc sam. iconoclxstic coil1.
Thosc
who
lcave.be
mosr memonble
irlprints in
histor)'
do
so bl' challengirg nolms,
ti:tdirions.
ctrerjsired
v:rlncs,
nncl $e
Sencnl
sutlr5
quo-d1ar
is,
by brcaldns
f,lt
This
ffsr
pan

of rhis
sr2icmc;i'ihcans thar inlc.pcrsonal,
or socid, stllts
can bc rDarkcrcd
ar
prrl
lof
a bundlc
of
asscrj
that onc migh! rour m a
prospcctive
clicn!, customcr,
or cspccialh' cmployer.
P.csumtb\',
ihe
cxrcnr
aid
]?lue
of rhese
skills can
be
gau8ed
by one s
prcvious
cxp.rieocc wio
.clienls
2nd
cusromcrs
or ar

jobs
requiring
a sianfic:fi amount
of
tcamwork
and
coopcmtion among workers-ts
measurcd bt facrors such as
onc's
tcnurc in such x
job
and
l€ftcrs
of refercnce from supc.v'sors.
'vhilc
this
claim scems
plausiblc
b lhc absulcl,
it ignorcs cri
ci) \'
uation
problcms.
-
Feli5an)s
I
w/ttir!
Sk h
for
thc

-
-
CJIAlCAa'af
ta.*-
on
uto,suos4t.ld
thnt
1'
-"t
nlt1t
tultua1
to
spould
p.txdrrDul;un
ro
sarrur&eur:
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SAISS:
ad
vs
unemprormenl.
Borros,in8
crn xtso
bc
prudenr_if

rhe loan
is altordabtc
and
rpplicd
ro$a.d
a
sound tong-rcrm
investmcnr.
Vcrc
si!ing
:rncl
boroNing
Lmircd
!o rhcs(
r),pcs
of sc<nr.jos,
I
woutd
:vcr
th:rr pcoplc
rodi]'salc
and
borrow
rcsponsjbh
Hovcvcr.
rhc
clidcncc
slEgcsrs
orJ)enaisc.
,A-,ncrjcxns

nos,purcharc
on credit
fa, morc
cxpcnsivc
auromobiles,
rclarjvr
ro
incomc,
rhrn
ever
before*vehictes
rh?r a.c
frr mor.
rhan shxl
js
Dcedcd
Io.
safe
kusporurion.
bicess'vc
credir{ard
dcbl
.nothcr
q?e
of unjusriliebte
borro*,ir8,
is a!
record tcvcts,
and
rjsinB,

among
l".nericar
houschold5.
Does rhc
babl,,ooomcrs
curenr
pcnchanr
fol
rerircmcnr
mvcsLins
compcnsatc
lor rhcse
excc55cs?
probrbh.
not.
Th$
lrcnd
rs
tuclcd
b! uffcJisrrc
erpecrrrions
of fuLurc
reruffs.
ir
mrr.
$ercfolc,
csc2.l
e Lo
spccutarion
r,id, aL

rt5
hci8]1r,
wjdesprerd
tcvclzFing_
i-e., bolrowinS.
Such
jpcculation
is
more
suircd
ro highly
sophisricarcd
rnveslors
who
can wetl
afford
!o lose
rhcir
cniirc
irvcsrmcnr
rhar
ro avenrc
,^m.rjc?.rs
rnd
rncr
nclt
c55s.
ln
conclusion,
whilc peopte

sccm ro
be
savirg aSgr.ssiycl],
roda].,
rhcir
jrvesrmenr
choiccs nd
concomir.ur
high
spendirs
and
borrowjnf,
levch
cxll inro q
(s(r^n
drc
rsscflion
rh;lr wc
a,c
mdccd
a
.nirion
of
srvcrs
HflII
lssur
No.
84
I'formirg
Customcrs

About
products
arrd
Services
-
Requidn8
businesscs
io provide
complcrc
product
infoft)atjon
ro
cusromcrs
prornotcs
various
consumc,
intcrests
bur
ar
ihc
sarnc
omc
imposcs
burdens
on businesscs, govcmmcnL,
and raxpaycls.
On
balancc,
utr
burdens

ouwelsh
rhc
bencfits,
at
leas!
in most
cajcs.
-_
4 tlueshold
problem
wirh
disctosure
requiremcnrs
js
thar
ol
dcte.mininS
whar
consrirures
"comp)erc"
irfomation.
Admittcdly,
lcgstr.
rn8
disclosurc
rcquiremcnls
ctarfics
rhc
duties
of business al)d

rhc
dchrs
of
consumers
Ycr dererrrlirur6
whar
lequremcnrs
rre
frr in
aI
ciscs is
problcmalic.
Should
n suflcc
ro
lisr
ingrcdienrs,
insrmctions.
:lld
inrcndcd
uscs,
or shou.ld
customcrs
also
be irfoDocd
of
prccise
spccilicarions,
porcntal
riski,

and
rcsulrs
of rcsrs
measufirg
a
produc!,s
cffecrivcness
''sa-vis
compcling
producLs?
,\ closer)
rclrrcd
problem
is
Lhar dcrcrru,Jn8.nd
cnlorcmt
dsclosurc
srrndar4s
ncccsrdily
jrvolies
governnent
,egutldon,
thereby adding
ro $c
ulltn3rc
cost ro
rne
consumcr
by'iley
of highcllD(cs.

