Writing Skills For GRE-GMAT Episode 2 Part 4 doc

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PART
6
rhc brcrcrix-killing
pR)c€ss.
cu

otsrcrs Ni

bccomc
iusr
r!
dcsirabt( xs

rlinric
otsrcrs. To bcrrcr xssess
rhc irSumcnr,s
cliim rhar profils
for
6ulf
o\.srcr prod!'ccrs s,ill
incrc:rsr is
x. cnd rcsujL. I
voutd
rccd ro kno{
\tcrl)cr
6ulfoysrcr produc(6
\'ilt
incu. rtrc
cxpcnscs invot!ed in

Lilt,nS rhc
bxcrc.ir and. if
so, rhc cxrcnr
to
s,hich
tbcsc
cxpcnscs
wjU
impirgc
o,] thc
producers
profiK.
Ancumrr.n
No.
76
Employec Compensation at
Nationa.l
Brush
Compan)'
ln this
rcporl, thc prcsidcnl
of Nariond
Brush Compan),
(NDC)
concludes rhar thc
bcsr
wr\'
!o cnsure
rixr NBC
will

cam a
prolil
nexr
ycar
is for rh€ company
ro
pxy
ils
woikers
according ro
lhe numbcr of Drusncs
they produce-rather
rlan hourty.
To
suppon this conctusion, rhc presidenr
claims tha!
th€ ncw
po[q'wilt
rcsuh in thc
production
of more and
bcrrc.
brushes,
wtuch
in
F,Im
will
allow
NBC ro rcducc
irs st lf size and

opcrrrins
hours, Lhcrcb)
cuftrrg c.r(pcnscs.
This
i4rumcnr is fnughr with
dubious
rssumprions, which
rcndcr ir endrch,
unconvjncirE,
.
Firsr
of
rll,
rhc ar81rmcnr
rctics
on thc unsubsrznriarcd lsswnprion
rhx!
lhc new
polic!
will
morivarc workers
!o
produce
brushes more
quiclcly.
\"hcrbe.
this
is rhe casc wilt
depcnd,
of cours.,

oD
rhc amounr
camcd
pcr
brush
2nd
the mle
ar
which
workcrs
cln
producc
brusbcs. rr vU
also
.
dcpcnd
on the e{enr
ro whjch
NBC
workcls
arc
cont€nr
wir}r
rhcir
cuncnr
incom. lcvcl.
l:cking
cvidcnce rh

rhc nes,

poliq,
would
resuh in rie
producrion
of morc
bnrshes, fte
president
cannor convince
mc ahxt this
policl. nould
bc
ln
cffcctivc
mcans ro
€nsure a
profit
Ior
NDC in
rhc
cominS
_YC2l.
. -
Evcn
if
rhc
neq'
polic!
does-morinrc
NBC
workers

ro
producc
more
brushcs, rhc
plcsidenr's
argumcn!
dcpcnds
on rhc additionrl assumption
that
producirg
brushcs
morc
quicklt
can
bc
accomplished wilhour
sacrificing
qual]q'.
ln facr,
L\e
prcsidcn! goes
fu.rher
b),
predjcrin8
ar.
ircrcrse in
qualjB'.
YeL
common sensc
jfforms

mc rhrr f Lhc
production
process
otherwisc
rcmains
the samc,
qujckcr
producrion
is
likely to rcducc
quarjn'-ard
in any
event cclujr y
nofilcrerjc
iL. And a decline
io
qurliq
mighr
scrve ro
dimintsh rhe vrtuc
ofNBC's brusl)cs ii rhe markerplacc.
Thus,
thc uldmarc
lesu.lr of rhc ncw
pojiq
mjphr bc to rcducc NBC
s
revcnuc zrd.
in rurn. profi6.
Evcn ,6suniDg

rhar :5
:$c
.rcsult
of rhe new poliq,,
NBC s currenr
.
wo.L{orcc
produces
morc brushcs wir,trout
sacrficing qur_Iiry,
rcducing
t}|c
sizc
of.thc
wortdorcc
and rhc
numbc. of
opq?ting hours
vould
scdc ro
offscr thosc producrion
gains.
Adrnincdl)', by kccpirtt thc
mosr cmcicnt
cmployccs,
NBC
would
milri.nlizc
rlc c*cnt of rhis
offscr. NevcFhcless, rha

prcsidcnr provjdes
no cvidcncc
rhzr !h€ rcsulr would
be
a
nct
gain
in
proclucrion.
Wirhour
ar) sucb
€vidcncc. t})c
plesidcnCs
alE:umcnr
that rbc
ncw
policy
wil
help cnsurc
profilrbiljq'
is hjghh
suspecL.
\7nti,tg
Sb
k
lar
tr.
CRVGMAT T61t
uutu.peI606 0h
nte

suosra,ad.nDm
tr8!
aq
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SAVSSJ
J.tdnvs
tFl
PART
6

omirs
xn),
mcnlion
of
rcpo(s
rronr scn,crs
xbout
cu:itomcrs s'lro
na\,c
coDrptrincd.
Sincc
lhc
anccdorat
cr,idcncc
is
ooc-side<1,
i(
js
inidequa(e
ro
:rsscss
ovcmlt
cusrom€r
s:rtisflcrion
Nirb
rb( chrnrc.
Finlth
elrn
if
HpH

s sourh\vesr
cusromcr\
x.c
h:rppy \\,j(tr
!hc
chxntc,
U)r
spcrker utufuirh.rssunlcs
tltrr
cusrom€rs
in
orl)cr
rclions will
rcspond
simihrlr
ro
il_
p€rhxps
Sourhl!€stemers
xre geocr:llh.
less
conccmed
than
olh(r pcopt€
rboul
whcrhrr
rhcr,
cxt
mirgrrinc
or

