Writing Skills For GRE-GMAT Episode 2 Part 1 potx

I0.
Anusrs
uut.Pet^ot '.cod
inlomlrtion to subsLlntirte citlrcr assumplion. Pcrhrps
non-manufac-
turin8 businesses
th:rt rcquirc
a collegcdegrced
sorMorcc
no\\'
account for
in
jncrcNint
mxjorin oftbc srric's
jobs.
Cfhc
arFumenl s
inforn)ation suAgcsrs
(bis
miShr
bc thc
c:rsc.) lf so, rhcn thc mcrc f:rct
!h:r onc
emplovsr. dbclr
r]rc strrc s |rr8cs busincss,
is losin8
busincss
whilc
Is
q'orkforcc
nears rerircmcnt

,rge
proves
almost
nothing
about thc
prospecE
for rhc stxte's
ovcrall econom)',
ln a tull-lcngtb
(SGminutc)
essr), vou nnght also addrcss the followjnS
gucst'ons
about tlrc Argument s rcasonins:
.
Does thc tcrm
"larSes!
privarc
business" neccssarilv mean
that
Giant €mplo,vs morc
workers
rhan any orhcr busincss in
thc
statc?
CThe
srnalier the
vorldorcc
it
ciant,
thc

less
likcl)'that Giant is
reprcscntative of th€ stxt€'s employers 3s a
group.)
.
Docsn't
thc
prcdicdon
s
accuracJ'
rcquirc
th^r
otfler
future
condi-
tlors
rem?in unchanged?
(L.8.,
thc argumcrt
ignorcs a
possiblc
iJl0ux of
worke.s
f;om othc! srares.)
.
Would a rcduccd
workJorce
oeceisarily resulr in business fallu(c?
(Pcrhaps
busincsses will be more

profiBble
by td-rnmjrg rhcir
workforcc.)
-
\vhlt
is thc dqftritor of
'qudity
of life"?
CIhc
ar8umcnt s ultimatc
prcdjcion
dcp€nG on thjs mjssinS dcfinition.)
This Argument driws
an
i.nJcrencc about
a
single
confnuniq
(Clxybrook)
bercd on char'acrcrisrics of a
8rcup
(the
nation s cornmuritics
as a wholc).
Herc's a response that hindles t}lc infcr€nce:
The argument dependi
panly
on thc assurnptioD that future
employ-
ment ficnds

jn
Claybrook's
job
market
will
rcflect nations,ide
trends.
'
However.
rhe a4:rimcnt
fails
ro
considcr
rhat
Chybrook
rnght bc
atypical. Pcrhaps Claybrook's,ob 62rkct
w
l buck
the trcod
(for
one
reason or anothcr), and *rc dcD.and fo! lcgal
?6sistana5 from CCC's
leg2l-zssistanr
progiaE vill
remain
5Eon8
compared
ro dcmand

for
nurscs from thc school's
nursiog
progJ"nr.
lf so,
rhcn
the
citcd
-
sEtistjcJ
would ponerd nothiiS
about
the fururc cmplo)'Ecnt
prospcct
for
SFaduatc
of ci&cr
profram
at CCC or
about wbcthcr
dc
propos€d
course of
acuon would
bc
prudcnt.
h a n
-lcn8th
(3o-minutc)
cssat,

yolr
miSrt
also xddre'ss the folloE ng
qu€sLions abou.
thc Arglsent's riasoning:
''
.
Do srarisrics from only onc
ycar
constiirte
s
lficient
d4ta fot
proving
a clcar Lrcnd?
(Pcrh"ps
l.r5r
ycar
was rn
exccption
to a
contrarv trend, or
pcrhaps
rhefc
is no trend 31 31.)
Pctasons
s
v,ntinq
Shllh
lottbe

GRE/GLUT Test'
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tiils
r() xccounr Ior possibtr
fururc
dcvclof)'
mcnls
rhat
mighr
prove
rhis

assumption crroneous,
For examplc,
thc
count] mjghr expcrjcncc
rn
ialfllx ofrclv residenrs,
or
irs residents,
Niliiflgness
to
rcclcle mighr Nxnc.
In cilhcr crsc,
thc
volunlc
ot
refirse is likel)
ro incrclsc.
nnd
tbc
p.oposcd
cou.sc
of:rction mi8ht
rcsulr in a shorl-rgc
of rcsources
for h:rndlinF
rcflse.
To bolstcr rhe
rccornmencli(ion,
thc argumcnas
proponenr