finally,
falure to
compl)
may
rcsulr
rn
rcs rroD.
tnc!.
a cosl
Lhar
mzy crrhcr
havc r
chillinr
c-ffccr
on producr
imor.rtion
or
be
p3sscd
on ro t})c
cusromcrs
rn thc
Iorm oi
ttglcr pnccs.
Eirhc!
rcsull
opentes
to *rc dcrrimcnl
of rhc
consumer,

tl]c
vc4' parq,\vhom
rhc
rcgutilions
irc
designcd
ro
Drorccr.
Thcsc
burdens
musr
be vcighcd
"g.irr".r,.
inlclcsl
in
prolcclilS
consrrlncrs
a8al15r
Iraud.
and
ulduc
hcatrh and
srjcr' hrzards.
To "ssumc
thrt
busiiesscs
will
vojunrari}J,
disclos€
negadvc

producr
info.mation
jgnores
rhe facr
rhzr
busincsses arc
,Dorivared
bt
profi!,
not
bl,
pubtjc
wnnng
SEltLs
for
tti!
GR E/C,IUT
T.su
tuu.percBoN.con
['
$
I
i
xk)_)
sth),hDd,,1,",,t
*s*$ft***m.s*[*
*ts***,.x*$ffi
**.*mm,prffi
.1';1',',;l;1gj;t'ffi*fri;ffi
@

nrt
trt
t,,rrs
t,,,,ror""4
-
llsPl o1
apsr{
eB
sl)npor4
pJneq,
.06
.oN
lnssl
tfl
_
s,Jpurolsn:,
rrl
Ot uonEuloni
ra-^^., -
trnnhs'
1^
!'rPgrs
olJldrlloJ
l"-'',l,ff
tlJi":'1;1-1-1'-'"-'"i1"':"il'"ff
""il::l'l':,::l:
#'#J":ff;'i,"T,":::'J;:-"T"Jllo*'il-'l'l'i:l':,i,ffi
;:
rq
rrur

nu.u,rftbr,
.,*.;;"
;;.;ff.:"*:1:il:i"::*i
*+*s$;**m$.**m*
SlnSSl
1V149
]VIJIJJO
Oe
UCJ
5A165:
f-€,,,:,S
producls
i.c mrnufictur€d
ind asscnrbl€d
bl
rh€
lo\vcr_cosr
Asian
rnd
Ccntfirl
An)cricrn
ljrbor
forcc-i
lclion
tor
lvhonl thc
altemnlivc
is
uncnrplo\'n)cnl
xn(l

Povtrr!
ln lhcsc
crscs,
Prod!cin8
lo\vcr<luxlin
producrs docs
homxn
rcsoltrctsi
()
rllc co'ltfirn
lt crc:llcs
ln lhc
nnxl xnrllsis.
cosr'ctrtlinS
P.oduclion
nrclhods
bencfir
consum_
crs- botb
in lhe
shon
term through
lower
Prices
xnd in
lhc long
run
b)'\'rI
of
cconomic

viLalir\'and
incrcised
comPetilion.
The
chim
that
Producin8
low!ualiq'
producis
sistcs nitur.rl
;rnd hum:rn
rcsourccs
is spccious
at best'
lll
lssur
No.
'l
l0
Ethical
Starldards
and Successfirl
Busirless
Leadersl.dp
ln
asscning
thxr
thc most
succcssful
business

lcaders
arc
thc oncs
ihel
follow
t]lc
hithcst
elhjcrl
srr'ldrrds
the sncrkcr
tiiscs
somc
veq
comPlcr
qucsuons-about
a busiicss
lcader's
fidDcian' dutics
to
thc firrn
s
srikeholders
viea_vis !hc lerder's
socirl
obljgations
UltrJnatc\',
howcvcr'
thc
answer
rums

on
whethcr a busincss
lead€r
cin
rcco8nizc
whcn sclfittcresr
alj8ns
\vjt-h
socixi
vclJxre, xs
discussed below.
One
sa]'
to def!fle
lhe success
of
r busincss
lcader
is simP\'
in
icrms of
thc
pron6
(or
losses) of
thc lcrder's
lmn
Ptoponcn$
of
this dcfrnidon

also
icnd
ro b€lieve
thit b]'ma-\imizin8
proliis,
at lc'st
wnhin lcSal
and
.cgulxto'-r'
bounda.ies,
a business
lcacler
fullius
hls
or her
hjSh€st
crhical
'oblSation
tet
5e.
Howcv.r,
it
we
accePt
thesc
simplc
notions
of
bltsitcss
succcss

lnd ethics.
is m:ln)
leople
do thcn
tllc spe'kcr's
tsscruon
amounts
to
a mcanrnSlcss
lxutolosl
Bcsides,
a cer!'!in
coiltt?rl
view suggcsls
tjrxt
bot}l
notions
rell'on
o1'erh
narro$'ideas,bout
business
"success'and
hoq
ro actuevc
it.
According
to this broadcr,
contrio
vie\\"
business