bu(cr.
Or,
perhrps
Sourhwesrcm€rs
actualtv
p.cfcr
margarinc
to
bur!€r, in
conr.rs!
ro
prc\ading
rasrcs
clscwhcrc.
Or.
pc.haps
Sourhecsrrmers
havc
rcl:rrivch,few
cr)orccs
s
ltcn rr
comcs
ro
prnc:rlic
resr2uEnLs
ln
sum, rl)c
spcakcr,s
argumenl

is
wcak.
To
bcucr isscss
iL, I wosld
need
to
k oR,(l)
hos, long
rhe
chan8c
has
bccn in
cffccr in the
Soumvesr.
(2)
whrt
pcrcent2gc
of HpH
sc.vers
and
man,tgcrs
havc
receivcd
cusromcr
complrjnrs
xbou!
t}lc chrngc,
and
(3)

lhe
numbcr
of such
compldnts
as x
pcrccntagc
of rhc
roul
numbcr
of
HpH
.cuslomcrs
who
order
mcals
ca.llirp
for ei$cr
buftcr
or margrrinc.
To
srrcngrhcn
thc argumcnr.
the
secakcr
musr
providc
dcar
cvidcncc_pcrhrps
b),
way

of I rcliabtc
survctLrlar
HpH
cusromers
in odrcr
regions
rre
likcty ro
bc
hrppl
wirh
Lhc
chrnSc
ird
conrmue
ro
9arronize
HpH
afrer
dtc
chantc,
Ancurarvr
No.
BB
Adyance
Ticket
Sales
for
Glcnville,s
Concerts

This lcEer
recommends
tiar
Glenville
featurc
nrodem
music, especialh
rh€
music
of fuchefts,
i!
its
summer
conccrG
i,
ordcr ro
boosr advancc
ricxcr
satcs
and
aEcndincc.
To
suppon
ilris
recommcndatjon,
tbc
rcrrcrs
au6or poin6
our rher
advance-Ucker

salcs
bavc
cleclined
ovcr rhc past
fcq,
,vcars,
bul
-
unprcdicrablc
welrhcr
cannor
bc
thc rea.son
for
t}Ic
dcclinc
bccausc
'm.n),
pcople
aucndcd
thc
conccrrs
even
in bad weatici
The
aurlor
concludcs
rhar choice
oI
music

musr
bc rbc
rerJon for
t}lc dcclinc,
thcn
reasons
furl}|r
rhar
sincc
fuchefts,
rccordings
arc vcry popular
agronS
Glcnvillc
residcnE,
fcatu.ing
Richcrts.
music
ar rhe
corcens woulct
boost
rickcr
sales and
aRcndancc.
I
fmd th.is
ar8umcnr
ro
bc logicrlty
unconvDcrrg

m
sevcmt
resPccrs,
.
,{s I
rhrcshotd
matlcr.
the aurhor
urJairlv
€quarcs
tbe n\rmber
of rjckcr
purchascrs
wirh
the numbe,
of
rrckcrs
.
purchascd.
Thc
aurbor
rRrorcs
Uic
possibiliq'
rhar
thc_ evcr:Ee
numbcr
oi.rickcrs
soto
io erct prirchascr

:s
rncrcrsrng,
andt
a5 a
rcsuh,
the total
nunber
of
rickcrs
is nor
decliftng_or
pcrnaps
cvcn
incrclring,
Thus,
r}je
?urhor
cannot
. coneincingly.coDclude
$at Gtenvile
hzr .l rjckersale
problcm
in thc 6rsr
Dlace.
Evcn
if t}|e acrua_l
numbc.
of Lckcrs
sold
m 3dwnce

has
b€en dectning,
r]lc aurhor
cooctudcs
roo
hasdty
rhai unplcdicrable
wcarher
c.3llnot
be tbc
rcason for
rhc
d€cli.e.
perhrps
concen
ancndccs
dulin8
$€
pa5t
fcu,),cars
havc now
ldrncd
from
ih€ir
cxpcricncc
wirh
bad
concen we"thcr
no! ro
purcbGc

aclv2rce
dckcls
again.
B€sjdes,
rhc
mere
fxc! rhrr
.m2l1l
people.
Pcttsor's
,
A/ritihq
Shilh
for
tbc
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Itl
PART
6
possible
thxt rbcsc
l\ro di$lrjcrs
:rrc
rol rcl)rcrcnr; ilc
of lhc stnrc s school
disrricrs
ovcrrll. Sccond.
lhc surve) invotved

or)tr mxrh ind
scicnci rc.chcrs.
't.l
thc rtcrkcr
dr.rNs i
brord rcconrmcndirion
for il rcichcrs
b:rsco on rDC
sun'cY s results.
ln rddnion.
(h(
sperkcrs
rccommcnclxrion
rctics
on
rhc assumDrion
rhar rlrc rnounr
of
homcrvork
assigoed ro srudents
js
$e oflt)
possiblr
reasor Ior rhe
compirarive ic:rdemic performancc
bcrwccn srudents in thc
rwo disrricrs.
llowcver,
jn:rlt
tikclihood,

rhis is
sjmply nor !he casc.
pcrhirps
Sanlcc rc:rchc6
ara srricrcr:rndcrs
!ben lt rrlcc reachcrs.
Or
perhaps
S:rnlcc
tcach.rs are
less effcctive
rhan
Marlec reachcrs, and ihcretorc,
S4nlcc
studcn6
vould
pcrform
morc poorl).
rcgardless
of homcwork schcdulc. Or
pcrhxps
fcwcr
Srnl€c srudenls
rtran
Ma.lcc srudcnrs rcrur.Ilv do rhcir
assigncd
hor'rework_
In shon, in
order to
propc.ly