sboutd provide
berler
evidcncc, perhaps
in thc
form
of
popuiarion projections
and
counq"
rcsidcnt surwcys.
rh,rr rhc volume
of refuse
in Blackbum
cousq wil
not increase in
the foreseexble
futurc.
Irr a fuU-lenAth
(SGminure)
essn),
vou mjghr also address
rhc foltow-
ing
questions
aboul rle
rgumrni
s rcrsorunt
.
A tbrcslrolA
iss.ue-_ Is rherc

a rccycling problcm
to
bcgin
wirh
rhat
rhc
county nceds
to address?
Cfbe
irgumeni proyidcs
no evidcncc
tlutt
cufienr m€rns
arc less
dran adequxte
for current
as
well
as
.
,1re$c
proposed
subsidies
nece$a!,
!o ensure tlat
rhe couflry
can
'handlc
a
conrinued

incrci.sc in rhc volumc
of recyctabtEs?
(pcrhaps
businesses r?ould
nor requjre
subsidies
to
provide
nc€ded service,
or
pcrhips
the county
irsef conld provide
rhe
scricc.)
w,lttn!
SktUs
tor
tbe
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t,rnd
4.
Use

phn:cs
such
a.s thes€ .o ar€rre
for a soludon
public
polic.v
or some
other normalive
baJis
vhcn
ir comcl ro
)'our
mrjn
Points,
a vcn dircct,
even forccful
voicc
is
pcrfcctl) 3cccpl-]ble.
But don\ overdo
it;
whcn it comcs
ro rhc demils,
us<
r nrore disPassionatc
aPptoach
Don\
tl ro nr:rkc
I'our
point

with
_cutcs)-'
or
humorous
rem:uks. Avoid
puns, double-mcanings,
pb)s
on
wor.ls, 3nd
other fornrs of
humor. Not lha! CRE
and GI{AT
readers
don't
hxvc .r seosc
of hunrori
it
5
just
tbxl
drel leave it
:rl Lhc door
when rhe_\-go !o
work for EfS.
Cfhrr
senlcnce exhibits
just
thc
son of'hun)or'
-vou

should
:rvoid in
]'our
essa)'s.)
Srrcrsm
rs cntrrclr
inrplropri.lc
for vour GRE or G^IAT
cssa)5
Besides, lhe reader
miShr not rcalizc
thar
you're bcing sarcasljc'
in
which cxse
your
remrrk
will
onll servc
ro contuse
t})c rcadcr'
DEVELOPING
Runonrur
Wonos
A
PERSUASIVE
VIRITING
STYLE
ln
Pans 2 and

3,
you
leimcd how
to develop
Persursive
ideas
as $'cll 451
sEucrurc
and scqucnce for
your
Paiagraphs
lhar scrve to
enhancc thcir
pcrsuriveness. To ensure
n high ,^ndFical
writing
scorc,
you
should
also
dcvelop
a
pcrsu?5ive sryl€, \rsing
rhetoricel devices
effcctivcly
AND
PHRAsE5-BY
Fuucloual
CmrconY
llcre's a rcfcrcnce

lisl of rhetorical
vords
and
phrascs,
categor?ed
by
tuncrion. Some
lis! itcms
you
encounlcred
as underlined
words
and
phrrscs rn th< c)iamtlcs
throuFhout
Prrls 2
xnd
I
OLhcts.rc
new hct€.
1o lcrm
hos
vou
n)rElrr
incorPorite thesc
xn.i oLhcr thetoncrl
phnscs
inlo
-vour
sentcnces, read

m.r cssa)'s
jn
Pans
5-8,
his,hlit$ting
rhetoricrl
phiases
as
you cncounter tlrem.
Revie$/ them,
thcn lq
lo incorponte_
them into
your pmctice
essays
Io enhancc
)'our Power
of
Pelsuaslon
Use
phrases
such
as thesc to subordinate
an ,dea:
.
ilthouah it miSht
appcar
that, at fits!
Slance
it

would seem/appear
thar, adflittcdly
Use
phrascs
such
as these
to argu€ for a
position,
thesis,
or
vic$?oint:
.
pr-omotes,
faciliutes,
providcs
a suong
impetus,
serves
lo, dircctly,
furtnc$.
accomolshes,
achievcs. dcmonslmies,
sugScsts, indicatcs
or
direcnon bascd on
.
a"''
?
i:'7"
.;.,:

!ruu.petetior&@n
.
uldrnate
goal,/objecdv€/pu.posc,
ovcrridtnS,
t
imiry conccm
subordin"te,subsumcd
-
fi;1"'
't'
'"
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rasop
ilaaa,noq
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;'4:'q/I:
:\1''
.'
.
'i
i)\.)lrF1
:rurorljA:r^
ro
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! r)junor
rn
,rnqrr
.rrru)r
or )s:tl)
sr
qrn.
sssErqd
rsn
r
stsal