leaders'
by
virruc ot
rbc
power tbe,r
enio,\'.
owc cenxin
social
obliEations
to tbc
commuturl'ano
rhc socicrl
!)ut
Smnts
th€m
rhit
Power
in thc
firsr
phce Such
obliSations
oftcn
go
beyonil
lcSal oncs
lnd
includc.
among
othcr
duties,

a duty
to'
condud
busitcss
in
t mrnncr
that ?voids
undue
risk
to the
hcalth
and
seJety
of customcrs
as
well as rhe
public
at
large lfl
ordcr
ro
dischargc
obligations
such
as t}csc,
a fifln
nijghr
voluntirily
providc
ccft

n
Producl_s'Jetl
fcarues
or
rlkc cen-]!n'pollution-conttol
mcasr'Ircs-cvcn
if
it mcans
forcgoing
a
ponion of
its
pronts- SbJnc
advocalcs
of
this
contr-rrJ'vicw
8o
.".i-"in."=
t-o.sc on
rusileli"leracrs
en irrrm'tivc
oblisarlon
to
protcct
consumcrs,
prcscrvc
t}c nlrulzl
cnvironmett'
Promotc

cducatror\
and
odreiwisc
t Jic stePs
ro
bclP
rllcvialc socicqts
problcms
Thc mosr succcssful
business
l€adcr
is thc
onc
who flot
only
stril<cs
thc
best
balance
bcrw€cn
social
obliSetion
xnd
the
profrl'maximjzltion
inpcmtivc.
bui
also tecognizcs
and cxploils
areas

whcrc
rhc Fvo
objcdieet
"r.
^ "rly
in accor4
erh€r dilFi€-
ceggi€|_E4F
!)r**Pic
a fi'm
s
i'lsensirivir.
ro enlironmenLjll
or
s:rfcr\'
conccms
n!8ht
ramish
i!!
oubltc
M.pet6otLt.con
"rt
rrtf"r,rt
"rrror""
!
ttillji
rut,*tu:i#tffiin$I
'Iffil$;'*,i[*1ru-'ffi:
1;;**,;m;*F$#i*i=*j$*,:I
;t''i#;;g*l':t:'tiifu*fi

l+_*W
$fi*$ff*ffi
*H#d'f,',*',"#*,,tirn:ii
j":ffi
n
ia5ano) puolaB
anrrnuoc-"oJ,"qnpg
pr
,.,
.*,,1i
Jf
ll
ll".io.I-T:*,",""'.,";1##;'l;ff ff
,""'J:lTf
l#:T.:X
j
x#:il:T'j,,:;:l, YJ
j'il;
j*:,-^,fr
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ut
pwq
03
or
r'{r
c.rour
!n
ssrdrurs
Du!
"ro,o

._.jl]l#rijrr#l
-sr)ErrnIJr
lndr
frpuErs 3$)unoJrE
uosr:
:,T
;fi:;
i'J:T.{
*ilii}ilT:.tt-,i
:ili1*:#""J
s:Isst
1vr,,,19
-tvrctijo
0z
tiol
sAVSS:
ltdl,,vvs
dcvclopirS.
(bcn
nunudnS
rluoush
continucd srud\ an acsrhclic
apprccir.
tion of Lircrarurc, rhc
finc aru.
and ihc pcdorming
ans.
Thus. cvcn
rhc bro:rdcst
and dccpisr

cottcgc educirion is
mcrct).,
primcr
for aduh lifc.
vocr(ionil
xod
otircnvise. Wc
should conrinrc ro
tcrrn
ncs
jotrelitcd
skills and
irJomxdon,
in the inrc.esr
of
xdvancirg
rhc
socieq'. But
wc
should rlso
complcmcnt
*rose
cffonj through course wofk
in tlre scicnccs, humxnirics,
tnd ans. Wc
rhcrcbl
gain
rhc capacin ro
succccd in carecr, ro
fmd its

purpose
and
mcaning,
rnd
ro understand rnd
lpprccizte
Mc- To
Sain
rhcse capaciries
is ro
become futjt human,
vhich,
nr
mt'\'ieq,, should
b€ our uhimrtc
end.
wdting
SktL\lor
the
GRE/GMAT Tests
uuu.pcI6otu.con
,rol suaelDdn'.,'nl
a(tt
rtl
slIr:ts
a'||Jual
tttal
rv\,9n21)
.ruslr.r8Eld
roJ

tnolool
.e
uo
)q
lI^!
srrpE:r
l:l?.:Iy".,"r,,
.pro,r ior-prod
aqtdo,,",,",'
j,;;;;,
;r!ss.
1u:uJnfry
f.Wrt9
rnot
Burso.Jrror
r(
-n'"a,o npu",,*qn.ql,;;;;;il;#H,'j;*'S:r:.ffiT.
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tu:LUnSJ\.rr.l.)
r)f,ts)r
o)
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)ou
op
srJpr*
_aqr
r[rl]
'ra^)^\oq