corcludc rhat
fcs,er
homcwork assignmcnrs
resulE
in bcfter academjc performancc,
rhc
spcakcr
must ffsr
rulc our all
orhcr fcisibte
cxptanalions for rhc disparjq.
il]
acadcmic pcdofmancc
bclwccn the rwo
disrricls.
Finaly,
dre survcy
results a5
rcponed
by.the spc:-kcr
irc roo vaSuc
ro
'
suppolr any finn
conclusion.
Tbe speaker .cporu
rhar Sxilee scudcnls
rcccive lowcr.Sndcs
and rrc
morc til{ely

to repcat a
schoot
ycar
rhcn
}t2rlcc
srudenls.
Yc( thc spcakcr
docs
nor indjca(e
whcrhcr
this
fad
lpplics
to
Sadcc and
M2rlce srudcnls
Scncnlt)
or
jusr
to marh and scicnce
stuocnls.
Thc.pcd<cr's.ecodrmcndalion
for aI hjgh school
sixdenrs miShr b€
dcfcnsiblc,in rhe
formcr case
bur not
in t)c la(ct case.
ln
conclusion, rhc

rccommendxrion
tha( aI hjfh
school srudcnLs bc
1ssisncd
honrcwork
once
pcr veek
ar most
is irdcfcnsibt€ bajcd
on
thc
cvidcncc- To sl.cngrhcn
rJ)c orgumcnt,
rti.
spcakcr musr sbow that thr
rcponcd
corr€hrion ir rhc
ar€as
of math ard scicncc is also found among
most oticr academic
subjccrs.
Thc sp€*cr musr
dso rule out othd facors
rhrr mj8ht dcterminc.hc
students,gmdcs
and thcir Likclibood of rcpcaring a
ycar.
Fjrally.ro
bcncr asscss
rhc ar8umcnr, wc

would
necd ro knoq,
whcthcr
rhc rcporrcd
d'spariqv
m ac?dcmjc perforDancc
bcrwcco Sailec and Mrrlcc
s$denrs invoh,ed
onh' math
mcl scicncc
sruclcnrs
or
all srudenrs.
Anour*e r.n
No. 96
llave.Forst'the
Citizens Adopted
Hea-lthier
Lifestl,les?
-ln
rhjs.allumcnr,
rhc spskcr
toncludcs rharrFo6tthc
citiz€ns havc
''
.adop!ed
hc.althjer
liJesrylcC.
To
jusrjJir

lhis
conclusion,.t}lc speakcr ctcs a
Tcccntiurvc]'
of Forsvlhc cirizens
,sugScsring
thar
$ci.r carrn8 habirs nos,
conJorm morc
closciy io
govemm.nr
nurrirional rccommcndations than rhq
did tcn
ycr$
ago. Thc
speakcr also points
our thar sdcs of
kiraq
a
subsbncc
kiown to !€ducc
cholcsrc.ol.
havc incrc$ed
fourfotd,
whn€
salcs of sulir,
'which
fce
of Forsl1hc s
healltricsr cirizcns
car regdllty. havc bcc,

dcclinjnS.
Tnis
arSumenr
is unpcrsuasile
for sevcnt
reasons.
wtrtihg
Shttb
lor
tbc
GRE/GIUT TesB
utupe'60B.coh
L
un)1suoeatd
ntntnl
*fi**f*Ntr*f
ids**ffiru,u$'ffi+ffi#x
r[*q*'gg***
x*r;ffi#*frx*ffi
*#*m,**$*Nffi
-**$**.*,t;*,rffi
rqt
.'.rl
snthc
;',,,,, . .
tttal
.Iva't

-,
,_/ia

a
,,uo\
slNlt{n9uv
lu9
tvt3tijo
oz
tioj
S VSSI
t]d,,vvs
utl
PAQ'I 6
AqcuMrNr
No.
I 05
A Ne$'
P.esidcnt
for
the
Ianc]'
To)'
Companl'
ln lhis mcmo, a mxnrlrtr at Frncl Tov ConP:rn\'
rccomnlcnds
rcplxcinS
Prt S:rl!o,
thc comprnJ's currcnr
prcsidcnt.
s'ith Rosl
winniogs,
s4ro

is
cuncntlt
Presidcnl
of Slrrli8lrt
Jeweln
To suppon
llris
rtcommenditioo.
thc
rDxDr!€r
poinq'
out thxl Fanc\"s
profils
hrvr
dcciincd
durinli
rl)c hsl
thre€
quancrs
undcr Prt s
lcrdcrship. whilc SlarlrCrt's
profiE havc
bccn
hcrcrsing
dramxricall\'. Thc
mxnagcr's argumcol is
uncon\'incitS
for scveral
reltons
Fjrsr.

thc managcr's rccommcndation
relics
Partll
on the
assumPt'on
thir Pal
was
thc
cause
of
Fancl' To,v s dcclijuns
Profils-
Howevcr,
this
need
not be
rhc casc. Pcrh2Ps the
toy
busjness
is scasond,
and thc
coming
quattcr
is
zlwa)'s thc mosr
ptonlable
one. Or
PerhaPs
thc
cosl of

materials or libor
havc incteascd.
ar)d PaI has had no conttol
over ihcsc
incrcascs
'l(/itlour
rll<iiS into account such
Possibilil;cs,
$c mlni8ct simpl-v
cannot.easonabl)
concludc
tlat
Pat
is responsible for Fanq"s
declining
profits and tli!
rcplacrnE Pir
will thcrc[ore en],)]ncc ltnq
s
profits.
Similarl)',
thc managcr's rccommcndition
assumcs
lhat
i! is Rosa
who
has
bc€n
pliharii)' responsible for StxrliShfs
profitabiliq'. Howcvcr'

