ĐỊA CHẤT DẦU KHÍ ( PETROLEUM GEOLOGY ) - CHƯƠNG 1 potx

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
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• Mở Đầu
• Chương 1: Nguồn gốc và tính chất dầu khí
• Chương 2: Mỏ dầu khí
• Chương 3: Bẫy dầu khí
• Chương 4: Tầng chắn
• Chương 5: Sự hình thành và di cư của HC
• Chương 6: Môi trường ngầm
• Chương 7: Bản đồ và mặt cắt tầng ngầm
• Chươing 8: Cư trú của HC trong các bồn trầm tích

• Chương 9: Công nghệ khoan-hoàn tất giếng và khai thác DK
• Chương 10: Các phương pháp tìm kiếm thẩm lượng DK
T
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I LI
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U THAM KH
U THAM KH
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1. Bài giảng địa chất dầu khí (Tiếng Anh), nguồn từ bộ
56 đĩa CD về dầu khí-IHRDC, Houston, USA.
2. Basic petroleum geology, Peter K. Link, OGCI
publications (Oil and Gas Consultants International,
Inc.), 1987, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
3. Petroleum Geology, F. K. North, 1990, Unwin
Hyman Inc., London, UK.
4. Geochemistry in petroleum exploration, 1985, D.
W. Waples, International Human Resources
Development Coporation, Boston, USA
• CÁC TẠP CHÍ ĐỊA CHẤT DẦU
– Tạp chí dầu khí, Tổng công ty dầu khí Việt Nam;
– American Association of petroleum geologist
(AAPG);

– Journal of petroleum geology (England)
– The Australian petroleum exploration association
(APEA)
• CÁC TẠP CHÍ LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN ĐỊA CHẤT DẦU
– Tạp chí địa chất
– Sedimentology (Trầm tích học)
– Sedimentary geology (Địa chất trầm tích)
– Journal of sedimentary petrology (Tạp chí thạch
học TT)
PHƯƠNG PH
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NH GI

NH GI
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• PP TRUYỀN ĐẠT:
1. Ngôn ngữ: Tiếng Anh
2. Học liệu:
– Bài giảng (DPF)
– Tài liệu tham khảo: Sách, CD
3. Giáo viên trình bày các nội dung cốt lõi
4. Sinh viên tự nghiên cứu tài liệu, giải bài tập
chương & các vấn đề cụ thể
PHƯƠNG PH
PHƯƠNG PH
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• PP ĐÁNH GIÁ
• Bài tập, câu hỏi trên lớp (cuối mỗi chương)
• Bài tập-thảo luận nhóm
• Bài kiểm tra giữa kỳ
• Thi cuối kỳ
YÊU C
YÊU C
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1. Danh sách ban cán sự, ĐC-ĐT liên hệ
2. Phân nhóm: 04-05, nhóm trưởng
3. Khuyến khích mỗi người có E mail address riêng
4. Điểm danh (Ban CS lớp thực hiện)
5. Liên hệ:
– Trần Văn Xuân- BM ĐCDK
– ĐT: 0903 70 07 70
– E.mail: ,

BEGINNING
BEGINNING
Historical
Historical
• Petroleum products have been used for at least

8000 years
• Herodotus 450 BC – natural seeps
• Egyptians – mummification/ Victorian medication
• Ancient Greece everlasting flame in the sacred
Oracle (thánh địa) at Delphi
• Persian Temples built around natural gas sources
Historical (cont)
Historical (cont)
• Early uses:
– medication, waterproofing, warfare
• Up to mid 19
th
century: all oil produced from seeps,
shallow pits and hand dug shafts
• James Young: extracted oil from carboniferous shales,
Scotland 1847: “oil-shales”
• 1st Natural gas: Sichuan Province -China several
thousand years ago
– Bamboo tools and pipes – salt production
• 1
st
oil-seeking well = Pechelbronn, France, 1745
• 1
st
well to produce oil: Oil creek, Pennsylvania by
“Colonel” Drake
The Demand for Oil Products
The Demand for Oil Products
• Increased greatly by WWI (1914-18)
• By 1920 the oil industry dominated by the

“seven sisters”
• Post WWII, oil companies began to risk profits
from one productive area to explore for another.
• 1960: Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) formed in Baghdad (Iraq)
– Objective: control the power of the
independent oil companies by price control &
appropriation of company assets
MAIN ACTIVITIES
OF BIDERS IN VN
BP
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Lan Tay
Lan Do
Moc Tinh
AEDC
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BP
CONOCO
CONOCO
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Kim Cuong Tay
Hai Thach
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Dai Bang - Ung Trang
Thien Nga

Hai Au
Thanh Long
Bo Cau
Mang Cau
Dai Hung
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12W 12E
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Bồn Nam Côn sơn
Rong Vi Dai
Rong Doi
Rong Bay
11-2
11-1
19

Ca Cho
VIETSOVPETRO
KNOC
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Chom Chom
Nam Rong
Rong
Bach Ho
Rang Dong
CONOCO
JPVC
SOCO
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Black Lion
CLJOC
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PETRONAS
Topaz
RUBY
PHU QUY IS
Emerald
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CON SON IS
VUNG TAU
HO CHI MINH
VIET NAM
Bồn cửu long
Rong
- Cấu tạo triển vọng
- Mỏ dầu
- Mỏ khí
- Mỏ dầu - khí
Kí hiệu
VIETSOVPETRO
BảN Đồ Vị Trí BồN TRũNG CửU LONG
NĂM 2003
BảN Vẽ Số:01
The science of petroleum geology
The science of petroleum geology
• Chemistry
– Geochemistry is a major component of petroleum
geology
• Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition of
rocks – reservoir quality
• Pore-fluid chemistry – reservoir degradation/ enhancement
• Organic geochemistry: biomarkers, fingerprinting
The science of petroleum geology
The science of petroleum geology
(cont)