.punx
ur
d:i)
.aJu.rf,Jrj
Jnor
ro,t
)ururnS+.
lxr)tlo
rrF
pilrntrdxr.r._{,1
irss! q:r:3o
qdr,,Er.,1j
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)rqa-
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glxssr
ho/i

Jl
p)ulJluot
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!,uop
,os
.lprus
o)
no^
roJ
slrpouJ
rr':)q
ur:ttl
f,)pl'
ot
a*"a-r*:
ro ,,q-"
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c6ty
suonrpuo)
t)r,'')
rrpun
stssr
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,"J.",
;";;;
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:Sq^ronoj
f,q) pt]trlJ

u-r
d))I
I
uBd
ln
f,r)q
srsuods.r
r(p
lpn]s
nol
n
lrs of, ^.\ srmrr^{ ^r-,^,t !".:':l^rrs-n5u'lsr^"nr
\,s)
rtrs qr^
SLrnuA\
fcrlrlfcuy
Iy^ D
,lu,
t,n
su:ur&iy
fclrgloJo )q
rn)u>
eqj
urDqo
uEr
nol
lood
lcrrrllo
s,rrTEul
)sr):Q

tn
nuju'n€r]/
Jr.n
lo OZ
o,
ar*oarJ
ltrl
sumuoJ
e'uE
SIN:IWNSIrV
IYI,{9
-IVJ)I;I.;IO
OZ
uod
sAvssg
:ndI^I.VS
I
*rrcd
ill
Ancu,raevr
No, B
JJAI?I
b
Intcrcst
in IUanagement
lssues
Arnong
Worl(cis
,^ccordin8
ro

d)is cditoriat.
ibc
comn)on
!jrN
of
Norkcrs
ap.!hcrjc
abour
manr8cmeor
issUcs
rs fitsc.
or
il
lcrsr
(,1,(J.
Cd.
To
ruDDon
rhjs
:rsser.ion,
rhe
cditorial
circs
:l rcccnrt! pubjjsbed
jun,(\ jn
\\4ljch
79
pcrccnl
of rhe
1.200 workcrs

responorn8
ro x
quesrjonnrire
indicated
tsrcar
rnrcrcst
rn
coporarc-rcsrrucluring
:rnd
bcncfirs_rcdcsiFn
issucs.
CarcIrlt
scmrif,)
of
rhe
ediro.iat
rcveils
numcrous potcn!irt
problems
$,irh
il-problems
rhtl
,endcr
irs xurhor's
posirion
unrcnable.
A
rhrcshotd problem
is drxr
drc

€dirorirl
negtect5
ro indiclrc
ho!,,
rcccnrl)'ric
survc.\,was
acturl)y
conducrcd.
All
.wc
knos, is
rixr thc
surycr
was
rccenrlt pubUshcd.
Thc
lcss
reccnr
rhe
surve\.itselI.
rhe less
rcliablc
dt;
resulrs ro
indicare
cuffcnr
inrcrcst
lclels
in man.gcmcnr
issues

amonr
workcrs,
rcgrrdtess
of
when
rlic
resutrs wcrc
pubLst)co.
Two
more polcnliat
p.oblems
h:lve
ro do wjrh
rhc
su.vcy
s
mcthodolo81,.
Firsr,
unless
rhe
sufleyors
smptcd
a
su_ffjcicff
number
ol
sork€.s
and
did
so

nndomly
across
the
€ndr€ workforce
spccrftm,
rlrc
survct'resutrs
arc
nor
rcUirble
ro
gauge
rlc
inrcrcsE
of workers gcneE!),.
Thc number
oI
respondent5
(t,2OO)
in irsclt
docs
nor €nsurc reDresenLltjvc-
ncss. t:o.
cxamptc,
if rhe
samplc
includcd
onjy m,rnagers,
rhcn
rhc

lcsults
sould
no doubr
suSScsr 2
much
hjgbcr
levcl
of inre.csr rhan
thc evcmcc
lcvcl imong
aU vorkers.
.


second
possiblc
mcdrodological
pfoblem
n $rt of
bias.
pelhaps
Norxcrs
Jrrho
wcrc
inreresred
in mxnrgemenl
issues
s,crc
morc
likeh,tirrn

orbc.
volkcrs
ro
rcspond
ro rhe qucsrionn,iirc_possiblv
becausc rhey
found
_
rnc quesoonnaire
moft
intcresrinS.
Or perhaps
i
signiicanr
numbcr
of
rcspondcnB
fejgncd
intcrcsr
in
mxnirgsnlcnr
issues
bccruse rirc\,
bclicvcd
thd'mi8hr
Sarn
favor wjrh
lhcir
compan!
bv doinS

so. tn
cirhcr even(.
tj)c
survcy
resu6
would
be vifturlh,
usetcss
in dnwing
.eliabte
conclusions
abou!
t}. xcrual.
tc"et
of
jnrercsr
in
m;rn:rgcmcnr
issucs
among vorkcrs
_
SCnCrau).
A finat
ploblcm
wirh
rhe
cdirorial
invotves
r}rc possibiliry
of addirronar