tlc
maniS€r
p.ovidcs
no cvidence to
2lfirm this assutiption.
h
is cntircll
possib)c
that all
icsclq'
businesscs
hav€
prospcrcd teccntl),
rcS,rdlcss
of
thc abilili€s of the mxna8ers. Or
perhaPs the costs of
precious
mctais
and
othcr materirls hxvc
deciined in rccent
ycars,
thcrcb)'lcading
to incrcficd
profi6
for Starlight. Ilotcover,
Perhnps
Rosr has
onl)'served

as
prcsid€nt or
Sl-arlight
for a shon while,
xnd it
was
hcr
prcdeccssor
who is lo
crcdk fot
surtiSlhr's
profitabiliq'.
-wilirouMkin8
into
account
these
possibilitics' lhc
mamgcr ca.nnoi
dcfcnd thc conclusion that
h is nosa
s'ho
is
relPonslblc
for
srarlit*rt s
jncrcasinS
prolirabilit-1'.
Fi.ndly,
thc
manager's

rccommendation
lo replace
Paa
wit}l Rosa rcs!5
on
tJre
poor
issumption
thac thc two busincsscs
ltc sufiicicnd)'
similar
tbat
i
Rosz s cxpcricnceand
skili in onc busitcss
will
transfer
to
thc o$cr. Evcn
if
S!2rlighfs
incrcasing
protrtbilry
is
attribuBblc
to Rosx
s lcadcrshiP,
shc
might ncvcfthclcss be
unsucccsstul_lezdiJ)g

a lo)'compxn),
dcPending
on
hos'
much experiens€ it the
toy
business
is
rcquired
to successtully
lcao
'sucn
I
comPily.
In conclusion, thc"argument is
irnconvi.ncinf
as n st,Jlds. To strcn$hcn
''ir,
tbe'm2neger rnust
shoi'that Par, and
not some
othcr
factor bcyond
PafJ
conEol, is lcsponsibLc
for Farcy's dcclr.nin8
ProfiE
Similatl)"
thc rd2na8cr
mus! shos'dral i!

is
Rosa
who is
Primariiy
responsiblc
for SErlighl
t
profiLlbiliry
ind thrt Rosx's
xbiliries will
tl sfct lo rhe
tol' busincss.
lo
otdct
ro
bencr
elalure tlre argumcnt,
vc vould necd
more itlornation
aboul
how
long Pat and Rosa bavc sen'cd
as
prcsidenls of
their
rcspcctir'c
compmics
zlrd
vhar dlcir io.S-tergl
t€as<l-!s

Jor].eadilC
rhcir
rcsp€cnw
companies
Io
profi L:rbilitl.
P drcn s
t rvtt ;R
Sk
tt
lor
tb!
GR'E"''C
t'UT
T'!u
tw.pet60B.@n
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Errprr
60'
.oN.,*r.;;ff
,l,ff
SlNlt''ln9dv
lUe
tVtOlJiO
OZ
aJOJ
S VS5*3
,d^yS
Hil
PARI
6
othcr !jxblc nrciln:
of boosLjnA
irs
Drofits
is
:r!rilibtr lo ,{ffrch:rif. To
bc{cr
cvrlu
(
rh( irt '))cnt, \v( \1'uld
nccd infonurrio

!rrxhtrn! us ro conrpirrr
lhc
llrrsron storc
s clcnr(t( xDd

con)pclirion
wirh
rhxl
of ortrcr rnlcluir
srofcs.
Wc
pould
ilso
necd more
informalion ebour
Mrrsron s
proliiabitiq.
bcforc and.ncr ir implcrr(nrcd
dre nes,
policics.
Anou,ueNr No. Ii3
A Fitness-Gym Fianchise
Opportunity
Ttxs
brochure for Powcr-Li,rr
c.vm
ctaims
lhrr by ioyesdn8 io a
powcr.
Lifr franchise, an
irvesior \vilt
crm a quick profir.
To suppon dris claim,
l}re
brochure cires a varicry

of
slarislics abour
*rc cuncnr
popularit\,
of
ph-vsical
fitncss ind
ofPowcr-UIi
cyms in
panicular.
Howevcr, carcful
scmriry ofthjs
cvidcncc rcveals
thar ir lcnds
no crcdiblc
suppon !o tlc ctaim.
Or€
problem
\vith
the
brochurc's claim irvolvcs i$
relirnce on t}lc
barc facl r}Iat rcacnu€
from
lasr
ycar's
salcs
of hcalrh books ?l1d maFxzinq
roraled
$50 nillion. Thii

sr.?ristic in
iBclf
provcs
norhing. Hertrh magazincs
do oot all focus
on
wcjghdifiin8
or cvcn
physical
fitncssr ir
js
possiblc
tlar
v€rv
few salcs werc
of those thar
do.
Bcsidcs, ir
js
cntire\,
possiblc
thar in
prcvious yea.s,
.oLd sates wcrc
cvcn
hiShc!
ard
tha! sates arc acruallr
dcdil1ing. Either
sccnario, iI rruc. would

scrvc to
wcrkcn
rhe
brochurc,s
cl2ifi rarhcr rh]n
suppon ir.
.
Arorh€r
problcm
wjLh
the
brocburc's claim involves the
fact
ihat
morc
lnd morc consuliers
arc
purch3sinS
homc
8yrns.
lr is
cnrircb'
possiblc
that
coosumcrs arc
using homc
gYms
a-s a
subfcirurc for conunercial
gyms

and
rh2r rbc numbcr
of PoNcr-Lift
mcmberships will
dcclirc
as a
rcsulr.
Wir}rolr
rulinS our L\is
possibiliq,
rhe
brochurc
cannot conYincc mc t})at a ncs,
?orvcr-lifr fi'anchisc would
ba
Dlofilrblc.