(cont)
• Physics
– Geophysics contribute to
• Understanding the earth’s crust
• Understanding the structures involved in trapping: folds,
faults
• Identifying the position of such traps: magnetics, gravity,
seismics
• Understanding the wells: wireline logs, lithology,
porosity
The science of petroleum geology
The science of petroleum geology
(cont)
(cont)
• Biology
– Study of fossil life: Palaeontology contributes
• Dating/ stratigraphic characterization
• Environmental characterization (fossil environments,
palaeoecology)
• Biochemistry: transformation of plant and animal tissues
into kerogen and through to oil and gas.
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
ORIGIN & PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBON
ORIGIN & PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBON
• THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON
• REQUIREMENTS FOR PETROLEUM
ACCUMULATION
• PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
• PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF

CRUDE OIL
• CLASSIFICATION AND OCCURRENCES OF
CRUDE OIL
• ALTERATION OF CRUDE OIL
• GAS PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION
THE ORIGIN OF
THE ORIGIN OF
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON
PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON
• THEORIES OF INORGANIC ORIGIN
– Hypothesis of Dimitri Mendeleev
– Hypothesis of Sokoloff
• THEORY OF ORGANIC ORIGIN
• Analogy with organic matter
• Biomarker
• The present of porphyrins
• The polarization of ray-light
• Evidence of carbon isotopes
EVIDENCE OF
EVIDENCE OF
CARBON ISOTOPES
CARBON ISOTOPES
Delta values (
13
C)
• Carbon of mantle derivation -2 to -20
(Magmatic rocks, volganic gas, diamonds, and carbon in
precambrian rocks or in meteorites)
• Carbon in organism or organic matter -15 to -30
• Marine plants and invertebrates (no bone) -12 to -30

• Land plants, coal and soil humus -23 to -28
• Crude oils -22 to -36
• Associated petroleum gas -35 to -55
• Nonassociated petroleum gas -45 to –65
Requirements for Petroleum Accumulation
Requirements for Petroleum Accumulation
The task of finding a petroleum field is not a simple one.
• First, there must be a rock containing original organic matter-a
source rock . Usually this is a mudrock or shale, which is a very
common rock type and makes up about 80% of the world's
sedimentary rock volume. However, even an average shale contains
only about 1% to 2% organic matter, and this number can vary
widely. Many shales have very low organic content and make poor
source rocks.
• Then, the source rock must be buried deeply so that temperature
and time can cause the organic matter to mature into petroleum. This
usually requires deposition into sedimentary basins, depressed areas
thickly filled by sediments. Our search for petroleum is further
limited, since over half of the world's continental areas and adjacent
marine shelves have sediment covers either too thin or absent.
Requirements for Petroleum Accumulation (cont)
Requirements for Petroleum Accumulation (cont)
• Even where the organic matter can become
mature, not all of it becomes petroleum. In a
typical example (Figure 1) a normal marine shale
with only 1% original organic matter will have
less than a third of it converted to the
hydrocarbon molecules that make up oil and
natural gas (Waples, 1981). The rest remains
behind as an insoluble organic residue.

Figure 1
Requirements for Petroleum Accumulation
Requirements for Petroleum Accumulation
• Five factors, therefore, are the critical risks to petroleum
accumulation (Figure 2): (1) a mature source rock, (2) a
migration path connecting source rock to reservoir rock,
(3) a reservoir rock that is both porous and permeable, (4)
a trap, and (5) an impermeable seal.
• If any one of these factors is missing or inadequate, the
prospect will be dry and the exploration effort will be
unrewarded. Not surprisingly then, less than half of the
world's explored sedimentary basins have proved
productive, (Huff, 1980) and typically only a fraction of
1% of the petroleum basin's area, and at most 5% to 10%,
is actually prospective (Weeks, 1975).
Figure 2
PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
(self reading
(self reading
in Petroleum geochemistry)
in Petroleum geochemistry)
• Strictly speaking, hydrocarbons are compounds
that contain only two elements, hydrogen and
carbon. Consequently, petroleum is quite
simple in its elemental composition. It contains
relatively few impurities, mainly atoms of
nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. Table 1, shows
the average composition of petroleum in all
three of its natural states of matter, as natural

gas, liquid crude oil and solid or semi-solid
asphalt.
AVERAGE COMPARISION OF CRUDE OIL,
AVERAGE COMPARISION OF CRUDE OIL,
NATURAL GAS, ASPHALT
NATURAL GAS, ASPHALT
Element Crude oil Asphalt Natural gas
% Weight % Weight % Weight
Carbon82.2 – 87.1 80 – 85 65 – 80
Hydrogen 11.7 – 14.7 8.5 – 11 1 – 25
Sulfur 0.1 – 5.5 2 – 8 trace – 0.2
Nitrogen 0.5 – 1.5 0 – 2 1 – 15
Oxygen 0.1 – 4.5 - -
Table 01