lcsulrs
Iiom
rhc
surey-rcsuhs
rhar
ttlc eclirorial
neglecljs
ro mention.
Fof
cxamptc,
maybe
$e
questjonnsjre
listed mrnt.
m tagemenr
jssues
ano mc
rcsulrs
showcd
kccn
inrerasr 2mong
workers
in onlv thc
rwo
Da(icularin_cs'
rhar
rhc cdiloriat
mendons.
fn frcr,'fer,aI
Nc

knos,,rrtrc
sunev rcsgonOenus
indicarcd
rhaadrEy
wcrc
comptercl),aparhcric
roq,rrd
alt
ortrcr rssucs,
rn
which
crse
drc
common
norion
dtar
thc ediro.i:
seeks ro dispel would
appear
to
bc
correcr
aftcr all.
In
sum, rhc
edirorjat
hls
nor
succecdcd
in d,sproving

rhar sr'orkcF
are
apathcric
abour
manag€menr
issucs.
To make
at lclsr
a cotomblc
d.sumcnl
based
on rhc
survq,,
thc
cdironat
s ruthor
musi
shos, ihar
lhe surcY
rcspondcnrs
as
a
g.ouD
,ccumrch,
reitecr
rbc enri.e worke.
poputation
in
rcrm5
of rhcir

inrcrcsr
in
minrgcmcnr
issucs
,rcncr:rlh,_nor iusr
rbc r.vo
t\TrttntF
Sktlts
for
tl:c
GRE/CIUT
T4Ls
uutD.l>.tersoB.coD1
te.tttuenrn.J
,1t,"r,
stsrJ
JvJl'9.
ntt Jt,
s t.t\'nrttuat
.
.1tos
sJ,: i,i.ru)^u
r(D{l >rlt
rot ))DDb:)pr:
u:.q.^xq
stoor
ctrlrs 5rl) qijnoqr
Lr)^i.er)losqo
stoor
5utllrr.]r

s,ulrrsul!
p]J)purr
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p:
ur
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ro rrDd.r
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prpr.u
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rx(cr
:rrc d)c onl! rclixblr
jndicilor
of
x
hiFh scl)ool s
lc!!l
of
educ;uionll
cffccrivcncss. Yet thc nrcr(
l:rct thir x
hiFh school
srudcnr docs nor
procccd
t(' collegc docs
not ncccssrrril! nrcxn
llr]l rbc hi!h llch()o1

\'rs incffcclj!(
in
cducr(iirg thxt srudcnr.
Thus. rhc spcikcr unJaidr
cquarcs
-cducxrional
effccliveness' r,irh
collc,r(-mxt.icuh!ion
rares.
In conclusion.
drc scanr scrtisric:llevjdcncc proridcd
in rbc spccch iiils
Io conf
incc
mc rl)flt Einsrein
c:rn incrcasc.
or
evcn nral'lrah, irs level
of
cducarionxl cffcctivcness vnhou!
incre:lscd funding. lnsread of rclying
on
:r
potcntialj\'
irelc!:nr
sr^Lisric Irom rs,o
dccadcs aSo, rhc speaker should hevc
nrovidcd
finstcin
5

colleFC.mirrlcular'on
r?res fnr
mrn)
consecurrvc
yc2rs.
up
ro rhc prcscnt
rimc. To tull) provc
her case, thc spelkcr sbould havc also
provided
€vidcnce
drat subsr.rnriares
bcr
rwo
crucial ?5sumprioos;
(1)
thxl
collegc-matriculaLion mrcs dcpend prjmarily
on
r hi8h
school
s educ'tional
cffecdvencss
z.rd
(2)
tha( college
marricularion !']tes are rhc bcsr indici(or of
thar cffeclivencss.
ARGUMENI I\O. Id
Shuttfe-Bus Service

to
Local
Subway
Stations
Tbis cditorial
pomrs
our rhar
commurcr
usc
of
rhc
neq'subw:iy
r.ait
hi-s cxcccded
projections,
vhile
commuter use of shuRle buses rhr(
mnspon pcople ro
subwa)'smrions
is b€loq'p.oj€crions. Accoidir8 ro t}lc
edito.i:d, in ordcr lor a
Srcalcr
numbet
of
comurers ro
shutrlc
rathcr rhat
drivc
ro
the surions, rhc

citl musr eirhcr dccrcasc shurdc far€s
or
taisc
p]J|1ng
fces:rt thc
sLlrions. For sele.al
retsons,
rhjs
claim
js
a dubious
one ar
bes!
To
bcSin
with
the reason for_rhe
unexpecredl)' lo\r' shulllc-bus us:rgc
mi8ht
havc
nothjnS ro do with
eir.her shurde-bus fares or srzrion,prrkinS
fccs. For inst nce,
commuler awareness
of thc shurtlc.bus oprion mighr be
growing
morc
slowll'.tban arrLiciprred,
For tha! mrrler, man'I
commurcrs

mjght bc
wary'-
of riding
drc buscs due ro :r rcccnt shurrlc.bus accidcnr
Viftour
ruling
out
thcsc rnd
orher altem:rrivc explanrrions for t})c
low
shuttlc'bus usagc.
rhe autlor
caffror reerooxb))' concludc
*rar adjusrinS
shutilc fares or station'parldng
fecs
vill
have anl' effccr on rhar usa8c.
AdmiRing for thc
srkc oflrgumcnHhal
shuRtE-bus
farcs andlor
parkins
Jccs ire
rcsponsiblc for thc lower,rh2n<xpecrcd
shunlc.bus
u.sa8c, rbc
cditorial ncvcrthclcJs
ov€rlooks
orhot.Fays