third problcm
wi*r
rhe brochurc's
clajm involvcs its reLiancc
on
rhc
fact rhat
500
Pos€r,Lif!
flfuchis€s
arc
noB' i,

cxisrcncc.
tr is erlrkcb
possiblc
rhar
rhc markct
has bccomc
sarurarcd and rhat addirionat
powcr-Lifr
I'ms
will
no! be as successful
ri
currcnt on€s. Morcovc!. it is
possiblc
that
thc
nrrmbcr of compering
gyms
hri dso incrcascd ill rridem
with
thc
8en€ml
inrerest
ir hcalth ,nd
firness. lvithoul
addressing $js suppl)"and.
demand issuc, tbc
brochure
caffor
jusi4.

i6
conclusion rhar a
nes.
Pos'cr-Lifi
fnnchisc would
be a
sound invcslrncfll.
ln conclusion.
t}c
brochurc is inpcrsuasivc alir
sraods. To srfcngt})co
its cl m t}lar a
naw Powci.Un
franchisc would
bc
profitablc,
thc brochurc
.hodd
providc
suongcr cvidcncc
thar rhe
gcne.al
inrclcsr
ir
ph.vsical6rnc$,
and weightliftklg
in
p:niculrr,
will
conrinue

umbarcd
in the forcsecablc
tutur€.
Thc brochu:c
must also provide
cvidcncc rhar home
Syms
arc nor
scrving as
subsriNrcs
for commcrcial
gyms.
FiJulb
!o bcrr€r cvaluarc *r€
?rgumcnt,
'wc
would
nced
more ioform{ion abour thc cxrerr ro which tltc
.fitrcss'gym mriker
has becomc
szrurf,lcd, nol oril b) Powcr-Lift fnnchisc5
but bI compcting
gl'ms
as
s'cll-
PcLcrsoh
s
,
lvdtnlq

Skilslor
tlte
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SAVSSI

ltdlr'{vs
PART
6
idcnlifying
and
$eigbing suclr :rltcrnativrs. lh(;ruthor
c:rnnol
d€fend
lhc
conclusion
r)r1t
votcrs
should approvc
thc cxprcssw:r)
Projcc!.
ln conclusion. lhc
!rgumcnl
js
unconlincins
as iI sunds. To
strcngrl)cn
jr,
rhc author must
provide
slrong evidencc
lhat
rhc cxPrcsseal
would
hclp
allFviarc shoru8€s of supplr

aod
matcrials
rmong
downrown busincsscs
atd
mmuhcturers.
Thc nuthor musr also sbos'thal
dre
exPrcss\\':r]
would
in
fscr
result in
a nel
influ.\ of
vorkcrs
vho
would changc
iobs
bccausc of
thc
availability of the exprcsswx\'. Firdlt,
to bcllcr c\aluxr€
the
rr8umcnt,
wc
would nced morc informrtion
about
possiblc ll(cmatilcs to
rhe

Propos:l
and wherher:rn!'such
altcmativc &ouid bc morc
cffccdve in
Promoiing
$c
heal$ of Lhc
downrown econom).
utu
petc^o$.@n
| 1921
Pet6or's
t
'':t/tingSkILt
Ior
Lbl
GIU/GMAT
Tefi
1Lt '
shuyat4J,r4t,r
r.!t
rol
tTttlS
EutruAl
stsal
JVWS/rt>
,""".y:r:_._T^ , ;Tff
::j;l:H;.,H.,il,:f
.;,:jil
'

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savsstr
g-Idr,{vs
E r,tpd
PART
7
lll
lssur No.
Fersonal
'tI
tl
Faililgs of Gre:rt Achicvc.s
AJc ihe pcrsonil

frili'rFs
of
Fre!r
achicrcrs
Scncmll!
unimpo(:rnr
comp:rrcd
to drc individu:rl s
schiclemcnrs.
xs rhc spcrkcr contends? ln
sonrc crs€s,
perhaps
so. Ho\\'c!cr. in
ma
vic\'. rhis conrcnrion :rmounrs to irn
untair
Scncmlizntion.
Thr
spcakcr
o\'erlooks
rhar
prr:on;1l
fiilin8s oft(n
pl:rl
an inrcgral role in the
process
of achieving
grear
rhings-cidrer as a caril]'sl
for it or xs

pa.l
of rhc
process.
Somc
pcrsonal
fiilings can scwc
as cr&lvsls
for
Frert
achicvcment. ,{
pcrsonal
failinS
can
rcst tbe s'ould-bc
,chievcr's merrlc; il mighr
posc
r
chailcosc-DccessaD'resisrxnce
thar
drives
rhc
individu:rl
ro achicve dcspirc
ihe shoncoming. For cxample, poof
acadcmic or
job
perfoimancc
can
propcl
a

gi-fted
enlrcprcn€ur ro sran a
business,
Nhich
ulrimare\' becomcs
the dominant
plrycr
in irs irdusrD.
Or se.ious illness or
inju.j' can spur rn
athlclc on .o a(ajn
worid<lass
sEndins in a
panicular
sporl.
Ot})er
pelsonal
feilirgs arc
s.ymbiorjcalh' connccred
*'irh achicvemcnr;
thxt is, a
pcrsonal
friling migh! bc r nccessarv ingred'enr o. inree.^l
pan
ol
thc achicvcmcnr proc.ss
ilself. lor
inslancc,
a.risls md musiciais oflcn
p.oducc