JYlll9/3
t.tt
loJ slt'{s nr
PA
I
s.uott
v sv
lNoul
9Nts
lrdol:lHu
,lrdwf
oto^r
SCINVHC3',J
CNV
lt
_[S
eN
U,M
Ustt'to PuNcrualoN
FoR RHFToRtcAL
EMpHAsrs
Usc
puncrujr!ion
for
rhcrorjc:ll
cmph:lsis rcn,sprnnglr. hecdjnF
thc
'
follo$'in8 points
ot rdvicc:

Us(
cnr dxshcs
(l\'o
h)phcns
or onc hvphcr prrccdcd
rnd
follow€d b! x spxcc)
jn
the middle
of
,
scnrcnce-insrcad
of
conrm:rs
or
pircnthcses-t()
scr off
p:rfticuhrh.
impor.rnl
paren-
dretical materiil
(jusr
like in rhjs
scntcncc). You
can
a.lso
us€ an cm
dash insr€ad of x corlma
before i
concludin8

phmsc-ro
hclp
ser
off and cmphxsize what
follos,s
(jusr
like in rhis senrence).
Bu!
don't overuse tlre drsb-or
i(
will
losc irs
punch
(as
in rhis
pair-
8mPnr.
Usc
exclamarjon poinrs
for emphasis ve!)
sp:rrirgl\ As in this
pafagiaph,
one
per
essa)' is
ptenq'!
Usc the
quesrion
mark ,ct
spiringl)

(once
or
rwrce pcr
essa) is
€nough) and
or
J'for
posing
rhcroricd
quesrions.
Clou'Il
rerum ro
thjs ropic a
bit larcr.)
.NOTE:,lvoid
using.UPPERCASE
lartcE,.'rstcrtsks.,
siglro4ffi

dcviccs to 1li8
sords
"ou
a empt'asizc.iii
r6c t";oSa&cii.f,o';;
::gct
your
poin(
across,
rcliJn3lcad
'oD

youl
jchoice
sf.vdrd5_'{.l,r
'
and phrrres
as
well
as your
s&tmic,coosrrucridi
Aso;;.ii."
ooted in
P]n I, tl1e tesijnB
sysrc;'s
w"ra ptoc.sso
r,
a<ics
nibj;;
.
pcrmir
fte use of arEibures
such.as
bold, uodcrlining. and
"i
i
iulics-so rlosc
devices 3rc
nor.avrilable for cmpfr-asisiir''
T'
.''.''.r '.':
xn} evcnt

,
.+,
€ONNECTING
YOUR
IDEAS TOGETHER
You. essays wi.ll
not eafn top
scores unt€rs
your
ideas now nrrunlly
from
on€ to the nex!,
so the reader
can cajily follos'
vour
rmin
of
thought,
To
conrlecr
your
ide?5 rogerher,
dcvclop
J,ou.r
os.n arscnal
of
rnnsition
devices-vrords and
phlas€s
tltar scrve as

bridges berwecn idcas ejld help
ro conveY
your
}ne of reasoniig ro
the r€adcr.
Elch tnnsirion
d€vice should
hclp thc radcr mak€ c€r.jn conncc-
tions or assumpions
abour rhe rwo ar€rs
t}ler
you
arc connccring to-
gether.
For examptc.
somc lead
your
readcr forR?rd
rnd
imply the
building ofan idc:
or
rhouttt, while
othc.s
prompt rhc readcr
to compan
idcas or draw
conclusions from rhc prcccdin8
thoughG. h the examplcs
thtoughout Pafis 2 aod

3,
vou
cncounrcr€d dcvic€s such as undcrlincd
$ords 3nd pbnses.
Now hcre's a rcferenc€ lls!
th
includes
many of
those underlined
vords
ind phmses,
dong
wirh
softc additional ones-b)
tunctional categon.
unDut2c,mor.com
GRX/GMAT
GRE/l
r
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gNtllriM
REFERENCEs
ARGU't/tENT
TO YOURSEIF
AND
TO
THE STATEMENT
OR
Occrsiooallt
in vour
cssays. \,ou
lt nccd ro
,€icr ro
lh€ lssuc srxrcm€nr
(or
Argumcno
as w€li
t(J irs
h)podrcUcrl
sourcc.
whcrhcr
i
r,crson