@esidcs
idjustin8
shurrlc
fares
-o! pdkinS
fccr) ro incrcase
-shutdc-bus
usi8e. For oiamplc,
jJ
rhc
shutdcs
ran more frcquently, perhaps
more
peoplc
couid, and
would,
use drc
buscs
instcad of drivjng.
Or
pcrhaps
larger or more con,fonable shuFles
would
achicve r-bc
6amc rcsull- In shon, ur ess thc
cdirorial s
"uthor cxplorcs and
cLin1inatcs.?11 othcr options, I rcmrin mconvirccd
thrr
rhc

orl)'reay for
thc
cjrl'
to anajn
tha st"ted obiccLivc is ro
citicr dccr
se shuttlc farcs m
incrcsc DsJkir! fccs.
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,t*y$
quict
cosir€. in
a
c.r lhro in r mororcvclc. ln cirirer rlrnt. it
{'ould
bc
unrcxsonrblc to d.r\'
,Lnt
conclusions xboLrt
\4rr
teoplc
choose onc
n)ororq'clt
oler anotbrr
bascd oD snlcs of
quicl
crrs
ris'A
is noisicr oncs.
,\s for 1l)c sccond fx.r-abou! rhc
relcvision
ads*rhc aLrhor sccnls to
assurrc rhr(
r
signficrnr
ponion

of
pcopis
q'ho
nriFhr bc
jnrcrcsrcd
in
buling molorc)clcs
Natcb
drc ads
cnough timcs
(o
bc
inlluenccd b) Ihcm.
\\hilc
this might bc thc c15c,
thc
aurl)or
nusr
prolidc clc:rr evidence to
subslrnr'arc
dris:lssumption,
OlhcN,ise, I cannor
:lcccpt the author's
injerencc
thir the lds
haae an) bearinS
\'hlrsoclcr
on
consumer
mororcvclc-bu\'rJ)B dccisions

ln c'unS t}e ads. thc aurhor
rlso secms ro
rssumc thar Is usual
fcarures,
s'hich
the xds tout, actualll
influencc motorq-clc-bu]
ing dccisions
of
peoplc viewing
thc ads. Ye! ir is enLi;e\'
tossible
th,rt these
people
donl
likc
or
don't
carc
about
X s app€ar?ice bur thx!
the ad's rzucous musjc
rcminds
ibem
of Mororqcle X s most
ippcaljj)S
ferrure-hs
noiq cn8ine.
Thc fact rhat X ha-s bcen msnufacrured
to! molc

than sevcnrl
ycars
strongl)
su8S€sts that
people
are alread). famiti"r
eirh
thc sound of X s en8inc and
hcrefore
thxr
the
ads
mighr seruc ro r€mind rhem of t}lxt sound.
In conclusjon, drc
xulior
has nor
trovided
convircinS rcasons
to
rcjccl
dle assertion
rhat
$e forcitn.madc cop-\"s failure ro lrrract X cusromcrs is
duc to irs compnrrrivch
quict
cn8ine.
To bolster
his
posirion,
instcad of

rcl!,nE on
potcntialll
lrrclcvant st.rrisric5 abour car s3lcs, thc iu$or should
providc
bctler evidence-perhaps
in
thc
form of
aorldwjde
survel
rcsulrs-ihat
mororqrclc
buycrs have rcjccted thc forci8n cop_\'tor reasons
hrvjng nothirg to do
s,ith
enBine noisc. To funhcr bolsrer
his
position,
thc
aurhor mi$t look for a rcljrblc telcvision,viewer
sunc!
showinS th?t thc
:rds Ior llotorcvcle X €ntice
porendrl
bu,vcrs
primariir
bcc:ruse
of the ads
'focus
or tbe bilie's

visual
fcarures-or for
orhcr
rcasons haling nolhing !o
do
wjth
an8inc noise.
Htl
Ancurari.rr
No. 42
Should
the Postal
Service
Raise Postage-Stamp Prices?
Thc author
of
this
opinjon
xniclc
claims
that mising
postege-st.amp
prices vould
ircrcrse
thc
posr2l
scliic's revcnu€
rvhile
decreasi.ng irs mail
volumc,

both of
which
in tum r})c author
.liims Nould climinxte sErin on
t}|-posri
q
stcni ,nd improve mor{c aJnon8
posElvorkc.s.
Bascd on
t}cs€
claims, the ad$or
rccommends rusin8'it st"-p
p" '. .'aer ro rcvcrsc
wh,!
the:ruthor
cx.Ils
"dcrcrjoratio;"
ofrhc
posql
sersice. Tlus
,rr!.umcnt depcods
on2 scrics of four c?use-and<fJcct rclationshiDs. none of
s'hich
the
articlc
s
autlor has cstlbLisbccl.
Thus, I flnd rhc
xrgument
q,hoUt

unpersuasive.
First of all. nisirg
stlmp
p.ices would
not necessarilt
rcsult in
a
ncr
incr€as€ in rcvcnoc. If the
price
rais€ rcsulrs in
a decreasc in mail
volumc,
a5
!hc
anicle
clairrjs it
would, rhcn
r€venu€ lo,st_d\r_c to dccrcascd
volur$c
lr1iShl
excccd
revcnuc gaincd
by sclljng srrmps
al
hiShcr
pdacs vnh lcss rcvcnue,
E
\\7drir!
Sk