ttrcir most crcative
works
during
p€riods
of dcpression,
addictjon,
or other distr.sq
irdccd,
in
anvork's
Frcalncss
oftcn li€s
in how ii rcflccu
and
revca]s the ffdsfs
own
fiilir8s
aod foibles. And in thc rc.lms ofbusirc5!
.lrd poUlics,
nrscnsirivir), ro rhe
buman cosls of success,
whjch
I considcr ro
b. a
pcrsonal
failirg, ha5 brcd many
gmnd
3chjcvcmcnrs. HisroD'is rcplerc
s'i!h
cx2mplcs-from thc use

of
-cxpendablc'
slaves b]
t}Ic ancicnr
cmp€rors in rcalizin8
our
sorld's
grcarcjr
monumenrs ro rhc
guesrionablc
labor
praclices
of Amcrica's
grcat
lale ninerccnrh,ccnrun indusEialisrs.
__
Evcn
pcrsonal
failngs rhat arc
unconnecrcd
n'ith
ccnain
achievcmcotj
lic
ar
lhc hca( of othcr, uninrended
ones. Considcr, for exxmple, r$o
modcm Amedcan presidcnts:
Nixon and Clinton. N'xon s
pannoia,

ehich
hislorians
Scncrally
agrcc was
his fatrl flap, rcsuhcd
in ihc
Watergire
scanclal-a
warefihcd
cvcnt ir Amcricx.
polirics,
nd more rcccnd,r,
Clitton s marilal indiscrctions 2nd
subsequenr irnpexchment
prompred
1
nationai
rcexamjnadon of the rcquisites
tor
lcgitinarc
political
lcadcrship.
Vcrc
thc
personal
failings of Nixon nnd
Clinron
lcss
"imponxnt"
thnn drcir

rclLicvcmenu
as sBresman md
social .eformer, rcspccrivcl)
? Pcrhips not,
dmincdl)',
sonc
q?cs
of parsqn2l
failtags
t
c in impor(,Jlcc to tI.
bdilidual
s
actiicvcmcnts.
lor cximpl€,
lhc
peoplc
who wc
considcr
gr€:r
irdsrs,
aclors, and nrusiciirns arc
ofrcn nororious for thcir
poor
financial and
busrncss
judgmen!.
Ye!,
jn
our hear6 and ininds._*ris son of faililrg onll

clc\ares thcm in
S.catness.
lUoreovcr. othcr
q?€s
of
pcrsonal failitSs arc, in
m)
\'icw, parcntlv
more
jnpon1nr
dlan a.y
acN€vcmcnr.
Ior
insancc, aor
a male spol1s hero h:rs Iound his
nemc
on a ncwspapcr's
poiice
b)o.rer
aicr
commiftirg
a violcnl
crimc. li mv vies', the imponancc ofrnt
violenl crirn(
ou8veichs
thrr
of
trnr
sooni rccord.
wrlti'1q SkttL

Io,
tbl
GlWGiuT T6n
1o!\,.letc6ots.con
ukt.1sIoen,aU
atntol
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s3nssllvn9
tvlltijc

oz doi
S VSS:3,td,1vs
lll
lssur No.
I,ocation:
cmpiricxl
cvidcn.c to
suppon lhis nrFUnrcnt.
s4rich
in anr
cvenl is
r|ncon\'incing
in li8ht of
nror(
n€rsu:rsile
rrgurnenrs
rhxt
govcmnrenl
should
plry
no
prn in
cilhcr supponinS or rcstricrin!
thc ins.
Firsr. subsidizinF rh( rns is
nci(hcr
r
prop(r
nor ncccssrt
iob

for
Fovcmmcnr.
Altl)ough
pLrbllc
hcalrh
is
tener1llv
v'cwcd xs criticll l(' x
socicn s
ve'-1' sun'ivrl and tbcrcforc rn ,pprop.i r conccrn of
aovcrnnlent.
this conccm shoukl not €xtcnd lenuousl) ro ou. cullural
"hcalth'
o.
welfbcLnF.
A hck of
privirrc
funding mjghr
jusrii
an cxccptioni in m)'
obscnarion.
how€vcr,
philmihrop!
is alile and
wcll
Iodir, cspcciall)
among
!l)c nc\,
lrchnology nnd mcdia nroguls.
Sccondb.

govern.ncnt
crinoi
possiblj'
play
an cvcnhanded tolc
as ans
parron,
lnadequarc resourccs
cxll
for rcsarjctions,
p.joritics,
and
choiccs, k is
unconscionablc
to lclegarc normative decisions as !o
q'hlch
ari ha5
"valuc'
ro
a
Iew icSislators
and
jurists,
vho
ma)'bc un€r iS.htcned
in thcit nodons
about an, Also,
legislarors arc all too likel)' to makc chojc€s in
Iavor of thc
cuftu|ll agefldas of rhosc'lobbyrsrs

wirh
dle mosr mone]'
and kr.0ucncc.
Thirdll, rcsL.rcunE anrsl,c oiprcssion mr) rn somc
cacs cncrorcb
upon
the consrirulional nghl of fre€ cxprcssion. 1o
an] catc,
Sovcmmcntal
rcslrictjon
ma) chill creativit)', thcrcby defeaUns
tbc
veLT purposc
of
subsidizirg
the 1116.
in lhc final analysis,
Sovcmmcnt
crnnot
philosophically
o.
cconomical\'
jusriJy
itJ involvemcDt rn thc ans, cilhcr b,\'subsidy orsanction.
nesponsibiliq
Les
w,rh
mdrviouals ro d€rennine
whr(
art his

vrluc
1n,1 to suppofl
tlat an.
26
Still
the Ke-v to Busiress
Success
ln retail, or
"slorcftont."
busr,.less, locaiion
is
6till
a key inSrcdienl
of
busincrs succcss, Thc cxcnl
ro which
this
will continuc
to
bc
truc,
Sivcn
thc
inexomblc
growt})
of lntemct commerce.
will varl' imong industrics.
ll) more Faditional reuil scctors, such
as clorhin8, cosmetics,
trd homc