or enti$
'\'ou
ntpht also
wrsh
ro
rcfcr ro
vourscu
trom rimc
to rmc
Here are
some
Buidelincs
lor hindlinE
rhfrc
rctcrcnces
Srlr-ngrrnrNcts
Se[-refc ces_sirSul:rr
as wet
as
pluml_are
pcdecrt).
acc€plaore,
rhough
.oprional.
Jusr
be consisrcnrl
.
I
disagrecwith
In

my
vjeq',
. . .
rvitlour
tddirionrl
cvidencc,
we
carnor :rssume
iha.
, , ,
RrrrnrNcrs
ro
THE STATEMEM
oR ARGUMEM
ln
your
Issue essay,
refer
to a stalemcor
or srircmen!
rs
.tl
s statemcot"
or an
altcmativc
such
as
"rhis
clrim,
or

.thij
,sscrtion,"
ln
your
A4uftcrrt
cssay, trJ.
usin8
.argurcnr"
ro reler
to ihc
passagc,s
Linc
of rcesoning as
a wholc
or
.rccomrncndarion"
or
.claim"
to refer
to thc
spccifc
conclusions,
RrrrnrNcrs
To
rHE SouRcE
oF
THE STATEMEM
oR,ARGUMEM
Bc
surc

your
rcfcrcnces
ro a
sErcmenr
or A4iurncnris
sourc€
arc appropn-
atc, ln
yorr
Issuc
cssa),,
yorl
can
simply refcr
to rhe
surcmcnt,s
sourcc
as
rhc
"spcake!."
tn
your
Argurllent
cssay,
the Iiisr
rimc
you
refcr to rhc
sor.rce;
be spccfic

and cofiec:_e.8.,
"this
€dirori2l,"
"rhe
ad."
.rhe
vicc
presidenr,'
or
"ACME
Sbocs.'
If Do
specific
source is provided,
r.r_v usin8
'eulior'
or
"arsumem."
The spelr<cr
argres. .
. . I1r
Line
of rcajoning
is
. .
.
;
but rre
Thc mana8cr
circs

. . . in
suppori
of rrr rgumcnt
. .
. l# rhcn
recorDrncnd!.
To strcngrhen
IrJ
concluiion,
the
board mus( _ .
, .
_lt must.also
PaonouH
RrrrmNcrs
To AN
ARGUMEM/s
PRopoNEM
ln
your
Argumenr essay,
it's
okay ro
saye kcysuokcs
by usjng an
occrsionel
prono'.lJ],
Just
bc sure rhar
your

pronouns
are appropriare
end
consisrcnt
(rnale,
Iemal€, or nei6cr)i
uu)u.pet*sotLt.cam
(
Y,
5el
urol
srosDta4
atatln
E
"rt ".t
r,,'qs
srr*^"t'":JYllfi;
l(nod
rEq)
llEpr)nlj'
trrit
struslu:s
r.r,ruol
rtu!
ro
arot.q
rttlrr)
!urod
llr)tuJ
r

rol
:JU))urs
uoqs
)dtuqc
u!
Sulsn
At
.srssr{dru:
fEJUoraqJ
loJ
,il:ss!
)^rsDnsr)d
nur
StrItsrJJJUt
aJou
r roJ
)rjEu, qt8utl
ur,iJt:^
trrit
\)Ju)ru:S
.l
euos.rr
r'r,
.1,
8",uo,s!p
ro
,*",,0"
*u;'I;1.::i';il'il1;ili,]l
rreqr
A^uoJ

sdt)q
rlql lauulru
x r
rrr
rlqr s5ru5]uf,s
JoJ
snrrra
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,nor
4
palnl.ruls
Put
w'u'l
url
prp
uo
gejols
dot
arnsut
ot
JSpJo uJ
sr)Ntrt{ts
uool
3)Nlot^!
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ro
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ot cJJEJlld
uounros
lsor!

I
Jo
lslpJJaqJ

r
srpl^ord
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s,tr:qr
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or
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'3
r)
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lpano
$
rrql u5r
I ro ("guopuod$r
r4xuer"
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.uo rq (srqsJsrp
, r'rrr """,
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;:]:#::
,
sl unouoJd
I
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so)u.laJrJ
unouo:d
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ttt]l
rrns
cq.,osfv
SCINVHJ]/!
ONV
TI
IS
gNI]JUM
I.
4.
5.
senrcnces
thir use
$c
same
essenarl
siruclurc
can help
convq'
vour linc of rcxsoning
to th€ rc:ldcr.
Tn trsinA
lhc same struclurc
Ior
x list of rcxsons or