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lor
nrc
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j.L/GnUT
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s^Vssl
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ilil
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shcxr conlccrurc,
anct rhc xrqum€nl
can bc dismisscrl
out of h:rnd.
Tnroios
k)
th( irgunr(nt
s unpfovcn rssumprions.
(hc
nrsr such
issumplion is rhxr

CC o\\'cs irs profir;rbilin
ro irs newl! fcsrorcd p.jti(c
srarus. CCs
pro6r:rbilin.
mighl
b€ due insrcrd ro fac()rs
such as
(hc
ccooun)rc
or
rcgui:rron
cnvironnlcnl-ro
nar,le
jusr
r
fcs,possibiliries.
Morco\'cr,
jusr
xs a
poliljc:ll
ofnccltolder
mjghr l|nJiirh reccive
credit fof :r
prcdcccssor's
accomplishmcn|5,
CC s cucrcnt
profirabilin
might bc duc !o
policics
and acrion5 xr

CC
wbiie
ir
*is
r
public
compint.ln fac!,
j!
is
cnrircly
possiblc
rhar
CC
wxs
more
profirablc
as
a
public
busincss and rhal it5
profiBbili!'is
in dcclire-duc
ro iL5
renrm ro
prilatc
sr.irus. ln cirher c15e. it
would
bc morc rcasoDiblc
ro conctude
rhal

publjc
businesscs
are lil(etl,ro
farc bcrrcr rhan
privarc
ones, mrhcr rhan
the o$cr
va\'
around.
Anothcr
of
the rrFrmcnr's
unsubstantiarcd
assumprions is rhar
CC is
qpical
ofbusinesscs rccehrl)' .eslored
to
pljvate
st,tus. t!
js
enrirel),possiblc
tia!, ro the conr.rq,
CC's
profiLlbiliry
is hjAhil unusuat undcr
lrs
circumsr:nces and
rhrr in mos!
cascs,

profits
sulfcr
when a
busincss rcrums
from
public
to
prjr?rc
smrus.
Thus, befor€ I cao accepr thc
cdirorial s
cooclusion,
rhc
author
must shoq' thlr
CC is rcpresentativ€ of most
busircss€s t}lar r€rum ro
priv:ltc
sLlrus.
Even it mosr busincsses
r.hnt rcrum from public ro privxlc
srarus
improvc *rcr pror'13bili$'
(-fare
bcrier") as
a rcsult, r.hc author's conclusion
t}lrr
pnrarc
busLnesscs as an
cniiic

group
fare
betr€r
rhan
public
ones is lat
too broad. Perhaps
drc most
profisblc
busincsscs arc rhc
ones
th:rr
rcmain
public
ones forever- If so, rhen
the aurhor would necd
to nuro\r' tus
conclus'on rccordingl\',
ln sum, ftis argument
suffers
f.om cwo classjc reasoning naws:
(1)
a
correlation
bcr'wecn rwo drings
(in
this caset
priva(e
owncrsNp
ard

profir2bili.y)
sufiiccs to p.ovc
a causc-rrd-cffcc.
r€larionship and
(2)
wirar
is
true for on€ mcmber
of a
group
(in
tlns
case, businesses rcsrored ro
pnvar.
own€rship) is
so rrue for rhrr
Eroup
ar a
whote.
f
the aurbor wishcs
ro
convince m€
of
his
sw€cping
conclusion, mrher rh;lr) rclyirg on va8uc ard
scant informariofl abour
one
porenriall]

irnreprescnritive busincss, the
author
should comparc rhe
profirabiliw
of
public
businesses
as a
group
wirh
-
thar of
privarc
businesses a5 1
group.
I\RGU}.4ENT I\O. JJ
.'Avoiding
a
Shortage of Trailed
Engileers
This editorial poin6
our thar in rl*
pasr;
fte majoriry of cnginccrs in'
this
countn havc comc
from univcrili€s bur lhir rhc numbcr of
univctsirl"aged pcoplc
Ln this country is bcSirning to decreaic-a lrcnd L.rrat
thc cditorial

s
aurhor
beuevcs
will
continuc
tor thc rcsr of
thc decad.
dDc ro
2
currcnt
dccLinc
ir high school enrolmcnr. The auilor reasons that thc
nrtion
Ivill
soon bc shon ofrr:rLined
cnAinecrs, then concludcs lhat educxlion
pctcrsoi\
a
\v,ltini
Skttls
Iot
irc
GRI/GAIAT
Tcsts
ttuQctefo^\ctm
utoj
suotrata4.ntdrn,
@
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r 45