'improvcmenr,
alr in-persor
visir
ro
a
reuil srore
is oftcn neccssary-lo
try o'l
clothes for fir, comparc fnfarurces, or browse
among
a
full
selcction of
rextuJes, colo$,
ind
stvlcs. Also,
activities such a5 shoPping
and dining out
arc for maty consu
mcrs
.
enio.ynblc
expcricnccs
il])
themsclv€s
as wcll as
cxcus€s ro
ger
our of the house
?nd

mil1lCe
!r'ith odrcrs,jn
t)cir cofirmuniq
FrDall)'. shippinS
cosls for large
ircms
sucir
as applianccs and
homc'
improvcmcnt.ircms rendcr homc sh€ppin8
impiaclicablc. Thus,
burgconinS
(cchnoloaics
po3c
no scno|us
thrq:r to lllain Sucet,
and locrlion
wiu
conrinuc ro
play r pivoal rolc
jn
rhe
flte
of rn&y rclail busincsscs.
Ncvcnh.lcss. rcchnologv-rclatcd indusl rcs
3Jc suc
to movc
rway from
physicrl stor€fronis
to viJtual

oncs-
Ploducti
lhat
cm
be rcduccd
lo diSit2l
'birs
ud bncs." sucb :ls books and mag^zocs.
recordlnss,
and sofrvarc
appucarjons, ffc mo.c
efficicolly disriburcd clccuor}]cau)'.
Compulcr
hards'arc
will
nor
disaPpexr from lt'l3.in Slicet
quite
so
quicldt, thougr'
sincc
vrnnlg
Skllk.for
tb.
GIU/G|\UT
Tcst
utu.Jretc's66.cam
tuto1suoe.1t).l
a'n
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hisro4

his hclPccl
us
Ic:lm
thc
aPproPrirtcness
of
add.cssing
ccnain
issucs.
P:rnicul:rrlr
moml
orrcs,
on
I socictal
lcvcl-
,\rrcmDts
ro
lcgislirc
momlil
invx.ixbh
f:ril.
xs illustr:ttcd
br l'rohibiLion
in
(11c
1910\:rnd.
morr
rcccn(lr'
lirlcd
I(denrl

l(Aishrion
r" rtFUhrc
xccct'
r"
rdull marcrirl
'rJ
thc
lnrcmcr
\\/c
rrc slosl\
lcrminF
tlri\
lcsson
ir'
llr(
rcccnl
trend
toq:rro
IcFaliLrrton
of
nlxniuini
tor
nrcdic'n
'l
ptrrPoscs
rnd tlrr
rcco8nirion
of
cqual riShls
for

samc_scx
Pxnncrs
both
dcmonsu-rt€
HoNcvcr. !bt
ovcridios
lcsson from
histot _l
iboul socill
ills
;s
d1nt drc'r'
are
b€re
ro stnl. Crimc
lnd
violcncc,
for exxmtlc,
halc
troubled
irlmos(
evcq,
socicn,
,{ll mantcr
of
rcform,
Prevcntion.
rnd
Punishmcnt
hivc

becn
rried.
Todat,
&e
lrend
appears
to
be
lwa)
ftom
rcfom
ioward
a
"tou8h-on-crunc'
aPproach
ls this
b€crusc
hislon
mxkes
clear
rnal
purushmenr i5
th€ most
cffcctjvc
mcats
of
eliminatitg
crirnc?
No;
lathcr'

tirc
trcnd
mcrell'
r€flccb
culrcnl
mofcs,
attirudcs,
fnd
Political
climatc'
Anothcr
examPlejnvolves
how
wc
dcalwith
thc mcntau)''ill
scgmcnl
of
rhc
population.
Histot-1
tcvclls
ihlt
ncithcr
qult-lntine' treatmcnt'
nor
accotrllr]odatioo
solves
rhe
problcm. onl'

thrt
cach
aPPtoach
comcs
wlth ils
os,n
rrade'offs. Also
undcnnining
the
15senion
thlt ltsloq'hclps
us
ro
solvc
social
problcms
is dlc
fict t})rr.
desPirt
d)c
civilrighls
cfJoru
of Mrnin
Luthcr
KitS
aod hrs
Pto8cnics,
the cuitucd
8xP
todi\' bcrwccn

lftican
AmcricaJls
and
vhitc Amcricans
sccms
lo bc
q'idcninS
l! scems
that .aci:tl
prciudrcc
is a
(!melc's
Phenomenon
To sum
up,
s'hilc hisroD
cao
Ieach
us )cssons
abour our
socrar
problems, more
ofrcn
than
not. thc )esson
is that
ihcre
are no
Panaceas
or

prescrif,uon' tor
solr,nF
lhesc
problem'-onlr
xlremrrc
Nrvs
of
copinS
with thcm.
lssuE nlo.
40
Bureauctac;ts
Impact
i'I Business
and Govern-ment
Conrary
to thc siatcmcnt
s
Prcmise,
my
vicq' is
rhat businesscs
arc
lcss
likelt
than
Sdvcmmcnt
to csBblish
large
bureaucncics'

becausc
b\rsitrcsscs
'
kJ)oq'
thai
thcy are
morc
vuln€mble than
Sovcmmcnt
to damagc
rcsultitg
ftom
burcaucradc
inefficiencics.
My
Posiriofl
js
sell suPpofted
bJ'
common
scnse
and bl observation
Firs!,
Public
idminist!2tors
hck
rI( finaocixl
bccntivcs
to
avoro