()ixnrplcs.
Scntcnccs lllrt
csscnti]ll] r{jPrxr
(vcrbrtint
nrror'8lro'rt
)our
cssal suggesr:rn
inlllrxlurc.
unsophistidtcd
NdlinF stvlc. T4
to
avoid usinS so.c
lcd
'iemPLa(e"
sentcnces over
and over-
esp€cjalh for the
first
(or
lasl) senlencc
of erch
bod]
Pa.agraph
Therc's
nothing
wronS wjth copling
and
PastinS
cenain scn'
tences to speed up

the \i'riting
proccss:
jrtsl
bc surc
to
'lwcak"
them so c?cb one
ts drsrinct.
Scntenccs
that
posc
qucstions
can be
3 us€fuI rh€lorical
devicc;
Likc sbon, $rupt
senteDccs,
rhetorical
questions cxn help
pcr-
suadc
rhe rcadet-or
at least help to
make
your poinl
Tlcy
can bc
quire
effcctivc, €spccial\'in
tssuc cssxvs.

Thcl'also
add intcrcst
and
varictl
. Ye( how
man) tcst !d'(ers
think ro incoqloratc
t})cm
inlo thcir essr],s?
Not mrn)
.
@t
the
wa)',
I
jusr
poscd
a rhciorical
qucsrion.)Just
be sure
to
providc an rnsecrto
your question.,|Jld
don\ overdo
'r;one rhetoncrl
qu€suon per es5ry is
plenq
For edditionxl
varictt', use
x

semicolon
to tnnsforrn
two
sen'
tcnccs
involving the same
t.ai. of
thought inlo one;
and use lhc
word
'and"
(o
conncca
)our
two independenl
clauscs
(iust as in
I)T\RT OT
A STMUCT
OUT OF
BAIANCE wlTH
ANOIHER
PART
An
cffectivc sentcnc€
gct.s its
point
across bl'
Plncing
apProPriatc

cm
oII
irs differcnt
pafts.
!e surc lhat
the main idea
reccivcs
Sreat€r
cm
(a5
a main clause)
thln subordinate
ideas
Equal
Emphasis
(Confusin8)
Trcating bodily
disorders by
noninvaiive
mcLhods
is
gencl"ll)'
pair
€ss, and tbese
methocls are less
likely thln
those of
conventi
'Westcm
m€dicine

to resrilt in
persuncnt
hcalins
Ee.Dllasis on Secofld
Clause
(Better)
r'J$ough
rrcating bodily
disorders by noninvasive
medrods is-Ben€r'
illy
pair
ess,
tbese mcrhods uc less
likely dran
-tho_se
of convcntio
Wcsrcm medicin€ !o rcsdt in
pcrmancflt hcalinS
Awrwmo
Usr oF
THE.PAsstvE
AND
AcflvE
"Votcrs"
ln a
sentcncc exp.essed
using the
acrive
woice, the subiect

"acts
uPon"
obj€cr.
ConvcEcl).
jn
a scntcnce €xpressed
in t}le
Passive
vojce, thc
subjcct
"is
actcd upon" by
?n
objec!
You
can
Scnenlly
use cithct
voicc
voru
GIIE or GMAT
csszvs.
Howevc., one
mal
be clearer and lcss
awks'ard
than thc otlrer.
dcrrcnding
on
tlre

p:rnicular
scnlcnce
ln
a{l)'
uurael6oi|an
GR.E./GNUf
GR.E/<
,r )1 tt
ot/rDtl ,rotot
-u:d)p'r
suruo)tunq
rra.,
Buunp
srrr./:r
.qr
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rrrsol
ot
p:ru:q)
p)zruf]o}r
,sretlto
BuoLUrj
,uorlrLUrH
pur:
u()srprtf
JE'J:)
seruc'i,rr!
r.rsor
or
p.,u

.qr
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pur
uoslpxK
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auo
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r[elJ

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unouord
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slqirlcr

x u
sJalnduro:l
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ilssalpu) p:uuo}l5d
rq
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sur(llnqp.tTq,4(
'
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(rlqEdrrrv)
c^leted
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:IIr
aJrrJA )Juaru.s
I sif,JrH
.lx.u
rqt
ol
.truf,]u:s auo urolj rJlo^
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or
tou
ln
prE'!:)ua:uas
lurls
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oat.qt xrut rrn u.tur^,
sl)Nsultu
NnoNoxd
lngvn !o
9NtsnlNo)
s3tNVH3ll
0NV ltA.!S 9Nt11alA
Another
wfi'to