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thxt
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Prc'school
ngc
clo
sPend
3 siSnificanl
ponion
of
crch
di!
s irh
xr lcxsr
onc
Prren!
Ncnhcr
:tsscflion
js
Paniculrdy
convincinE.
rnd
considcrcd

to8ethcr'
thc\'rr(
clcn
lcss
pcrsuasivc
:rs
discussed
bcloN
A
thrcshold
problc
\'ith lht
iLrStrmcnl
is
lhrl
it
hils
Io distinFuislr
'
becwccn
scicntisls
wiLlr childfcn
1nd
thosc
vilhour
childrcn
A
scicntist
s'illr
no vounS

childrcn
obriousll
h:ls
no
flccd
Ior
di-\'-cirrc
s€rviccs
or
for
." _r4""t n1.t,
ttqui'ements
that
accommodatc
rhc sPeciil
intetcsts
of
p:lrcnls.
Thus,
thc
author
musl
nlftos'borh
conclusions
so
rhat
thel
rpPl)
only
ro scienlisls

vitb childrcn
Consideri!8
rhe
xuthor's
fi$t
2ssenion
sPin
ftom
Lhe
*-"0
"ll-'^lt-
audor
fails
ro considcr
tnd
tulc oLr!
othcr
oplions
for
ensuring
proPcr
care
ror
,.ian,iro
anifO,.n
a*i"8
the
!'ork&v
For
insoncc'

a scientis(
vhose
sPousc
(or pattneO
has
timc
dunng
'acn
or\'Io
sPcnd
wrth
$cir
child
mish(
lery.wcU
).oL.
to'o-ott'ot"
drJ
c're
Be'rdc5
rnan)
s(ienrisr-Parcntr'
rncruoug
."""*r.o*."i
".'.t*",
mig}rt
hxve
friends
or
reladves

$/ho
c'n
providc
child
.rc. Thus.
to thc
cxlent
tir

sc'ent$ts
nlvc
othcr
opions
ro
cnsurc
day
c c
fo!
their
children.
rhe
?uthor's
lt$I
con.lusion
is
unw
Ttnlco
A5
for
rhe

2uthor's
secono
asscrdon'
considered
scP'_rr!€ly
ftom
thc
filst
on€,
tbc
xuthor
ftils
to
cxpl
n
vhl
il is
impontnt
tot-t *
t.r.*t.
,.,
""t.
.n
drcn
of
scicnlists
in
PaniculI'
ro
spcnd

a signillcant
ionion
of
ctct
daY
wift a
parcnt-
bckin8
a convincl'rg
explanaion'
I
camror
acccpr
ttre
authot's
asscrdon
lhat
carccr'advanccment
requremcnrs
-*r-o.
nr^d.
morc
fl€xible
mcrcl)'for
thc
s'ke
of
allowit8
signilicen(
parcnt'child

conoct
each
workdal
-
Consideritg
thc
tNo
assenrons
rogeller'
howeler'
tit
"lry.Tl
bccomcs
cvcn
lcss
conviicinS
ln cssence'
thc
second
x5senion
scrvcs
to
;;.;.
rtrc tlrst
onc
ll
the ctritdrcn
of scientists
spend
sicrificant

rime
each
dry
q,ith
a
Plrent,
without
comPromise
to
ihe
sci€ntist-Parent
s
c?rccr'
then
all'day
child
catc
worro
secm
u'neccssalv-in
dircct
contradiction
to
*rc
authoris
first
assenion
Thus'
*tc
author

musl
eitier
reconcilc
thc
two
ass€nroos
or choose
onc
asscdiofl
ovcr
the
othc.
]n
a notshell,
the
ar$rment
is
not
onlt
Poorl]'supPofted
but
arso
paBdoxical.
lcfore
I can
ettner
?gfee
or
disxSrce
v',ith

ihe
author's
firs!
'
assenlon,
I
would
nccd
ro xioq
whll
perccnllse
of
*'*tl::.::
prc schoor
chndren
i.
*.',,
r:1:1,:l"t'
J:','"lil,:'#,::::
i1::
tflsicd relalives/friends
who are
arar
;.'";.oini-
;;;;
th€
author'sc€ms
to rer)'
on
ccnzin

nornxtivc
;il;;
i".t
o-t'tt-o
rctaiionships'
lssuroptions
that
thc.aurho'
docsn't
begin
ro
address
but
must
do
so
beforc
I
can
?grcc
wirh
llrc
asscftion.
Moreovc.'
the
arErrmenr
a5
a
wholc
is iliogiczl

on
i$
face
B€forc
I
-"
O.ra
- !!kc
it scrious\"
thc
anthor
must
cihcr
abandon
onc
or
tllc
orhcr
?sscnion
o'
exprain
whv scicntis6
a5
"
s"'p
'"'*":
id]i:t T^t:
"
"t
*t

*.y
-t
spend
siSninc"nt
tirDc
crch
da-v
vith
thcir
Pre_scnoor
.it
or
-o
* ,n'
srme
time
havc
!e!dv
acccss
to
2ll-dxv
child
care
.htu.pdnb,Biof,
r-ia'<nz*
*5a
-