burcaucntjc
wasle. Ill
con!!25!,'inemciencics
ij)
2
Privatc
corporatio'
vil
rcducc
profis: iniictinS.
dima+
',,1
thc
forrrl
of
job
cuts
diminishing
corll,'non's.ock
\-nlue, ano reduc;g
cmPloycc
compcnsltion
Thcsc
Itc
amPIc itccntivcs
for thc
private
hrm
to
mirimizc

bureaucr-rlc
w?stc
Sccondlr.
rhcre
is
alnos!
no
accounlabiliq'
amonS
govcmmcnt
burcruclals
Thc
clccro!"re
s
volin8
powcr is
roo indirecr
lo motir?rc
midlevcl
administntors
whosc sahics
"nd
jobs
rarcl)'
dcpcnd
on
PoUtiol
cl€ctions
ljr
conllast,

private cor-porations
rnust
p:]Y
stricr
attcnlion
t0
.;l/rnir!
Skt!lsfor
lht
GR:t/Gl+t+"
+"4'
uae.pcta60B.can,
E
r t t
u.'
\- u
otl n
D
4,
r,
t t. t t
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:]fi.F:
slnsst1vN9
tvt:)tijo
0z
uci
s^r6[a
in rys
ffi[
!l
:
.Lrolo.tct60B.con1
P^1.
/
hcihh care
ir.rccessibt(
ro thc vcn-indn.jduats
vho
nccd
jl
nrosr. Thcsc
uscr-unf.icndh.
featurcs
can
be detercrious
on
:r socicLLt
scalc as
welt.
/i
unhcrlth! populicc

is xr)
unp.oducrivc
onc. Also. incrcrsccj
hcrlrh_carc cosr!
placc
in unduc
burdrn oD
brcxd-\r,innin8
adutrs
\r,ho
Jcct the squcczc
oi
c:rnns for rgins
prrenrs
rnd
for chitdrcn.
Finath., rhcse fearurcs
losrer I
pcF.asilc
dislr'ust
of
Sovcmmcnr.
bic busincss, xnd
burcaucmcl
ln
sum. roda\-s
-poircrnd-cljck"
parrdigm
inaccunretl
poftmys

tlrc
acrutrl
tunctionalin
of manv
sl,stcms.
inctudin8
our herl(h<arc dclivcN
.
s)stcm. \\'hich
is s,clt<nrrenched
in
sclf-jnrcrcsr and inscnsitjljw
ro rhc
nccds of irs
uscrs.
lssue
No. 54
Comroercial Success
of FiJms
and
Television
piogr.aEs
Ctcar\', mosr popula.
filJns and
tclclision
sho*,s arc supcrfici2t
and/o!
includc
a cernh amounr
of

violence
or
obsccnill
Jusr
a! cleirl)., poputarilr.
leads ro
commcrcixl
succcss.
Bur
can
vc
conclude
tbar t}lcsc
producrions
arc ovcrll'
irltlucnced
bv comnlcrc,rl
rnicrcsrs?
perh:rDs
no,.
,lrla.
"urn.
populxr
fiL.ns lnd
rcl.visioD
shows
ar. ncirhcr
s\jpcrltcjal,
obsccnc, nor
violcnr.

Closcr
scruri.).
hovcvc.,
rcvcrls rbxr
most such
producrions
acruittv
suppo.r.
nor disp.ovc,
thc rhcsis
thar conrmcrcisj
inrcrcsrs
o,cur.
movi. and
rclcvision
conrcnr.
.
One
soutd-be
rhrcar
ro rhe
rhcsjs car
be fo,rnd in lowcr-budger
tndepcndcnr
frlns, vhich
rcnd
ro focus
morc ofi characrer
dcvelopment
and

ropicil
soci:rl
issucs rhin
on sensrlionalism.
R€ccnlty. i fe(,such
fliJns
hrvc
supplbtcd
Hollvwood
s major srudjo producrions
xs
rop
box-omcc
n[s.
__
Docs rhis
mcan
thar
profir
porcnriil
no lor8cr dicBlcs
rhe conrenr
of fdms?-
No, ir
simplr
su8ges6 rhxr
rhe rastes
and
preferences
of d)e

movic,gour!
public.arc
shi.fiing.


second
os(ensiblc
rhrcal
ro rbc thcsjs
resides in
comprnics
slch as
Disnc)', *'hose
producrions
conlirue
ro achicve
grear
populariq,ard
cornrnercid
success, wjdtour
rcson
(o
ar appcal
ro baser
int€rcsrs.
yc!
lr $
bccause
lhcsc productions
arc conuncrcially

successful thri
they
prolifemte.
A
third, and
rhe only
cogcnr,
chillengc ro thc
rhesisjs fou.od
in
pcrcnnirl
relevision
fivoriles
such is
Nova, e public
rctcl,ision
shor/ thft
is
ncrucr
commcrciilv
supioncd
no!
iD.Iuenccd.
Howcvcr, such
shows arc
morc in
thc
narurc of
cducation
ihan cnrc_rir.inmenr,

aro
?or c,cn.
onc
proErrm
liJ,c
Nova.
rhcrc rrc
scvcnl'cqlally pop!
ar-and hjg.bJy
supcrficirl-prosr-rJru.
'Wi$
few
c-\ccptions,
rhcn,
commcrci3j sircccss
of ccrrain
filrs lnd
rclc\'ision
shows is no accidenral
b),p.oducr
of
populzrjqt
ir is ttc
intcnuonal
resulr
of
produccrs
efforu ro
m.Jiimrz€ profirl.
lvritirg

Sk Lt
fol
t)x
CRL/GIUT T.tk