corrcct ;r
pronoun-reltrence
crror is ro replrce tlle
pronoun
with its anteccdenr.
ConfusiJ}S
E-mail xccounts
administcrcd
bt crnployc.s bclonq ro tl)eDr,.ro.J tbc)'
can be seized ind uscd
i\ evidcnc( aFainsr !hc
cmplorcc.
Clear
E-mail accounls admidslcred
b! an employer
belongto
th? enplo),cr,
r/,/ro
c:rn seize
and
use the accounrs
as evidence against the cmploy€e.
1.,'.rpnoprn PL,qcrraet.tr
oF MoDtFtERs
A
no.l{icr
is a
wo
or
phnsc

lhar dcscribes, resrdcrs,
or
qu:rli-0cs
another $/ord
or
phnse.
ModiryiDg
phl"ses
are q?icrlly
scr off
with
commas.
Try to
placc
ftodners er
closc
as
possible
ro rhc
word(s)
rhey
moditt
oth€rwise,
you
could end
up
with
an ambiauous and confusiog
A,Ebiguous
E\elcasinS

frequentlJ,
contibutcs ro nor
or(ly a sense of
well
bein8
but also to longevjD.
Ctear
FrcAucn, cxercise
cont,-tDrztcs nor
onl)'ro
a
scns€ of
wcl
bcing bur
also ro
longcviq.
Ambiguous
'Ihrough
careful exmifition,
comp€tcnr diagnosis, and
successful
rrer(menr,
paliotrs gros
ro
u-usr rhcir
phvs,cnns.
Cl€at
Throlgh careflrl examjnation,
compercnr
diagnosis.

and
successful
ve rmenr.
pllysictans
help their
parienls
Erow
ro rrusr rhcm.
h,lpnoprn
.SpumNo
or A GRAMMATTcAT UNrt
Split
Splitting
apan
clauses or
pbflses
(by
insening a
wotd
or clause bctwccn
thcm)
ollcn rcsulti in an awkward and
conJusinq senlcnce.
The value
of the dollzr ,r rot, relativc to
other
currencies, r.rsirg
mivcrsilly.
B€ttei
Thc \uluc

of tlre dollar rffor rnirg univeNilly rciarive to
other
Pet^ons
a
wdnng
ShIIs
lor
tbe
GRE/GltUT T.stt
u,w.peteno^t.con1
n
)'
r.oJsuos!2'd n'n1,t1
,1^4J.t
lttlt
aqt rnl sltls
n^utu^r
.
s,tlosJt
|-_
Lg!
.:z's
pur
trdrqs
ut sr
lra
sn rotor
ur
rrjlrp
plnorls

qtrd
suortu)rpel-Il
l!.ro
lurDJjrp u.r,\\t:q
uorsrquor pro^r
o.t_
prD^r.{^!.\'
s9c-l puE
rEalf
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pur
rdlqs uI
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ptnolls
sl]Id
pui
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lu.lrjrlp ;)^|xI
plnoqs
sSuptoc
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luaratJlp
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$Jo
SusnJUo)
Dro^r
of
EuLjnS prE,l,r,{^!y
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N

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osp rJu.)u:}s
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Lttr.^d rmou
x)
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turDs
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I
lnBrrdsa
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oal uf,qt arour
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r! rnq
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sJlNVHCSr'! ONV ll
1S SNtltuM

PART
{
Usn'ro Too
Frw
(on
Too Maruv)
Com,ra,rs
,{drou8h
puncrurrion
is rhc
tcrsl inrponrnr
xsprcr
of
\t,u.
ct{E
or cMiT
essi!.
too fcs'or roo
nrany
conrmrs m;Fbr
intcrfcr( \vith
thc rcadcr,!i
undcrshnding
of x
scnrencc,
nr
s,hich
point
thr puncru:lrion
bccomcs

imponan!,
Too fcs
comm
mjght coAllse
th€ rexdcr. whil(
r(x) nrinr.
can undut],inrerrupt
rhc senrcnce's
flos,.
Hcr€.s rhe
Fujdclinc:
Usc
thc
minimum
number
of commxs
needed for
a rcxdcr ro
unclcrstand thc
inrcnded
mcanin8
of thc scnience.
Too Few
Commas
Enzyme
carxtysis rakes place
in living
q,stcms
and as
ir is nor:r

laboiatory
procedufc
is lhereforc
subjccr ro
celluier conrrols.
Better
Enzyme
caElysis Ltkes place
in
living
s}srems, and as
ir is no! a
labol?ror), procedurc
is therefore
subjecr ro
ccllular conuots.
Also
Acceptablc
Enzyme cai-rllsis
rakes placc
in living
sysrems, and,
as ir is not ?
laboraroq
procedure,
is lher€fore
subjecr
ro ccltulnr
conarols.
Worruy

aruo Awrwano Pnnasrs
.
l7ith
unlimired
amounr
of
words,
anyone
can makc rhe poir.;
bur ir
rcquires
skill and effon
ro make
your
point
wirh
corclse
phrrses.
If
your
scntcnccs
seem roo long,
ch€ck
for
word]',
awkwird phrascs
rhat
can bc
replaccd wirh
morc clcar and

concise
ores. Hcrc arc rlrce
cxamples
(rcplacc
itxlicized phrares
wilh
the
oncs in
parcn*rescs)t
_ _
Djscipline
is crucial to
the anai'ment
oI
onc,.r objectives.
(anaio)
To
indicate
tbe
fact
tboi tlrq,
oro ;r, o)ro"irron
to a biu, lcgstarors
somctimes
cngi8c
in nlibusrcrs.
CIo
show tlcir)
ln Norse pocrry,
rlc

stories rafcl.\,
staDd as
substiores or svmbols
for
an
.rhtne
othel tl)afl tbe
stones
bensclues.
(clse)
lrok for the
opponuniq
ro change prepositional
phrrres
inro
one-word
The employec
Luitl) a,lbirion
Thc crr?,ilro16
cmplo\'ee
You cm oftcn
rewo.k
clauses
wirh
rclative
pro.ouns
1il:ar.
ubo, rthicb,
etc.), omittinS dle
pronoun:

The system
trat ts mosr
emcicnr and accuratc . . .
fie
mosr
€fficient lod
accumic
s-vsrem
. . .
Petc.soi
s
tt
wrldng
Shnll
fol
||'u4'.rat^o6.cod
GRN,/GAUT
Rro
utol tuouta4noln,
tt:,\
lt t t.2/ln
aqt to.t tltrts iu,'Ltat
.
s,uotJz,
E
(Droqr
puf
53rsn pro^\)
uonrJD
r]dord

isj)
.
(s:srlld
fxuorrlsod:rd;Frr;ds;) sruorpr
l]dord
,sn
.
fullnqltro^ pllos
x
.rll]suoluaC
,
:ot
l,
'ssa,{old
rDsrnSull
atlqnb.r
eql Irpxrr
)qt
^Ioqs
oJ.BuD!r^\
ur
llr^rsrn$rd
puE
lpxal)
suopu.^uoJ
stl
prn::tl:nf,uxl
aq] Jsn
$l::)
no,{

)xrF
'c
r-!3cn3uEl
qs[3arJ
rq]
Jo
purufirotr
Bsolls r
ssrssocl
no,(
lrql sDpEar
frF
)Jr4^uo5
ot r^rns
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lno,{ roJ
srlof,s
dot
Jlasnol
5msu!
oI
\.s7
prrr,
uos_Dar
aq,
1wo
ro
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ulra,
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.sn
or
aoq 3p]rrp
oq^r
asoql
sx
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sE Jo
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lF o
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Jqf or
srza.rtlj
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uo$ral

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(.qtoq
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lFt!{
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ur
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'pro^r
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14
tJnser rou
fiI^t
r [!qdortr.q
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uo8
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q]!,1d, p.rrEd
JI
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Jrral)
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s.oss5s_rp
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8rldolil5p
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s.Jrnpl^Jpul
oqr In
$lnsar rsf,3 ,{qrfc.q
z
rnrA
prrEd
I
qalq,1d.
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sJmrJ
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pre1},.{,ld.\r'
prre
,{prodf
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srlll ,{pluraj
ot oJualues J4tu)
uf,

rrmirusa,
or
prru
lqSrw nol
.eJu3lu.s
plr]a_IA? put
lpJoa
r I'I
tlns:J
BEr.'J
soitrr:u.s
Jo
8u.rur{3rq
.ql
rr
,.r, ara4,
Frf;
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aJ?tI
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Brr$n
sSlNVHC3l.'!
ONV ft^$
oNUUM
Du or.rsnqrNc
a Souo
Vocasuany
B],a

mcans.
sho\r,rhc
rcrdcr
!l)1r
}ou
posscss
ttrc
vocxhul.,n.
of
1
bro.dh
eclucrrcd
iid,viduri
xtrd
|hl(
r,ou
Ino\1,
ho\.ro
usc
it. tjur
Nccp
rne
folowir8
cavcrrs
in nind
4.
3.
2.
t.
Avojd

rechnical
tcminology
lhxr
on_ly
specixUsts
and
scholars
in
a spccilic
ficld
undcrsund.
Mosr
readers
tue
Engljsh-tanguagc
gcnenli5ts
from
rhe rcademic
fields
of
Engtish aJ)d
Communica.
lons,
not
biochemisit
or economic-poLi6,
analvsls.
Use
htin
and

ot}tcr
non,English
rcrms
t/ea,
sparlngl),.
Aner
all,
one
of rhc pdman'skills
being rcsrcd
throu8h
the
cRI and
GI!{AT
cssays
is your
facilrv
wirh
thc
Irgtrr, ]2ntuage.
Howcvcr
tne
occasional
usc
of ll(n
rcm$
and
acron)ms_fo,
examptc,
pcr

sc,.tcJ.tcro,
a.t
bo and
cspccialt),,:e.,
ano
e&,_rs
accepEblc.
Non-[nglish
worcls
usccl
commonla
in
acadcmic
e/ritinS-such
as
uis.a-ois,
caueat,
xnd
ta(isc:
/airc_te
^.cept
able
as
well.,\grin,
howcver,
don
! ovcrdo
n.
belore a
conclud-

l'l8 ph.rsc
Don r
ovcRrse
SAT-5n,tc
words
jusr
to
makc rn
imprcssjon.
DoinS
so s'ill
onlr
scrv(
ro vrm
rhe
rcadcr
rl)rr vou
rc
rLTjrE
io
mask
poor
conrcnr
s,idr
-windos,
dressing."
Avoid
obscurc
or x.chaic
vords

rhxr
fc\r
,cxdcrs:rrr
likcly ro
knos.
Tlrc
t.ad-'s wilt
nor
uke
bm-
wlLile
re,O,ng
e ,).i
ro
consult
rheir
unabrjdgcd
dicrionaries.
5.
Avoid
colloquirlsms (shrg
ird vemacula.).
Orhcrs,js€,
irstc"d
-of
bining
a home
run
q,ith
your

cssa),, yorur
essal
will
lum
our
:lousy,
and
r/ou'I
be our
oiiuct
aJ|O
neco ro
snaxc you!
way
jn
n
boftom.bairet
ttraduarc
prog;m.
(Dia
you
c.1rcn
t}lcj/irc
colloquirlisms
ii rtrc prcceding
scn(ence?)
_-
uuu.Pcterso$ onl
GRE/GMAT
7I

u r ti s n
t
) tt,
t
nd ilt ah1'
a.lr 1ol slii'r nkttlrA\
E
tDant
Dttl:
dt.tD(tordur
r
.
I)ntr()&h,su,t,patIUstt
tu
'ants
a[rt
t
qr
q)n(
sr^D].lnr:
.sn
.uot<nl)uo)
roo(t r: .qursip
oJ
r!.uJnijr
ux
to
srsllurro rqr ruort .)u;)rrlu' ro
uo!rhp.p
i(t

t).^u)p
uoDrsodord
Y
uolsnltuo:l
"
uoDdurnssr ux f,^ord.
r,uop no/i
ostv
lJ.lolur
rou
,tr.!or.
ltlltrru
"'.sEt_
rou
_)rut"
Dqlrau
sl uondLunsslr
ur
.,iuql:.ds;l])uts
(
uonrnpop
seldu4
tlgl
pro^\
8uo.Ds r.sr
tr
:an.i:!r pro^\
rrll
Hr,lrsn ut
InJrrl

.q rr^a,{.oH)
arLD sr uolldEnssr
)rn
)wq
GtDrls-uouap
)o moqs )o)
,rordro
uolrdwns$s,[ L.x ajDltut
rsqrrs
ao,l,lttesrnirx
ux u.B3ua.Ds
oJ
anDqoJdutt puN
ls'oq"p,tttAq,'op,atqDuo$a,h
Lood,ea411un
sr r{Jns
sr^rl)rlpr
:sn
'uondunss?
prq
llrclnJlEd
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.
lraoJdun pvr,
p
a, D,
1
un1
s
qnsrn

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sa,
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g!^JDalpx
lsn
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ur
rquJpp oI
(
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pf,rIjnss!
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uonxuDojrul pf,lrrs
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s,rullun&D r'r
uoddns or Srndl.q uousodojd
y
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(
ftssr turum8rv hol
tn
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tr
I
'll€rrurds
pasn
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ptnoqs pw
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sordun
"f,Aord"
pjo^r
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(.q
or) ruauJnsrl rJr 3^ord. nol'Jrr{:r.r
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ux
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nol
'pauoddns
am
pn
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a
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gtns
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morqnp
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